Bernardo Arévalo: Difference between revisions

Congress of Guatemala
Congress of Guatemala
	In office; 14 January 2020 – 14 January 2024
Constituency	National List
Guatemalan Ambassador to Spain
	In office; 1995–1996
President	Ramiro de León Carpio
Personal details
Born	César Bernardo Arévalo de León; 7 October 1958 (age 65); Montevideo, Uruguay
Nationality	Guatemalan
Political party	Movimiento Semilla
Spouse(s)	Teresa Lapín (m. 1983; div. 1992); Eva Rivara Figueroa (m. 1993; div. 2009); PhD)
Occupation	Politician; diplomat; sociologist; author;
Signature
Website	Campaign website
	Bernardo Arévalo's voice Recorded July 2023

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César Bernardo Arévalo de León (

sociologist, writer, and politician who is serving as the 52nd president of Guatemala. A member and co-founder of the Semilla party, he previously served as a deputy in the Congress of Guatemala from 2020 to 2024, as Ambassador to Spain from 1995 to 1996 and as Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1994 to 1995.^[3]

Arévalo is the son of former president Juan José Arévalo. He defeated former first lady Sandra Torres in the second round of the 2023 presidential election on 20 August 2023.^[4] His electoral triumph makes him the first son of a former Guatemalan president to be elected president, the second president not to be born in Guatemalan territory, and Guatemala's second most voted-for candidate in the 21st century, surpassed only by former president Jimmy Morales (2016–2020).^[5]^[6]

Early life and education

Arévalo was born on 7 October 1958 in Montevideo, Uruguay, the son of Juan José Arévalo, the former President of Guatemala between 1945 and 1951, and his second wife, Margarita de León. At the time of Arévalo's birth, his father was living in political exile in South America following the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état.^[7]

Arévalo's family left Uruguay when he was less than two years old, and he spent parts of his childhood living in Venezuela, Mexico, and Chile. He went to Guatemala for the first time at the age of 15 to study at the Liceo Guatemala, a private Catholic school in Guatemala City.^[7]

While his father was serving as the Ambassador of Guatemala to Israel, Arévalo attended and graduated from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel with a bachelor's degree in sociology. At the Hebrew University, he studied the history of Christianity in Latin America.^[8] He then obtained a doctorate in philosophy and social anthropology from Utrecht University in the Netherlands.^[3]

Diplomatic career

Arévalo joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs during the 1980s as a diplomat. Between 1984 and 1986, he was the first secretary and consul at the Guatemalan embassy in Israel and subsequently acted as minister counselor from 1987 to 1988.^[7]

In 1988, Arévalo returned to Guatemala, where he was appointed deputy director of strategic studies and planning, again within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He went on to serve as director of bilateral foreign policy from 1990 to 1991, international bilateral relations from 1992 to 1993, and international economic and multilateral relations from 1993 to 1994.^[7]

In 1994, President Ramiro de León Carpio appointed Arévalo Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, a role Arévalo held until 1995.^[3] During his time as deputy minister, Ernesto Zedillo, the President of Mexico, decorated Arévalo with the Order of the Aztec Eagle in 1995.^[9]

In 1995, Foreign Minister Alejandro Maldonado appointed Arévalo as Guatemala's ambassador to Spain; that same year, he presented his credentials to King Juan Carlos I. In 1996, Arévalo left his position as ambassador as well as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.^[7]

Professional career

After leaving his career as a diplomat, Arévalo served on the Center for Mesoamerican Regional Research (CIRMA) [es] board and acted as its president. From 1999, Arévalo held various roles at Interpeace, including advising on peacebuilding and conflict resolution in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.^[7]^[10]

In addition to his peacekeeping work, Arévalo also worked as an advisor to organizations, including the United Nations, the United States Institute of Peace, and the University of San Diego. He has written books and articles on history, politics, sociology, and diplomacy.^[7]

Political career

In 2015, Arévalo took part in the 2015 Guatemalan protests demanding the resignation of President Otto Pérez Molina. Shortly after the demonstrations, Arévalo was among a group of intellectuals who formed Semilla, a think tank that subsequently was developed into the political party Movimiento Semilla in 2017.^[11]

Arévalo was announced as the preferred candidate for Semilla for the 2019 presidential election but ultimately declined the candidacy. He was succeeded by Thelma Aldana, who was eventually prohibited from running.^[12] Arévalo instead ran as a candidate for Congress on the national list and was elected as a congressman in the first round of the 2019 general election, becoming one of seven candidates from the Semilla party to win a seat for the IX Congressional legislature. Taking office on 14 January 2020, he served on several committees on foreign affairs, governance, human rights, national security, and national defense and led the Semilla parliamentary bloc between 2020 and 2022.^[2] In 2022, he was elected as the Secretary-General Semilla, succeeding Samuel Pérez Álvarez.^[13]

