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Eerdman's Dictionary of the Bible

Major articles

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Significant articles

3 paragraphs or over 1 column to 2 pages

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1 or 2 paragraphs under a column, with reference(s)

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A

  • Aaron – High Priest (Exodus-Numbers and Chronicles)*; Elsewhere in the Old Testament*; Negative and Nonpriestly Portrayals*; New T[stament*; Character: A Summary*;
  • Abda – Abda (father of Adoniram); Abda (son of Shammua);
  • Abdi – Abdi (grandfather of Ethan); Abdi (father of the Levite Kish); Abdi (divorcing Israelite of the time of Ezra);
  • Abdon (person) – Abdon (son of Hillel); Abdon (son of Shashak); Abdon (son of Jeiel); Abdon (son of Micah);
  • Abiel – Abiel (father of Kish); Abiel (Arbathite warrior);
  • Abiezer – Abiezer (descendant of Manasseh); Abiezer (of David's Champions);
  • Abigail – Abigail (wife of Nabal); Abigail (sister of David);
  • Abihail – Abihail (father of Zuriel); Abihail (wife of Abishur); Abihail (man of the tribe of Gad); Abihail (daughter of Eliab); Abihail (father of Esther);
  • Abijah – Abijah (son of Samuel); Abijah (son of Jeroboam I); Abijah (King of Judah); Abijah (head of the eighth division of priests); Abijah (wife of Hezron); Abijah (son of Becher); Abijah (priest who signed the covenant of Nehemiah); Abijah (head of a priestly group); Abijah (name on ostracons);
  • Abimelech – Abimelech (king of Gerar); Abimelech (son of Gideon); Abimelech (Ruler David escaped); Abimelech (son of Abiathar);
  • Abinadab
    – Abinadab (father of Eleazer); Abinadab (son of Jesse); Abinadab (son of Saul);
  • Abiram – Abiram (son of Eliab); Abiram (son of Hiel);
  • Abishua – Abishua (son of Phinehas); Abishua (son of Bela);
  • Absalom – Absalom (son of David); Absalom (messenger of Judas Maccabeus);
  • [[[Achbor]] – Achbor (father of Baal-hanan); Achbor (son of Micaiah);
  • Achzib
    – Achzib (town in the Shephelah); Achzib (city 9 miles north of Acco);
  • Adad-nirari – Adad-nirari I; Adad-nirari II; Adad-nirari III;
  • Adah – Adah (wife of Lamech); Adah (wife of Esau);
  • Adaiah – Adaiah (man from Boskath); Adaiah (Levite of the family of Gershom); Adaiah (son of Jeroham); Adaiah (descendants of Bani and Binnui); Adaiah (son of Joiarib); Adaiah (father of Maaseiah);
  • Addi
    – Addi (leader of returning clan of Israelites); Addi (ancestor of Jesus);
  • Adiel – Adiel (leader of the tribe of Simeon); Adiel (son of Jahzerah); Adiel (father of Azmaveth);
  • Adna – Adna (son of Pahath-moah); Adna (priest of the family of Harim);
  • Adnah
    – Adnah ("chief of thousands"); Adnah (officer under Jehoshaphat);
  • Adonijah – Adonijah (son of David); Adonijah (Levite of 2 Chr.); Adonijah (signer of the covenant of Nehemiah);
  • Adoption – Adoption Formulas*; Adoption and adoption imagery**;
  • Afterdeath
    – Abode of the Dead*; Inhabitants of the Netherworld**; Transformations in Late Israelite Traditions**; Summary**; Conclusion*;
  • Ahab – Ahab (king of Israel); Ahab (son of Kolaiah);
    • Ahab (king of Israel) - Biblical Account**; Historical Account*; Rabbinical Sources*;
  • Ahasuerus – Ahasuerus (possible Biblical name of Xerxes I); Ahasuerus (Ahasuerus the Mede); Ahasuerus (a destroyer of Ninezeh in Tobit);
