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On January 1, 2009, the Provincial Iraqi Control process was superseded by the U.S.-Iraqi Security Agreement (see also [[U.S.-Iraq Status of Forces Agreement]]), which transferred all provinces' security responsibilities to the Iraqi government. Five provinces were transferred at once as a result.
On January 1, 2009, the Provincial Iraqi Control process was superseded by the U.S.-Iraqi Security Agreement (see also [[U.S.-Iraq Status of Forces Agreement]]), which transferred all provinces' security responsibilities to the Iraqi government. Five provinces were transferred at once as a result.


In 2019, U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense [[Michael Mulroy]] said that the relationship with the Defense Department and the Iraqi Army was among our most compelling strategic interests and that the U.S. currently helps train and equip 28 Iraqi brigades to maintain their readiness. "The priority is to empower Iraq's professional and capable security forces to protect its sovereignty and to prevent an ISIS resurgence," Mulroy said. "The more capable Iraq's security institutions, the more resilient Iraq will be in the face of its enemies."<ref>https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/iraq-middle-growing-us-iran-tensions/story?id=63765673</ref>
In 2019, U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense [[Michael Mulroy]] said that the relationship with the Defense Department and the Iraqi Army was among our most compelling strategic interests and that the U.S. currently helps train and equip 28 Iraqi brigades to maintain their readiness. "The priority is to empower Iraq's professional and capable security forces to protect its sovereignty and to prevent an ISIS resurgence," Mulroy said. "The more capable Iraq's security institutions, the more resilient Iraq will be in the face of its enemies." <ref>https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/iraq-middle-growing-us-iran-tensions/story?id=63765673</ref><ref>https://www.foreign.senate.gov/hearings/iraq-a-crossroads-of-us-policy-071619</ref>


==Structure==
==Structure==
Line 182: Line 182:
* [http://www.defenselink.mil/home/features/Iraq_Reports/Index.html Measuring Security and Stability in Iraq, Quarterly reports from the US Department of Defense to US Congress.]
* [http://www.defenselink.mil/home/features/Iraq_Reports/Index.html Measuring Security and Stability in Iraq, Quarterly reports from the US Department of Defense to US Congress.]
* [http://home.comcast.net/~djyae/site/?/blog/ Blog on Iraqi Forces by Former Naval Intelligence Specialist D. J. Elliott]
* [http://home.comcast.net/~djyae/site/?/blog/ Blog on Iraqi Forces by Former Naval Intelligence Specialist D. J. Elliott]
* [https://www.foreign.senate.gov/hearings/iraq-a-crossroads-of-us-policy-071619/ SFRC Hearing - Iraq: A Crossroads of U.S. Policy]


{{Iraqi security forces}}
{{Iraqi security forces}}

Revision as of 19:12, 20 July 2019

Iraqi Armed Forces
Special Forces
HeadquartersBaghdad, Iraq
Leadership
Commander-in-ChiefPrime Minister Adil Abdul-Mahdi
Minister of DefenceAdil Abdul-Mahdi
Chief of Staff,
Iraqi Joint Forces
General Othman Al-Ghanimi
Personnel
Military age18–49[1]
Active personnel64,000[2]
Expenditure
BudgetUS$17.3 billion[2]
Percent of GDP7.5%[2]
Industry
Domestic suppliersState Company for Military Industries
Foreign suppliers United States
 India
 United Kingdom
 Russia
 France
 Croatia
 Pakistan
 Australia
 Turkey
 Canada
 South Korea
 Ukraine
 Bangladesh
 Iran
 United Arab Emirates
 China
 Poland
 Armenia
 Brazil
 Italy
 Qatar
 Bulgaria
 Serbia
 Greece
 Jordan
 Belarus
 Spain
 New Zealand
Related articles
History
Military history of Iraq
  • Iraqi insurgency
Iraqi Army ranks insignia

The Iraqi Armed Forces are the

Iraqi Army, the Iraqi Air Force, and the Iraqi Navy
.

The armed forces of Iraq have a long but not particularly successful history. They were initially formed in the early 1920s. Six military

Iraqi no-fly zones during the 1990s, and finally the Iraq War of 2003. The Iraqi armed forces have had mixed success at the strategic level but consistently poor tactical performance during most of their history.[3]

The armed forces are administered by the

U.S.-Iraq Status of Forces Agreement on January 1, 2009, the Iraqi Armed Forces and the forces of the Ministry of Interior (Iraq)
are responsible for providing security and upholding law and order throughout Iraq.