During his four years as a Deputy, Arévalo took on the role of a rapporteur for several bills. These bills dealt with various issues such as cutting off cellular connections to prisons, extending social security benefits to migrants, deputies, and workers in the informal sector, providing stricter penalties for those who abuse animals, and regulating the prices of pharmaceutical products.^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Arévalo and the other members of the Semilla party introduced a bill that would have provided temporary relief to the populace. The bill proposed a budget of 10 million quetzals, with each person receiving 1500 quetzals per month for the duration of the pandemic.^[19] In March 2022, Arévalo was the rapporteur for a legislative proposal calling on President Alejandro Giammattei to take action against Russia following its invasion of Ukraine. The proposal included the cancellation of the mining license of the Compañía Guatemalteca de Níquel, a nickel-mining company that is owned by the Russian company Solway Investment Group. In addition, the legislation called for the cancellation of the contract with the Russian government regarding the Sputnik V vaccines.^[20]

2023 presidential campaign

On 22 January 2023, Arévalo was announced as the presidential candidate for Semilla for the 2023 election, running alongside Karin Herrera as his vice-presidential running mate.^[21] He was officially registered by the Supreme Electoral Tribunal on 16 February 2023. During his campaign, his supporters referred to him as Tío Bernie (transl. Uncle Bernie) in reference to both his name and his similarity to American politician and former presidential candidate Bernie Sanders.^[22]

Arévalo's campaigning focused on addressing state corruption and insecurity in Guatemala, as well as generating employment opportunities and promoting climate change policies.^[23]

Initial polling by Prensa Libre in April 2023 showed Arévalo ranked next to last among the candidates, with 0.7% of people polled stating their intention to vote for him.^[24] Subsequent polls showed support for Arévalo hovering around 2% in June and May 2023.^[25]^[26]

During the first round of the 2023 election, Arévalo placed second among candidates with over 600,000 votes and was placed in the second-round run-off with Sandra Torres, a former first lady of Guatemala and candidate of the National Unity of Hope party.^[27] Arévalo placing second was described as a "surprise" by El País and BBC News.^[28]^[29] Semilla also received a large share of the votes, positioning it as the third largest party in the Congress of Guatemala, the Central American Parliament, and the Guatemala City municipal government.^[28]

Certification and legal challenges

The certification of the results was delayed due to a controversial appeal granted by the Constitutional Court to nine right-wing parties, including the ruling party, Vamos. These parties challenged the result, alleging "irregularities" and "electoral fraud" in favor of Arévalo, and went as far as to request a new election be held.^[30]^[31] The Court ordered a new review of the contested results, which was carried out during the first week of July. The new review found no significant changes in the preliminary results.^[32] Subsequently, the Supreme Court dismissed the appeal made by the parties and authorized the Supreme Electoral Court to formalize the election results.^[33]

On 12 July 2023, the TSE formalized the election results; at the same time, prosecutor Rafael Curruchiche of the

Public Prosecution Service announced, at the request of Judge Fedy Orellana, the suspension of Semilla due to allegations of falsifying signatures to establish the party in 2017. Arévalo, in a CNN interview, stated that he would challenge the suspension, claiming that the court had "no legal substance" to make the order.^[34] Similarly, legal experts affirmed that Orellana did not act in accordance with the country's election laws.^[35]^[36]

On 13 July 2023, the Constitutional Court, the highest court for constitutional law, reversed Semilla's suspension, allowing the second round of the presidential election to proceed.^[37] Nevertheless, demonstrations were organized calling for the resignation of Attorney General María Consuelo Porras, prosecutor Curruchiche, and Judge Orellana.^[38] Arévalo and his vice presidential candidate, Karin Herrera, were present at the demonstration and filed a criminal complaint against Curruchiche and Orellana.^[39]

Members of the United States Congress called on Joe Biden to impose sanctions on those responsible for "threatening democracy" in Guatemala and expressed concerns about actions being taken against Arévalo's candidacy.^[40] Twenty former leaders from Latin America and Spain issued a joint statement condemning attempts made to disqualify Arévalo from the election, and compared it to the recent disqualification of Venezuelan opposition leader María Corina Machado.^[41]^[42]

Presidential transition

The Electoral and Political Party Act restricts a political party's Secretary-General from presiding over the executive branch.^[43] Accordingly, on 29 November, Arévalo renounced his affiliation with Semilla and stepped down as the party's Secretary-General.

On 8 January 2024, Arévalo and Vice President-elect Herrera held a press conference at the Centro Cultural Miguel Ángel Asturias to present the individuals who would serve as the Ministers in Arévalo's cabinet.^[44] It would have been composed of seven men and seven women. However, on 10 January, two days after the announcement, Anayté Guardado, Arévalo's candidate for the Ministry of Energy and Mines, declined the nomination due to controversy that arose on X when a 2018 interview of her resurfaced that showed her support for hydroelectric plants—a contributor to deforestation in Guatemala.^[45] Allegations would also arise about Guardado's involvement in the imprisonment of Bernardo Caal, an indigenous rights activist.^[46] Ultimately, Víctor Hugo Ventura Ruiz would replace Guardado as the nominee for the Ministry.^[47]

Presidency (2024–present)

Early actions

Arévalo was inaugurated as the 52nd president of Guatemala on January 15, 2024, at 12:20 AM (CT).^[48] His inauguration was scheduled to be on 14 January but was delayed following the failure of the event's overseeing commission to approve the event's congressional delegation.^[49]^[50] In his first days in office, Arévalo reversed a government agreement signed by his predecessor that would have granted security and vehicles to former officials from the Giammattei cabinet for six years.^[51]^[52]