  • Ahaz – Ahaz (King of Judah); Ahaz (descendant of Saul);
  • Ahaziah – Ahaziah (King of Judah); Ahaziah (son of Ahab);
  • Ahiezer
    – Ahiezer (son of Ammishaddai); Ahiezer (kinsman of Saul);
  • Ahihud – Ahihud (son of Shelomi); Ahihud (descendant of Ehud);
  • Ahijah – Ahijah (son of Ahitub); Ahijah (prophet from Shiloh); Ahijah (son of Shisha); Ahijah (father of Baasha); Ahijah (son of Jerahmeel); Ahijah (son of Ehud); Ahijah (Pelonite); Ahijah (Levite under David);
  • Ahimaaz – Ahimaaz (father of Ahinoam); Ahimaaz (son of Zadok); Ahimaaz (one of Solomon's commissary officers);
  • Ahiman – Ahiman (descendant of Anak); Ahiman (Levite of 1 Chr.);
  • Ahimelech – Ahimelech (son of Ahitub); Ahimelech (friend of David); Ahimelech (son of Abiathar);
  • Ahinoam – Ahinoam (daugher of Ahimaaz); Ahinoam (wife of David);
  • Ahio – Ahio (son of Abinadab); Ahio (son of Beriah); Ahio (brother of Kish);
  • Ahitub – Ahitub (son of Phinehas); Ahitub (son of Amariah); Ahitub (son of another Amariah); Ahitub (ancestor of Judith);
  • Ahlai
    – Ahlai (daughter of Sheshan); Ahlai (father of Zabad);
  • Aiah
    – Aiah (son of Zibeon); Aiah (father of Rizpah);
  • Aijalon
    – Aijalon (levitical city); Aijalon (burial place of Elon);
  • Ain – Ain (town in Numbers); Ain (city in Judah); Ain (city given to the descendants of Joshua);
  • Akkub
    – Akkub (son of Elioenai); Akkub (head of levitical family of gatekeepers); Akkub (chief of a family of temple servants); Akkub (Levite in Neh.);
  • Alemeth (person) – Alemeth (son of Becher); Alemeth (descendant of Saul);
  • Alexander – Alexander III of Macedon**; Alexander Balas of Smyrna*; Alexander Janneus*; Alexander (son of Simon of Cyrene); Alexander (priest who questioned Peter and John after their arrest); Alexander (Jew of Ephesus); Alexander (of 1 Tim.); Alexander (coppersmith of 2 Tim.);
  • Alexandra – Alexandra Salome*; Alexandra (daughter of Hyrcanus II)*; Alexandra (daughter of Aristobulus); Alexandra (daughter of Phasael);
  • Alphaeus – Alphaeus (father of James); Alphaeus (father of Levi);
  • Altar – Biblical Evidence**; Archaeological Evidence**;
  • Amariah – Amariah (son of Hebron); Amariah (priest descended from Eleazar); Amariah (son of Azariah); Amariah (high priest at the time of Jehoshaphat); Amariah (levitical priest of time of Hezekiah of Judah); Amariah (son of Hezekiah); Amariah (priest and son of Azariah); Amariah (man of the family of Azzur); Amariah ("son of Amariah" in Neh.); Amariah (name on seals);
  • Amasa – Amasa (kinsman of David); Amasa (son of Hadlai);
  • Amasai – Amasai (son of Elkanah); Amasai (Chief of David' Thirty); Amasai (priest of 1 Chr.); Amasai (father of Mahath);
  • Amaziah – Amaziah (father of Joshah); Amaziah (Levite of the family of Merair); Amaziah (priest of era of Jeroboam II); Amaziah (King of Judah)**;
  • Ammiel – Ammiel (son of Gemalli); Ammiel (father of Machir); Ammiel (father of Bathsheba); Ammiel (son of Obed-edom);
  • Ammihud – Ammihud (father of Elishama); Ammihud (father of Shemuel); Ammihud (father of Pedahel); Ammihud (father of King Talmai); Ammihud (returning exile of 1 Chr.);
  • Aminadab – Aminadab (son of Ram); Aminadab (son of Kohath); Aminadab (chief of levitical family of Uzziel); Aminadab (father of Esther); Aminadab (King of Beth-ammon);
  • Amnon – Amnon (son of David); Amnon (son of Shimon);
  • Amon (person) – Amon (King, son of Manasseh)*; Amon (official of Samaria); Amon (returner from exile);