The

air power
. There are also concerns regarding corruption and sectarian agendas within the force.

Role

Legal standing

Article 9 of the Constitution of Iraq establishes the legal basis of the Iraqi Armed Forces. Much of the wording of Article 9 draws upon Article 27 of the 2004

Transitional Administrative Law
.

Part A, First Section, Article 9 states that 'The Iraqi armed forces and security services will be composed of the components of the Iraqi people with due consideration given to their balance and representation without discrimination or exclusion. They shall be subject to the control of the civilian authority, shall defend Iraq, shall not be used as an instrument to oppress the Iraqi people, shall not interfere in political affairs, and shall have no role in the transfer of authority.'[4] Parts B and C prohibit the formation of military militias outside the framework of the armed forces and prohibit armed forces personnel from standing for political office or campaigning for political candidates. Part C expressively notes that military personnel are allowed to vote in elections. Part E expressively states the Iraqi Government's commitment to the respect and implementation of Iraq's international obligations regarding the non-proliferation, non-development, nonproduction, and non-use of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons. The Second Section says that military service shall be regulated by law.

T-72 tanks of the Iraqi Armed Forces in 2006.

Iraq's legislation on defence dates from the Coalition Provisional Authority period of 2003–2004. CPA Order 22 established the New Iraqi Army on August 18, 2003, and CPA Order 67 renamed the New Iraqi Army the Iraqi Armed Forces on March 21, 2004.[5] In the process, the New Iraqi Army was expanded to include an Army, Air Force, Coastal Defense Force, reserve forces, and other elements.

Iraq does not appear to have publicly issued a national defence review or white paper. Much of defence policy since 2003 has been set by the United States. For example, one mission objective for

Multi-National Force-Iraq was an "Iraq that has a security force that can maintain domestic order and deny Iraq as a safe haven for terrorists". To do this, the U.S. aimed to train and equip Iraq's security forces and gradually transition security responsibilities to them. In 2010 there are at least three major defence tasks. They are the suppression of the insurgency, the resolution of the Kurdish Peshmerga
forces' status in relation to the Iraqi Armed Forces themselves, and longer-term, the growth of the armed forces so that they can defend Iraq from external threats.

History

Main article: Military history of Iraq

The armed forces of

Second World War. The Iraqi Air Force used British aircraft until the 14 July Revolution in 1958, where the new Iraqi government began increased diplomatic relationships with the Soviet Union. The Iraqi Air Force used both Soviet and British aircraft throughout the 1950s and 1960s. In 1961, Iraqi forces were again amassed along the Kuwaiti border, and Iraqi again threatened to invade. A quick British deployment of troops, aircraft, and naval vessels, called Operation Vantage, deterred any move though. Iraqi forces fought in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, a first war against the Kurds from 1961–70, and then in the Six-Day War
of 1967.

Iraqi participation in the Six-Day War was limited, principally owing to the slow reaction of the Iraqi

H-3 airbase
, which was around 435 kilometers from Bagdad in western Iraq, near the H-3 oil pumping station. The Israelis reportedly destroyed 21 Iraqi aircraft for the loss of three of their own.

After the first Kurdish war ended with a

Mirage F1 fighter-attack aircraft in 1976 and 200 AMX-30 tanks in 1977. That same year, Iraq ordered ten frigates and corvettes from Italy and in 1978 it purchased 200 Cascavel APCs from Brazil. While Iraqi generals supported a complete changeover to Western equipment, Western countries were reluctant to sell large amounts of weaponry to Iraq. Western weapons were more expensive than Soviet ones, and they took longer to train personnel on, so there was a reluctance to make a complete equipment reversal. However, more weapons were bought from various non-communist countries, supplementing their largely Soviet arsenal, and a reliance on Soviet doctrine reduced. In most cases, the Iraqis went back to British doctrine, while in others, they melded British and Soviet doctrine. Iraq's logistics
capability was also improved, with the purchase of 2,000 heavy equipment transporters.