Between 17 January to 5 February, Arévalo and his cabinet dismissed several heads of government agencies, including the National Institute of Electrification (INDE), the Institute of Victim, and the

General Directorate of Civil Aeronautics. These dissmisals were attributed to the fact that the agency heads were linked to "acts of corruption" or had not "efficiently fulfilled" their duties.^[53]^[54]^[55]

On 8 February, Arévalo and Francisco Jiménez, the Minister of the Interior, announced the creation of the Special Group Against Extortion (GECE), a special force within the National Civil Police (PNC) aimed at combatting violent crime and extortions.^[56] The GECE will consist of 400 motorized officers who will patrol different regions of the country in phases. At the request of Arévalo, the United States government donated equipment to support the new task force.^[57]

Political positions

Arévalo claims the political legacy of his father, Juan José Arévalo, and former president Jacobo Árbenz. He has described himself as a "social democrat" and favors a republican and democratic system. He believes in a state that guarantees social justice and private property and expresses an interest in establishing a new fiscal pact and strengthening social security.^[58]

Education

One of Arévalo's campaign pledges is to adopt a "radically different" public education system. He aims to address the poor conditions found in primary and secondary schools by investing Q110 billion, which would go towards creating 70,000 new classrooms, 29.5 million textbooks, 36,000 new restrooms for faculty and students, and monthly scholarships of 3,600 for students.^[59]

Health

Arévalo favors universal healthcare. He proposes a Q61 billion government budget to cover 7 million people by building 400 new health posts and 50 health centers for regions of more than 15,000 residents and isolated rural areas.^[59]

Arévalo has also committed to the construction of a public hospital that specializes in cancer treatment.^[59]

Foreign policy

Arévalo is in favor of improving trade relations with China^[60] but also desires to maintain diplomatic relations with Taiwan. On 20 July, in an interview with República, he reassured his interest in building a relationship with China based on "developing and expanding" economic relations.^[61]

Arévalo has condemned the government of Nicaragua^[62] and has described the governments of Nicaragua and Venezuela as "dictatorial systems."^[58]

Personal life

Arévalo has been married three times. In 1983, he married Argentine citizen Teresa Lapín Ganman; they divorced in 1992. The following year, Arévalo married Eva Rivara Figueroa, a fellow diplomat, with whom he had two daughters. Since 2011, Arévalo has been married to Lucrecia Peinado.^[63] He has three daughters and three stepchildren.^[64]

In addition to his native Spanish, Arévalo speaks English, Hebrew, French, and Portuguese.^[3]

Honors

Order of the Aztec Eagle (Mexico, 1995)^[9]

References

^ "Comité Ejecutivo Nacional". Movimiento Semilla. 2019. Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^
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^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Bernardo Arevalo de León" (PDF). International Peacebuilding Advisory Team. 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
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^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Actas del Encuentro: Juan José Arévalo" (PDF). Rafael Landívar University. 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
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^ ^a ^b "Diario Oficial de la Federación". Secretariat of the Interior, Mexico. 1999. Archived from the original on 27 May 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.

^ Boche Ventura, Evelyn; Arroyo, Lorena (26 June 2023). "Bernardo Arévalo, el candidato que rompe el tablero tradicional en Guatemala". El País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 19 August 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2023.

^ Pradilla, Alberto (7 May 2018). "Cómo pasó Semilla de grupo de análisis a querer competir en las elecciones". Plaza Pública (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2023.

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^ Kestler, Carlos (29 May 2022). "Diputado Bernardo Arévalo asume como nuevo secretario general del Movimiento Semilla". Prensa Libre (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2023.

^ www.congreso.gob.gt https://www.congreso.gob.gt/noticias_congreso/9746/2023/2. Retrieved 9 February 2024. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

^ www.congreso.gob.gt https://www.congreso.gob.gt/noticias_congreso/9678/2023/2#gsc.tab=0. Retrieved 9 February 2024. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

^ www.congreso.gob.gt https://www.congreso.gob.gt/noticias_congreso/9018/2022/1#gsc.tab=0. Retrieved 9 February 2024. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

^ www.congreso.gob.gt https://www.congreso.gob.gt/noticias_congreso/9585/2023/1. Retrieved 9 February 2024. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

^ www.congreso.gob.gt https://www.congreso.gob.gt/noticias_congreso/7262/2021/2#gsc.tab=0. Retrieved 9 February 2024. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

^ www.congreso.gob.gt https://www.congreso.gob.gt/noticias_congreso/4200/2020/2. Retrieved 9 February 2024. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

^ García, Manuel (16 March 2022). "Oficialismo protegió a Giammattei sobre petición de cancelar contrato minero y Sputnik V". La Hora (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.

^ Montenegro, Henry; Ola, Ana Lucía (22 January 2023). "El binomio presidencial del partido Movimiento Semilla es Bernardo Arévalo y Karin Herrera". Prensa Libre (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 26 June 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2023.

Swissinfo (in Spanish). Archived
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^ "Elecciones Guatemala: ex primera dama Sandra Torres y diplomático Bernardo Arévalo irán a segunda vuelta en agosto". Voz de América (in Spanish). 26 June 2023. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.

^ Morales, Sergio (2 May 2023). "Encuesta elecciones Guatemala 2023: Carlos Pineda y Sandra Torres lideran intención de voto entre candidatos presidenciales". Prensa Libre (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 17 August 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2023.