Iraqi participation in the

Iraqi Army expeditionary force which operated on the Syrian front. However, the force did not perform very well, and the Iraqi Air Force did not do well either, losing 26 of the 101 fighter aircraft sent to Syria without shooting down any Israeli aircraft.[12]

The Kurds started the second Kurdish war of 1974–75, but the war ended in a Kurdish defeat after the

Iraqi Popular Army. He also guaranteed the military's loyalty to the regime by promoting loyal officers and purging questionable ones. However, this had the effect of filling the senior officer ranks with incompetents.[13]

Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)

Main article:
History of Iraq (1968–2003) – Ba'athist Iraq
Iraqi soldiers captured at Khorramshahr during the Iran-Iraq War

U.S. State Department to support Iraq's war with Iran.[16][17]

Persian Gulf War and lead up to the U.S. invasion (1991–2003)

An Iraqi Mi-24 (NATO code:Hind-D), captured during the 1991 Persian Gulf War.

Saddam Hussein had also poured massive resources into regime protection agencies, like the

Iraqi Popular Army was also disbanded. Military and economic sanctions prevented Iraq from rebuilding its military power. What rebuilding was done was concentrated on the Republican Guard and the new Special Republican Guard, created after the war ended. Iraq maintained a standing military of about 375,000 troops. Among the components of the military was the Directorate of General Military Intelligence
.

Under Saddam Hussein, Iraq had a

Al Hussein (missile) and Al-Samoud 2. Other notable weapons of Iraq produced under Saddam Hussein included Tabuk Sniper Rifle, Al-Fao (self-propelled artillery system), GC-45 howitzer (the GHN-45 variant used by some Iraqi artillery units had a longer range than any coalition cannon systems. This initially caused considerable worry on the part of the allied forces in the Persian Gulf War), and LUGM-145 (naval moored contact mine). There was an Iraqi biological weapons program (not to be confused with Iraqi chemical weapons program) under Saddam Hussein until the end of 1991 Gulf War. By the time Iraqis were testing biological warheads (containing anthrax and botulinum toxin) in Iraq's deserts, the 1980 to 1988 Iran–Iraq war had come to an end.[20] In December 1990 the Iraqis had filled 100 R-400 bombs with botulinum toxin, 50 with anthrax, and 16 with aflatoxin. In addition, 13 Al Hussein missile warheads were filled with botulinum toxin, 10 with anthrax, and 2 with aflatoxin. These weapons were deployed in January 1991 to four locations for use against Coalition forces only as "weapons of last resort" in case the Coalition stormed the gates of Baghdad. Since this never happened in 1991, Saddam found their use unnecessary. The Iraqis destroyed their biological arsenal after the 1991 war. The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) in Britain published in September 2002 a review of Iraq's military capability, and concluded that Iraq could assemble nuclear weapons within months if fissile material from foreign sources were obtained.[21]

Dr. Mahdi Obeidi, who created Saddam's nuclear centrifuge program that had successfully enriched uranium to weapons grade before the 1991 Gulf War, stated in an op-ed in The New York Times that although Iraqi scientists possessed the knowledge to restart the nuclear program, by 2002 the idea had become "a vague dream from another era."

Rihab al-Taha and Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash
, among many others, were considered among the most nationalistic and best weapons designers in the world.

During the 1990s, the Iraqi Armed Forces were involved in suppressing the

Operation Desert Fox in 1998. As U.S. preparations for an attack on Iraq gathered pace in 2002, Operation Southern Focus
was launched, further damaging Iraqi air defences in the southern part of the country.

U.S. invasion of Iraq (2003)

In the 1980s and 1990s, Iraq built and used an arsenal of

weapons inspections. A new round of weapons inspections was performed in early 2003 by United Nations weapons inspectors led by Hans Blix, which searched Iraqi sites again, but found no new weapons or weapons programs. However, the Bush Administration
decided that Saddam Hussein's regime must be removed, and it gave an ultimatum to that effect.

Saddam's government did not respond to the ultimatum in the way that the Bush Administration wanted them to, and therefore, on March 19, 2003, the Coalition Forces of the United Kingdom and United States, with

Post-invasion Iraq, 2003–present
.

New Iraqi Army (2003–present)

New Iraqi Army T-72

The Iraqi military was formally disbanded and the Iraqi Military of Defense was dissolved shortly after the invasion, by

Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 2
of May 23, 2003.

On June 25, 2003, the

New Iraqi Army." The Coalition Military Assistance Training Team under Major General Paul Eaton
was responsible for managing the process.

On September 3, 2003, Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 28 established the Iraqi Civil Defense Corps as a temporary security and emergency service agency for Iraq to complement operations conducted by Coalition military forces in Iraq.