^ Bin, Henry (24 May 2023). "#NuevaEncuesta: sin Pineda en la papeleta, Mulet gana más votos que las candidatas de la UNE y VALOR". Con Criterio (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2023.

^ Contreras Corzantes, Geovanni (22 June 2023). "Torres, Mulet y Ríos son los candidatos presidenciales que acaparan la intención de voto, según la Encuesta Libre 2023 (y estos son los resultados)". Prensa Libre (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 18 August 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2023.

^ González Díaz, Marcos (26 June 2023). "Quiénes son Sandra Torres y Bernardo Arévalo, la eterna candidata y el aspirante sorpresa que se disputarán la presidencia de Guatemala". BBC News Mundo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2023.

^ ^a ^b "Quiénes son Sandra Torres y Bernardo Arévalo, la eterna candidata y el aspirante sorpresa que se disputarán la presidencia de Guatemala". BBC News Mundo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.

^ "Sorpresa en Guatemala". El País (in Spanish). 27 June 2023. Archived from the original on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.

^ "Guatemala's high court steps into election, suspends release of official results". AP News. 2 July 2023. Archived from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.

ISSN 1605-3052. Archived
from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.

^ "Guatemala: cotejo del 93% no arroja cambios en la votación – DW – 07/07/2023". dw.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 18 August 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.

^ "TSE oficializa que Sandra Torres y Bernardo Arévalo disputarán la Presidencia en segunda vuelta y dice desconocer alcance de orden judicial" (in Spanish). 12 July 2023. Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.

^ Menchu, Sofia (13 July 2023). "Fears for Guatemala's democracy after court excludes a top party from election". Reuters. Archived from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.

^ "Juzgado ordena la suspensión de la personalidad jurídica del Movimiento Semilla" (in Spanish). 12 July 2023. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.

^ "Inhabilitación de un partido político es una decisión que no corresponde a un juzgado, afirman expertos en derecho" (in Spanish). 13 July 2023. Archived from the original on 29 July 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.

^ Menchu, Sofia (13 July 2023). "Guatemala top court reverses ban on anti-graft presidential candidate". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.

^ Tzoc, Hedy Quino (16 July 2023). "Continúan manifestaciones ciudadanas frente al MP; exigen la renuncia de Porras y Curruchiche". La Hora (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.

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^ Ola, Ana Lucía (16 July 2023). "Uribe, Calderón, Aznar y otros 20 expresidentes de España y América comparten su "grave preocupación" por crisis electoral en Guatemala". Prensa Libre (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2023.

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^ "Gabinete de Bernardo Arévalo: Presidente electo presenta a los nuevos ministros de Guatemala" (in Spanish). 8 January 2024. Archived from the original on 8 January 2024. Retrieved 8 January 2024.

^ "Gabinete de Bernardo Arévalo: Anayté Guardado declina a nombramiento como ministra de Energía y Minas por "la coyuntura que atraviesa el país"" (in Spanish). 10 January 2024. Archived from the original on 17 January 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2024.

^ "¡Renuncia! Anayté Guardado declina nombramiento para dirigir el MEM". www.soy502.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2024.

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^ "Gobierno de Arévalo destituye al director del INDE por "actos de corrupción"". www.soy502.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 February 2024.

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^ ^a ^b Gonzalez, Luis (14 February 2023). "Bernardo Arévalo de Semilla dice cómo harán para formalizar a los que "comercian sin tributar"" [Bernardo Arévalo de Semilla says how he will formalise those who "trade without taxation"]. República.gt (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 August 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.

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External links

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Prithvirajsing Roopun

Filipe Nyusi

Nangolo Mbumba

Abdourahamane Tchiani*

Bola Tinubu

Paul Kagame

Brahim Ghali

Carlos Vila Nova

Bassirou Diomaye Faye

Wavel Ramkalawan

Julius Maada Bio

Muse Bihi Abdi

Hassan Sheikh Mohamud

Cyril Ramaphosa

Salva Kiir Mayardit

Transitional Sovereignty Council*

Samia Suluhu Hassan

Faure Gnassingbé

Kais Saied

Yoweri Museveni

Hakainde Hichilema

Emmerson Mnangagwa

Asia

Aslan Bzhania

Vahagn Khachaturyan

Ilham Aliyev

Mohammed Shahabuddin

Xi Jinping

José Ramos-Horta

Droupadi Murmu

Joko Widodo

Ali Khamenei

Abdul Latif Rashid

Isaac Herzog

Kassym-Jomart Tokayev

Sadyr Japarov

Thongloun Sisoulith

Najib Mikati*

Mohamed Muizzu

Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh

Myint Swe*

Ram Chandra Poudel

Kim Jong Un

Asif Ali Zardari

Mahmoud Abbas

Bongbong Marcos

Tharman Shanmugaratnam

Yoon Suk Yeol

Alan Gagloev

Ranil Wickremesinghe

Bashar al-Assad

Lai Ching-te

Emomali Rahmon

Serdar Berdimuhamedow

Shavkat Mirziyoyev

Tô Lâm*

Rashad al-Alimi*

Europe

Bajram Begaj

Alexander Van der Bellen

Alexander Lukashenko

Denis Bećirović, Željka Cvijanović and Željko Komšić

Rumen Radev

Zoran Milanović

Nikos Christodoulides

Petr Pavel

Alar Karis

Alexander Stubb

Emmanuel Macron

Salome Zourabichvili

Frank-Walter Steinmeier

Katerina Sakellaropoulou

Tamás Sulyok

Guðni Th. Jóhannesson

Michael D. Higgins

Sergio Mattarella

Vjosa Osmani

Edgars Rinkēvičs

Gitanas Nausėda

Myriam Spiteri Debono

Maia Sandu

Jakov Milatović

Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova

Ersin Tatar

Andrzej Duda

Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa

Klaus Iohannis

Vladimir Putin

Alessandro Rossi and Milena Gasperoni

Aleksandar Vučić

Zuzana Čaputová

Nataša Pirc Musar

Viola Amherd, Karin Keller-Sutter, Guy Parmelin, Ignazio Cassis, Albert Rösti, Élisabeth Baume-Schneider, and Beat Jans

Vadim Krasnoselsky

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan

Volodymyr Zelenskyy

North America

Sandra Mason

Rodrigo Chaves Robles

Miguel Díaz-Canel

Sylvanie Burton

Luis Abinader

Nayib Bukele

Bernardo Arévalo

Transitional Presidential Council*

Xiomara Castro

Andrés Manuel López Obrador

Daniel Ortega

Laurentino Cortizo

Christine Kangaloo

Joe Biden

South America

Javier Milei

Luis Arce

Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva

Gabriel Boric

Gustavo Petro

Daniel Noboa

Irfaan Ali

Santiago Peña

Dina Boluarte

Chan Santokhi

Luis Lacalle Pou

Nicolás Maduro

Oceania

Wiliame Katonivere

Taneti Maamau

Hilda Heine

Wesley Simina

David Adeang

Surangel Whipps Jr.

Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II

Nikenike Vurobaravu

v
t
e
Current heads of state in Central American countries

Charles III (Belize)

Rodrigo Chaves Robles (Costa Rica)

Nayib Bukele (El Salvador)

Bernardo Arévalo (Guatemala)

Xiomara Castro (Honduras)

Daniel Ortega (Nicaragua)

Laurentino Cortizo (Panama)

Authority control databases
International

ISNI

VIAF

WorldCat

National

France

BnF data

Germany

United States

Netherlands

Academics

CiNii

Other

IdRef

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernardo_Arévalo&oldid=1205209483"

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[20] García, Manuel (16 March 2022). "Oficialismo protegió a Giammattei sobre petición de cancelar contrato minero y Sputnik V". La Hora (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.

[21] Montenegro, Henry; Ola, Ana Lucía (22 January 2023). "El binomio presidencial del partido Movimiento Semilla es Bernardo Arévalo y Karin Herrera". Prensa Libre (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 26 June 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2023.

[22] Swissinfo (in Spanish). Archived
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[23] "Elecciones Guatemala: ex primera dama Sandra Torres y diplomático Bernardo Arévalo irán a segunda vuelta en agosto". Voz de América (in Spanish). 26 June 2023. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.

[24] Morales, Sergio (2 May 2023). "Encuesta elecciones Guatemala 2023: Carlos Pineda y Sandra Torres lideran intención de voto entre candidatos presidenciales". Prensa Libre (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 17 August 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2023.

[25] Bin, Henry (24 May 2023). "#NuevaEncuesta: sin Pineda en la papeleta, Mulet gana más votos que las candidatas de la UNE y VALOR". Con Criterio (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2023.

[26] Contreras Corzantes, Geovanni (22 June 2023). "Torres, Mulet y Ríos son los candidatos presidenciales que acaparan la intención de voto, según la Encuesta Libre 2023 (y estos son los resultados)". Prensa Libre (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 18 August 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2023.

[27] González Díaz, Marcos (26 June 2023). "Quiénes son Sandra Torres y Bernardo Arévalo, la eterna candidata y el aspirante sorpresa que se disputarán la presidencia de Guatemala". BBC News Mundo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2023.

[:0-28] "Quiénes son Sandra Torres y Bernardo Arévalo, la eterna candidata y el aspirante sorpresa que se disputarán la presidencia de Guatemala". BBC News Mundo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.

[29] "Sorpresa en Guatemala". El País (in Spanish). 27 June 2023. Archived from the original on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.

[30] "Guatemala's high court steps into election, suspends release of official results". AP News. 2 July 2023. Archived from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.

[31] ISSN 1605-3052. Archived
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[32] "Guatemala: cotejo del 93% no arroja cambios en la votación – DW – 07/07/2023". dw.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 18 August 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.

[33] "TSE oficializa que Sandra Torres y Bernardo Arévalo disputarán la Presidencia en segunda vuelta y dice desconocer alcance de orden judicial" (in Spanish). 12 July 2023. Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.

[34] Menchu, Sofia (13 July 2023). "Fears for Guatemala's democracy after court excludes a top party from election". Reuters. Archived from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.

[35] "Juzgado ordena la suspensión de la personalidad jurídica del Movimiento Semilla" (in Spanish). 12 July 2023. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.

[36] "Inhabilitación de un partido político es una decisión que no corresponde a un juzgado, afirman expertos en derecho" (in Spanish). 13 July 2023. Archived from the original on 29 July 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.