In April 2004, an Iraqi

Multi-National Security Transition Command - Iraq (MNSTC-I) as a subordinate command to MNF-I, under Major General David Petraeus.[25] MNSTC-I was given the task of building up the new Iraqi Armed Forces, as well as the Ministry of Interior (Iraq)
(MOI) and other security forces. A new force generation plan authorized an end-strength of ten Iraqi army divisions.

Al-Hillah

On 22 April 2004, under Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 73 all personnel, facilities, and equipment of the Iraqi Civil Defense Corps were transferred to the Iraqi Ministry of Defence as a component of the Iraqi Armed Forces.

After the dissolution of the

counter-insurgency doctrine.[27]

Soldiers of the 4th Battalion, 2nd Brigade, 5th Division stand outside an Iraqi army compound in Buhriz, Jan. 31, 2007.

However, after national elections in December 2005, the

Iraqi Assistance Group, Dana Pittard said June 2007 that the lesson learned was that Coalition forces should not draw down too quickly and that the transitioning of security responsibilities would take time.[30]

Dzik-3's used by the Iraqi Armed Forces in Basra.

In July 2006, a milestone was achieved when the first Iraqi province transferred to

Al Muthanna Governorate was the first province to meet this status.[31] Twelve further governorates
were transferred to Provincial Iraqi Control from September 2006 to October 2008.

The Iraqi Army (IA) launched its first solely planned and executed high-profile division-level operation March 25, 2008 in the Battle of Basra (2008). The IA received Coalition support only in air support, logistics and via embedded advisors. A British infantry brigade stationed at Basra International Airport was ready in a tactical overwatch role, but it did not intervene.

On January 1, 2009, the Provincial Iraqi Control process was superseded by the U.S.-Iraqi Security Agreement (see also

U.S.-Iraq Status of Forces Agreement
), which transferred all provinces' security responsibilities to the Iraqi government. Five provinces were transferred at once as a result.

In 2019, U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense

Michael Mulroy said that the relationship with the Defense Department and the Iraqi Army was among our most compelling strategic interests and that the U.S. currently helps train and equip 28 Iraqi brigades to maintain their readiness. "The priority is to empower Iraq's professional and capable security forces to protect its sovereignty and to prevent an ISIS resurgence," Mulroy said. "The more capable Iraq's security institutions, the more resilient Iraq will be in the face of its enemies." [32][33]

Structure

Soldiers of the 53rd Brigade, 14th Iraqi Army division graduate from basic training

Iraqi security forces are composed of forces serving under the Ministry of Interior (MOI) and the Ministry of Defense (MOD), as well as the Iraqi Counter Terrorism Bureau, reporting directly to the

first lieutenants to majors
.

The

Kurdistan Regional Government. The force is quite sizable. USF-I public affairs officers indicated that the KDP and PUK both have around 100,000 peshmerga (totalling 200,000) as of January 2010. The two divisions are included in this figure; the regional government and the central government disagree as to whether they are under Baghdad's authority and to what extent.[35]

Iraqi military intelligence has been rebuilt since the army was dissolved in 2003. However it has suffered from political interference. In mid 2009 Prime Minister al-Maliki reportedly dismissed Major General Jamal Suleiman, the director of military intelligence, and took on the job himself. The Prime minister had reportedly dismissed the director of Iraqi national intelligence at the same time.[36]

Iraqi Army

Two New Iraqi Army BMP-1s at a Coalition checkpoint in Tarmiya, Iraq, 25 June 2006.
A convoy of 1st Motor Transport Regiment, 1st Iraqi Army Division KrAZ-6322.

The

government of Iraq from 2003 to 2009 in co-operation with the Multi-National Force – Iraq, with the majority of the assistance coming from the United States. The force generation plan as of November 2009 includes 14 divisions, each consisting of 4 brigades.[37]

The Iraqi Army is described as the most important element of the counter-insurgency fight.[38] The tactic is to provide security and other services on a local level by using infantrymen on dismounted patrols. As insurgents lose passive or active support from the local population, they will easily be defeated, it is believed.

Light infantry brigades are equipped with small arms, machine guns, RPGs, body armor and light armored vehicles. Mechanized infantry brigades are equipped with

T-54/55 main battle tanks and BMP-1 infantry fighting vehicles.[38] The Hungarian Armed Forces have donated 77 Soviet-made T-72 tanks from their own arsenal. The tanks have been refurbished by Hungarian specialists and were delivered in fully battle-ready condition in 2004. Training of personnel was also provided to the newly forming Iraqi Army. Iraq will be receiving 280 M1A1
M tanks from 2010 and 2013.