[37] Menchu, Sofia (13 July 2023). "Guatemala top court reverses ban on anti-graft presidential candidate". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.

[38] Tzoc, Hedy Quino (16 July 2023). "Continúan manifestaciones ciudadanas frente al MP; exigen la renuncia de Porras y Curruchiche". La Hora (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.

[39] "Movimiento Semilla denuncia a juez y a fiscal del MP que gestionan suspensión del partido político" (in Spanish). 13 July 2023. Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.

[40] Europa Press (in Spanish). 15 July 2023. Archived
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[41] Ola, Ana Lucía (16 July 2023). "Uribe, Calderón, Aznar y otros 20 expresidentes de España y América comparten su "grave preocupación" por crisis electoral en Guatemala". Prensa Libre (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2023.

[42] Swissinfo (in Spanish). 17 July 2023. Archived
from the original on 27 August 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2023.

[43] "Bernardo Arévalo renuncia a la afiliación al partido Movimiento Semilla". www.soy502.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.

[44] "Gabinete de Bernardo Arévalo: Presidente electo presenta a los nuevos ministros de Guatemala" (in Spanish). 8 January 2024. Archived from the original on 8 January 2024. Retrieved 8 January 2024.

[45] "Gabinete de Bernardo Arévalo: Anayté Guardado declina a nombramiento como ministra de Energía y Minas por "la coyuntura que atraviesa el país"" (in Spanish). 10 January 2024. Archived from the original on 17 January 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2024.

[46] "¡Renuncia! Anayté Guardado declina nombramiento para dirigir el MEM". www.soy502.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2024.

[47] "Presidente Bernardo Arévalo juramenta a su gabinete de Gobierno". www.soy502.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2024.

[48] "Discurso de Bernardo Arévalo: "Nunca más el autoritarismo, nunca más a la violencia o la arbitrariedad"" (in Spanish). 15 January 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.

[49] Menchu, Sofia (14 January 2024). "Tensions high outside Guatemala Congress as inauguration sessions delayed". Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.

[delay-50] D., Sonia Pérez (14 January 2024). "Guatemalans angered as president-elect's inauguration delayed by wrangling in Congress". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.

[51] Hora, Redacción La (19 January 2024). "Bernardo Arévalo retira seguridad a exfuncionarios de Giammattei". La Hora (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 20 January 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024.

[52] España, Diego (28 December 2023). "Giammattei cubre a su círculo: ordena a la PNC dar seguridad a quienes dejen el gobierno". La Hora (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 20 January 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024.

[53] "Francis Argueta es destituido como director de Aeronáutica Civil y nombran a su sustituta" (in Spanish). 5 February 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.

[54] "Gobierno de Arévalo destituye al director del INDE por "actos de corrupción"". www.soy502.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 February 2024.