From its creation in 1922 to 2003, the army suffered from a number of serious difficulties, junior tactical leadership among them. "Iraqi forces consistently had problems because of a dearth of technical skills and a limited exposure to machinery."[39] However it also had significant strengths, particularly in two areas: logistics and combat engineering. Two impressive logistical accomplishments of the army included the ability to sustain an armoured corps in Syria during the Yom Kippur War/1973 Arab–Israeli War and their ability to move formations of corps size from one end of the country to another in days during the Iran–Iraq War.[39] Since 2003, creation of combat forces has been the priority, and logistical support was initially supplied in one way or another by the coalition. As of mid 2008, logistical problems included a maintenance crisis and ongoing supply problems.[40] Logistical capabilities have been developing, however, and the build-up of a nationwide logistical structure, with the Taji National Depot at its centre, is now well under way.

Iraqi Air Force

C-130 Hercules of the Iraqi Air Force

The Iraqi Air Force is designed to support ground forces with surveillance, reconnaissance and troop lift capabilities. Two reconnaissance squadrons use light aircraft, three helicopter squadrons are used to move troops and one air transport squadron uses C-130 transport aircraft to move troops, equipment, and supplies. It currently has 3,000 personnel. It is planned to increase to 18,000 personnel, with 550 aircraft by 2018.[38]

Iraqi Navy

A patrol boat prior to being delivered to the Iraqi Navy.

The Iraqi Navy is a small force with 1,500 sailors and officers, in addition to 800 marines, designed to protect Iraq's shoreline and inland waterways from insurgent infiltration. The navy is also responsible for the security of offshore oil platforms. It will have coastal patrol squadrons, assault boat squadrons and a second marine battalion.[38] The force was to consist of 2,000 to 2,500 sailors by the year 2010.[41] The Iraqi Navy possesses 16 patrol boats, 35 assault boats, and 1 offshore picket vessel.

Challenges for the armed forces

Poor levels of internal security have stifled attempts to build any national banking or credit systems. In lieu of such organizations, Iraqi units operate at any given time with an estimated 10–20% absenteeism rate due to soldiers temporarily leaving their units to deliver their pay back to their families.[42] This can be especially grueling if the unit is on deployment outside of their home province as the absenteeism time is naturally increased.

In addition, all military hospitals under the Saddam regime were looted and abandoned during the 2003 invasion of Iraq; thus as of April 2007 the Army had no military hospitals.[43] There is only one military prosthetics facility in the country and virtually no mental health or burn treatment services. Wounded Iraqi soldiers are expected to receive treatment either at civilian hospitals or if possible, at Coalition medical facilities.[43] Corruption practices spurred partly by over-taxation at these civilian hospitals significantly drive up costs to the soldier. Due to overwhelming red tape within the Iraqi military compensation system, it is commonplace for the soldier to end up bearing the financial brunt of medical expenses.[43]

Defense industry under Saddam Hussein

Under Saddam Hussein’s presidency, Iraq had constructed state-of-the-art production facilities for the rocket propellant at Hillah, south of Baghdad, and assembled the missiles at Falluja, west of the Iraqi capital. At the time, Iraq was believed to be way ahead of its then rival Iran's arms producing industry. The Iraqis were producing a ground-to-ground missile with a 400-mile range known as the Husayn, a variant of the Soviet Scud rocket. They lobbed dozens of these terrifying missiles into Tehran in the late stages of their war with Iran during the so-called "War of the Cities." In addition, the Iraqis were believed to have the best stocks of rocket artillery in the Third World. They were producing a rocket with a 35-mile range modeled on the Brazilian Astros 2, a copy of the Soviet Frog 7, and their own 55-mile-range Liath rocket that was reportedly capable of carrying a chemical warhead. The Iraqis were also building a 30-mile-range surface-to-surface rocket known as the Ababil, which was designed to carry a sophisticated cluster-bomb warhead. Other Iraqi munitions projects included

Al Hussein (missile) and Al-Samoud 2. Other notable weapons of Iraq produced under Saddam Hussein included Tabuk Sniper Rifle, Al-Fao (self-propelled artillery system), GC-45 howitzer (the GHN-45 variant used by some Iraqi artillery units had a longer range than any coalition cannon systems. This initially caused considerable worry on the part of the allied forces in the Persian Gulf War), and LUGM-145 (naval moored contact mine). There was an Iraqi biological weapons program (not to be confused with Iraqi chemical weapons program) under Saddam Hussein until the end of 1991 Gulf War. By the time Iraqis were testing biological warheads (containing anthrax and botulinum toxin) in Iraq's deserts, the 1980 to 1988 Iran–Iraq war had come to an end.[20] In December 1990 the Iraqis had filled 100 R-400 bombs with botulinum toxin, 50 with anthrax, and 16 with aflatoxin. In addition, 13 Al Hussein missile warheads were filled with botulinum toxin, 10 with anthrax, and 2 with aflatoxin. These weapons were deployed in January 1991 to four locations for use against Coalition forces only as "weapons of last resort" in case the Coalition stormed the gates of Baghdad. Since this never happened in 1991, Saddam found their use unnecessary. The Iraqis destroyed their biological arsenal after the 1991 war. The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) in Britain published in September 2002 a review of Iraq's military capability, and concluded that Iraq could assemble nuclear weapons within months if fissile material from foreign sources were obtained.[21] Dr. Mahdi Obeidi, who created Saddam's nuclear centrifuge program that had successfully enriched uranium to weapons grade before the 1991 Gulf War, stated in an op-ed in The New York Times that although Iraqi scientists possessed the knowledge to restart the nuclear program, by 2002 the idea had become "a vague dream from another era."[22]

Iraqi scientists under Saddam Hussein, for example

Rihab al-Taha and Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash
, among many others, were considered among the most nationalistic and best weapons designers in the world.

International military cooperation

From 2003 to 2010, the

Lieutenant General Robert L. Caslen.[44] OSC-Iraq was established on October 1, 2011.[45]

In 2010, U.S. Army Major General

Operation Bright Star as an example of a possible joint training exercise component of a future U.S.–Iraq military-to-military relationship.[46]

While Iran has been accused of involvement in the

Iraqi insurgency, the Iranian government also publicly offered help to build up the Iraqi armed forces. Then-Iraqi Defence Minister Saadoun al-Dulaimi met with his Iranian colleague Rear Admiral Ali Shamkhani in Tehran in 2005, and the Iranians pledged to give assistance.[47]