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 == Political career ==
 [[File:Retrato oficial de César Bernardo Arévalo De León, Deputado del Congreso.jpg|thumb|Official portrait of Arévalo as a deputy of the Guatemalan Congress]]
-In 2015, Arévalo took part in the [[2015 Guatemalan protests]] demanding the resignation of President [[Otto Pérez Molina]]. Shortly after the demonstrations, Arévalo was among a group of intellectuals who formed Semilla, a think tank that subsequently was developed into the political party [[Movimiento Semilla]] in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pradilla |first=Alberto |date=7 May 2018 |title=Cómo pasó Semilla de grupo de análisis a querer competir en las elecciones |language=es |work=Plaza Pública |url=https://www.plazapublica.com.gt/content/como-paso-semilla-de-grupo-de-analisis-querer-competir-en-las-elecciones |access-date=19 August 2023 |archive-date=11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811050907/https://www.plazapublica.com.gt/content/como-paso-semilla-de-grupo-de-analisis-querer-competir-en-las-elecciones/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+In 2015, Arévalo took part in the [[2015 Guatemalan protests]] demanding the resignation of President [[Otto Pérez Molina]]. Shortly after the demonstrations, Arévalo was among a group of intellectuals who formed Semilla, a think tank that subsequently was developed into the political party Movimiento Semilla in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pradilla |first=Alberto |date=7 May 2018 |title=Cómo pasó Semilla de grupo de análisis a querer competir en las elecciones |language=es |work=Plaza Pública |url=https://www.plazapublica.com.gt/content/como-paso-semilla-de-grupo-de-analisis-querer-competir-en-las-elecciones |access-date=19 August 2023 |archive-date=11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811050907/https://www.plazapublica.com.gt/content/como-paso-semilla-de-grupo-de-analisis-querer-competir-en-las-elecciones/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Arévalo was announced as the preferred candidate for Semilla for the [[2019 Guatemalan general election|2019 presidential election]] but ultimately declined the candidacy. He was succeeded by [[Thelma Aldana]], who was eventually prohibited from running.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 May 2019 |title=Thelma Aldana: la Corte Constitucional de Guatemala rechaza la candidatura presidencial de la exfiscal |language=es |work=[[BBC Mundo|BBC News Mundo]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-48290514 |access-date=19 August 2023 |archive-date=15 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215182527/https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-48290514 |url-status=live }}</ref> Arévalo instead ran as a candidate for Congress on the national list and was elected as a congressman, taking office on 14 January 2020. As a congressman, he served on several committees on foreign affairs, governance, human rights, national security, and national defense. He also led the Semilla parliamentary bloc between 2020 and 2022.<ref name="congr" />
+Arévalo was announced as the preferred candidate for Semilla for the 2019 presidential election but ultimately declined the candidacy. He was succeeded by [[Thelma Aldana]], who was eventually prohibited from running.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 May 2019 |title=Thelma Aldana: la Corte Constitucional de Guatemala rechaza la candidatura presidencial de la exfiscal |language=es |work=[[BBC Mundo|BBC News Mundo]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-48290514 |access-date=19 August 2023 |archive-date=15 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215182527/https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-48290514 |url-status=live }}</ref> Arévalo instead ran as a candidate for Congress on the national list and was elected as a congressman in the first round of the 2019 general election, becoming one of seven candidates from the Semilla party to win a seat for the IX Congressional legislature. Taking office on 14 January 2020, he served on several committees on foreign affairs, governance, human rights, national security, and national defense and led the Semilla parliamentary bloc between 2020 and 2022.<ref name="congr" /> In 2022, he was elected as the Secretary-General Semilla, succeeding [[Samuel Pérez Álvarez]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kestler |first=Carlos |date=29 May 2022 |title=Diputado Bernardo Arévalo asume como nuevo secretario general del Movimiento Semilla |language=es |work=[[Prensa Libre (Guatemala)|Prensa Libre]] |url=https://www.prensalibre.com/guatemala/politica/diputado-bernardo-arevalo-asume-como-nuevo-secretario-general-del-movimiento-semilla/ |access-date=19 August 2023 |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529212046/https://www.prensalibre.com/guatemala/politica/diputado-bernardo-arevalo-asume-como-nuevo-secretario-general-del-movimiento-semilla/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+During his four years as a Deputy, Arévalo took on the role of a rapporteur for several bills. These bills dealt with various issues such as cutting off cellular connections to prisons, extending social security benefits to migrants, deputies, and workers in the informal sector, providing stricter penalties for those who abuse animals, and regulating the prices of pharmaceutical products.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.congreso.gob.gt/noticias_congreso/9746/2023/2 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=www.congreso.gob.gt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.congreso.gob.gt/noticias_congreso/9678/2023/2#gsc.tab=0 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=www.congreso.gob.gt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.congreso.gob.gt/noticias_congreso/9018/2022/1#gsc.tab=0 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=www.congreso.gob.gt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.congreso.gob.gt/noticias_congreso/9585/2023/1 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=www.congreso.gob.gt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.congreso.gob.gt/noticias_congreso/7262/2021/2#gsc.tab=0 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=www.congreso.gob.gt}}</ref>
-In 2022, he was elected as the general secretary of Semilla, succeeding [[Samuel Pérez Álvarez]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kestler |first=Carlos |date=29 May 2022 |title=Diputado Bernardo Arévalo asume como nuevo secretario general del Movimiento Semilla |language=es |work=[[Prensa Libre (Guatemala)|Prensa Libre]] |url=https://www.prensalibre.com/guatemala/politica/diputado-bernardo-arevalo-asume-como-nuevo-secretario-general-del-movimiento-semilla/ |access-date=19 August 2023 |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529212046/https://www.prensalibre.com/guatemala/politica/diputado-bernardo-arevalo-asume-como-nuevo-secretario-general-del-movimiento-semilla/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+During the COVID-19 pandemic, Arévalo and the other members of the Semilla party introduced a bill that would have provided temporary relief to the populace. The bill proposed a budget of 10 million quetzals, with each person receiving 1500 quetzals per month for the duration of the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.congreso.gob.gt/noticias_congreso/4200/2020/2 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=www.congreso.gob.gt}}</ref> In March 2022, Arévalo was the rapporteur for a legislative proposal calling on President [[Alejandro Giammattei]] to take action against Russia following its [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion of Ukraine]]. The proposal included the cancellation of the mining license of the [[Fenix Nickel Project|Compañía Guatemalteca de Níquel]], a nickel-mining company that is owned by the Russian company [[Solway Group|Solway Investment Group]]. In addition, the legislation called for the cancellation of the contract with the Russian government regarding the [[Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine|Sputnik V vaccines]].