See also

References

  1. ^ "CIA – The World Factbook – Iraq". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
  2. ^ a b c IISS 2019, p. 344.
  3. ^ Pollack 2002, p.264-6. Pollack notes that two strong categories for Iraq have been logistics and combat engineering. Iraqi soldiers have also usually fought hard in difficult situations.
  4. ^ There is no single authoritative translation of the Constitution. These translations are drawn from the translation by the United Nations, accessible at http://www.uniraq.org/documents/iraqi_constitution.pdf, page 5 of 43.
  5. ^ Order 22: Creation of a New Iraqi Army and Order 67: Ministry of Defense, accessed 26 March 2010
  6. ISBN 0-415-40078-3
    .
  7. ^ Samir al-Khalil, Republic of Fear, 1990, p.170
  8. ^ Library of Congress Country Studies: Iraq, 'Iraq as an independent monarchy,' 1988, accessed March 2010
  9. ISBN 978-0-7881-5108-8
    .
  10. ^ This section is drawn from Pollack 2002, p.167
  11. ^ This section is drawn from Pollack, 2002, p.177–178
  12. ^ Pollack, 2002, p.175, citing Dupuy, Elusive Victory, 532–534, Herzog, Arab–Israeli Wars, 303–04, Edgar O'Ballance, No Victor, No Vanquished, 317–18, and Tzvi Ofer, The Iraqi Army in the Yom Kippur War, transl. Hatzav, Tel Aviv: Ma'arachot, 1986, p.128–65. Pollack notes that the various accounts of Iraqi operations on the Golan Heights are highly contradictory. He relies on Ofer, 1986, which is an Israeli General Staff critique of the official Iraqi General Staff analysis of the battle.
  13. ^ Pollack 2002, 182–183
  14. ^ Pollack 2002, 182–83, 228–229
  15. ^ International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance 1989–90, Brassey's, 1989, p.101–102
  16. ^ Statement by former NSC official Howard Teicher to the U.S. District Court, Southern District of Florida. Plain text version
  17. ^ "Shaking Hands with Saddam Hussein: The U.S. Tilts toward Iraq, 1980–1984". National Security Archive. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
  18. ^ For a 1992 estimate of Iraq's armed forces, see James Bruce, "How Saddam is picking up the pieces a year after 'Storm'," Jane's Defence Weekly, 22 February 1992, 284. This piece estimates that Iraq might have 250 intact aircraft and between 22 and 27 divisions.
  19. ^ a b http://articles.latimes.com/1990-08-13/news/mn-465_1_iraqi-army/4
  20. ^ a b Foroutan Abbas, Medical experiences of Iraq's Chemical Warfare Baqiyatallah Univ. Med. Sci., Tehran 2003
  21. ^ a b "Iraq Dossier:Director's press statement". The International Institute for Strategic Studies. September 9, 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 7, 2006. Retrieved 2006-06-10. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  22. ^
    ISSN 0362-4331
    . Retrieved 2015-11-17.
  23. ^ Kenneth M. Pollack, The Threatening Storm: The Case for Invading Iraq (Random House: 2002), p.69, via Robin J. Lee, Key Components of the Iraqi Ground Forces[permanent dead link]
  24. ^ "U.S. Chemical and Biological Warfare-Related Dual Use Exports to Iraq and their Possible Impact on the Health Consequences of the Persian Gulf War," Senate Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs with Respect to Export Administration, reports of May 25, 1994 and October 7, 1994
  25. ^ The Continuing Challenge of Building the Iraqi Security Forces, Report from the US Congress Armed Services Committee. June 27, 2007 Archived July 25, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ Carter Malkasian, "A Thin Blue Line in the Sand," Democracy, issue #5, Summer 2007. Archived 2010-10-27 at the Wayback Machine
  27. ^ "US Army Counterinsurgency Field Manual, December 2006" (PDF). army.mil. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  28. ^ "DoD Bloggers Roundtable Conference Call with David Kilcullen. May 25, 2007" (PDF). defendamerica.mil. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 24 June 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ "Transcript of interview with Ltd Gen Martin Dempsey, June 1 2007" (PDF). defendamerica.mil. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 24 June 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ DoD News Briefing with Brig. Gen. Dana Pittard, June 25, 2007
  31. ^ "This Week in Iraq – MNF-I Newsletter, June 26, 2006" (PDF). Retrieved 11 October 2014.
  32. ^ https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/iraq-middle-growing-us-iran-tensions/story?id=63765673
  33. ^ https://www.foreign.senate.gov/hearings/iraq-a-crossroads-of-us-policy-071619
  34. ^ NATO opens the Joint Staff College in Ar Rustamiyah in Baghdad, Iraq Archived 2007-06-12 at the Wayback Machine – NATO Training Mission – Iraq
  35. ^ "Annex H 2010 Updates, January 2010". Retrieved 11 October 2014.
  36. ^ Maad Fayad, Al Maliki dismissed military intelligence chief and took on his role, October 2009. See also Nick Padlo, 'Iraqi Intelligence at the Brigade/Division level: Systemic Deficiencies and Training Solutions', smallwarsjournal.com, 2008
  37. ^ U.S. Department of Defense, Coalition team assists in building combat force, Daniel M. Swanson Archived 2009-11-23 at the Wayback Machine, April 3, 2008
  38. ^
    Multi-National Force Iraq, The New Iraqi Security Forces Archived 2006-07-18 at the Wayback Machine
    , Article on MNF-I website, 20 April 2006
  39. ^ a b Pollack, 2002, p. 265
  40. ^ Lieutenant Colonel Thomas M. Magee, USAR, "Commentary: Fostering Iraqi Army Logistics Success", Army Logistician, July–August 2008
  41. ^ US Department of State, Iraq Weekly Status Report Mars 21, 2007
  42. ^ Cordesman, Anthony H., Iraqi Force Development and the Challenge of Civil War, CSIS, April 26, 2007, p. 72
  43. ^ a b c Karin Brulliard, "For Iraqi Soldiers, A Medical Morass", The Washington Post, May 7, 2005.
  44. ^ Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction (SIGIR), Quarterly Report to the United States Congress, April 30, 2013, p.9
  45. ^ Allied Rapid Reaction Corps, Lt. Gen. Caslen assumes command of NTM-I, leads OSC-I to strengthen ISF
  46. ^ "Maj. Gen. Cucolo interview, DVIDS, February 17, 2010". DVIDS. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
  47. ^ British Broadcasting Corporation, Iranians to train Iraq's military, July 7, 2005

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Military of Iraq.
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