<ref>{{cite news |last=García |first=Manuel |date=16 March 2022 |title=Oficialismo protegió a Giammattei sobre petición de cancelar contrato minero y Sputnik V |url=https://lahora.gt/nacionales/mgarcia/2022/03/16/oficialismo-protegio-a-giammattei-sobre-peticion-de-cancelar-contrato-minero-y-sputnik-v/ |access-date=8 July 2023 |website=La Hora |language=es |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416230139/https://lahora.gt/nacionales/mgarcia/2022/03/16/oficialismo-protegio-a-giammattei-sobre-peticion-de-cancelar-contrato-minero-y-sputnik-v/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 == 2023 presidential campaign ==
 On 22 January 2023, Arévalo was announced as the presidential candidate for Semilla for the [[2023 Guatemalan general election|2023 election]], running alongside [[Karin Herrera]] as his vice-presidential running mate.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Montenegro |first1=Henry |last2=Ola |first2=Ana Lucía |date=22 January 2023 |title=El binomio presidencial del partido Movimiento Semilla es Bernardo Arévalo y Karin Herrera |language=es |work=[[Prensa Libre (Guatemala)|Prensa Libre]] |url=https://www.prensalibre.com/guatemala/elecciones-generales-guatemala-2023/el-binomio-presidencial-del-partido-movimiento-semilla-es-bernardo-arevalo-y-karin-herrera/ |access-date=19 August 2023 |archive-date=26 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626182815/https://www.prensalibre.com/guatemala/elecciones-generales-guatemala-2023/el-binomio-presidencial-del-partido-movimiento-semilla-es-bernardo-arevalo-y-karin-herrera/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He was officially registered by the [[Supreme Electoral Tribunal (Guatemala)|Supreme Electoral Tribunal]] on 16 February 2023. During his campaign, his supporters referred to him as ''Tío Bernie'' ({{Translation|Uncle Bernie}}) in reference to both his name and his similarity to American politician and former presidential candidate [[Bernie Sanders]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Móvil |first=José Carlos |date=26 June 2023 |title=Bernardo Arévalo, el hombre con el que nadie contaba en las elecciones de Guatemala |language=es |work=[[Swissinfo]] |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/guatemala-elecciones_bernardo-ar%C3%A9valo--el-hombre-con-el-que-nadie-contaba-en-las-elecciones-de-guatemala/48619764 |access-date=19 August 2023 |archive-date=27 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827221433/https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/guatemala-elecciones_bernardo-ar%C3%A9valo--el-hombre-con-el-que-nadie-contaba-en-las-elecciones-de-guatemala/48619764 |url-status=live }}</ref>
@@ Line 117: / Line 118: @@
 Arévalo is in favor of improving trade relations with China<ref>{{cite news |last=Garcia |first=Enrique |date=28 June 2023 |title=Guatemalan presidential contender pitches closer China ties |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/surprise-guatemalan-presidential-contender-pitches-closer-china-ties-2023-06-27/ |access-date=21 July 2023 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922211219/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/surprise-guatemalan-presidential-contender-pitches-closer-china-ties-2023-06-27/ |url-status=live }}</ref> but also desires to maintain diplomatic relations with Taiwan. On 20 July, in an interview with ''República'', he reassured his interest in building a relationship with China based on "developing and expanding" economic relations.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 July 2023 |last=González |first=Ana |title=Bernardo Arévalo del partido Semilla promoverá ley de inversiones para permitir empresas con capital público y privado |url=https://republica.gt/politica/bernardo-arevalo-del-partido-semilla-promovera-ley-de-inversiones-para-permitir-empresas-con-capital-publico-y-privado-202372012580 |access-date=21 July 2023 |website=República.gt |language=es |archive-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820100747/https://republica.gt/politica/bernardo-arevalo-del-partido-semilla-promovera-ley-de-inversiones-para-permitir-empresas-con-capital-publico-y-privado-202372012580 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Arévalo has condemned the government of Nicaragua<ref>{{cite news|title=Guatemala election: Candidate's office raided after vow to curb corruption|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/5050/guatemala-ar%C3%A9valo-presidential-candidate-progressive-election-corruption-office-raid/|last=Vílchez|first=Dánae|date=21 July 2023|website=openDemocracy|access-date=23 August 2023|language=en|archive-date=23 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823125001/https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/5050/guatemala-ar%C3%A9valo-presidential-candidate-progressive-election-corruption-office-raid/|url-status=live}}</ref> and has described the governments of Nicaragua and Venezuela as "dictatorial systems."<ref name=":1" /> In March 2022, Arévalo was the rapporteur of a legislative proposal that sought to urge President [[Alejandro Giammattei]] to take action against Russia for its [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion of Ukraine]]. The proposal included the cancellation of the mining license of the [[Fenix Nickel Project|Compañía Guatemalteca de Níquel]], a nickel-mining company that is owned by the Russian company [[Solway Group|Solway Investment Group]]. In addition, the legislation called for the cancellation of the contract with the Russian government regarding the [[Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine|Sputnik V vaccines]].<ref>{{cite news |last=García |first=Manuel |date=16 March 2022 |title=Oficialismo protegió a Giammattei sobre petición de cancelar contrato minero y Sputnik V |url=https://lahora.gt/nacionales/mgarcia/2022/03/16/oficialismo-protegio-a-giammattei-sobre-peticion-de-cancelar-contrato-minero-y-sputnik-v/ |access-date=8 July 2023 |website=La Hora |language=es |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416230139/https://lahora.gt/nacionales/mgarcia/2022/03/16/oficialismo-protegio-a-giammattei-sobre-peticion-de-cancelar-contrato-minero-y-sputnik-v/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Arévalo has condemned the government of Nicaragua<ref>{{cite news|title=Guatemala election: Candidate's office raided after vow to curb corruption|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/5050/guatemala-ar%C3%A9valo-presidential-candidate-progressive-election-corruption-office-raid/|last=Vílchez|first=Dánae|date=21 July 2023|website=openDemocracy|access-date=23 August 2023|language=en|archive-date=23 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823125001/https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/5050/guatemala-ar%C3%A9valo-presidential-candidate-progressive-election-corruption-office-raid/|url-status=live}}</ref> and has described the governments of Nicaragua and Venezuela as "dictatorial systems."<ref name=":1" />
 == Personal life ==