  • Amos, Book of or Book of Amos – Amos the Prophet*; Historical Setting*; Contents**; Composition*;
  • Amram – Amram (grandson of Levi); Amram (son of Bani);
  • Amzi
    – Amzi (son of Bani); Amzi (son of Zechariah);
  • Anah – Anah (son of Zibeon); Anah (son of Seir);
  • Anaiah
    – Anaiah (who stood at Ezra's right hand); Anaiah (chief who sealed the covenant of Nehemiah);
  • Ananias – Ananias (husband of Sapphira); Ananias (who healed Paul's blindness); Ananias (21st Jewish high priest);
  • Andronicus – Andronicus (deputy under Antiochus IV Epiphanius); Andronicus (Commander of garrison at Gerizim); Andronicus (fellow prisoner of Paul);
  • Animals
    – Mammals**; Amphibians*; Reptiles**;
  • Anna – Anna (wife of Tobit); Anna (widow in Luke); Anna (Mother of Mary);
  • Antigonus – Antigonus (general of Alexander the Great); Antigonus (son of John Hyrcanus); Antigonus (Antigonus II of Judea);
  • Antioch – Antioch (city in Galatia)*; Antioch (Antioch of Syria)**;
  • Antiochus – Antiochus (Antiochus III); Antiochus (Antiochus IV Epiphanius)**; Antiochus (Antiochus V); Antiochus (Antiochus VI); Antiochus (Antiochus VII);
  • Antipas – Antipas (Herod Antipas); Antipas (martyr of Pergamum);
  • Antipater – Antipater (son of Jason); Antipater (Idumean noble); Antipater (son of Herod);
  • Aphek – Aphek (Ras el-'Ayin)**; Aphek (Afqā); Aphek (town of the tribe of Asher); Aphek (town in the Golan);
  • Apollonius – Apollonius (son of Tharseas); Apollonius (son of Menetheus); Apollonius (general under Antiochus IV Epiphanius); Apollonius (son of Gennaeus); Apollonius (governor of Coele-Syria);
  • Aquila – Aquila (husband of Priscilla); Aquila (2nd century translator);
  • Arah
    – Arah (son of Ulla); Arad (ancestor of returners);
  • Aram (person) – Aram (son of Shem); Aram (son of Kemuel); Aram (son of Shemer); Aram (ancestor of Jesus);
  • Aram (place) – Paddam-aram*; Aram-naharaim*; Aram-zobah*; Aram-Damascus*; Aram-maacah and Geshur*;
  • Aramaic – Old Aramaic*; Official Aramaic*; Middle Aramaic*; Late Aramaic*; Modern Aramaic*;
  • Archaeology and the Bible – Geographic Setting*; Biblical Archaeology**; Foundations: Politics, Prestige, and Power**; Beginning of Scientific Exploration*; Early National Agendas**; Honing Excavation Materials*; The Rise of Biblical City Excavations*; A Permanent American Presence*; Lawrence and Musil*; Orientalist Tradition Par Excellence**; Rise of "Biblical Archaeology"**; Towards a Secular Archaeology*; Emergence of Israeli Archaeology**; Revisionist Scholarship*; Recent Developments**;
  • Architecture – Materials and Construction**; General Survey***;
    • Architecture – General Survey – Fortifications**; Domestic Buildings*; Cultic Buildings**; Administrative Buildings**; Later Developments*;
  • Aretas – Aretas I*; Aretas II*; Aretas III*; Aretas IV*;
  • Ariel (person) – Ariel (of Ezra's delegation); Ariel (two Moabites killed by Benaiah);
  • Arioch – Arioch (king of Ellasar); Arioch (captain of Nebuchadnezzar's bodyguards); Arioch (King of the Chaldeans);
  • Aristobulus – Aristobulus I; Aristobulus II; Aristobulus (mentioned in Romans);
  • Army – Semi-nomadic Origins*; Peasant's Militia*; Professional Heavy Infantry**; Classic Ancient Near Eastern Chariot Army*;
  • Aroer – Aroer (Aroer on the Arnon); Aroer (town in Gilead); Aroer (town near Damascus); Aroer (settlement west of Jordan);
  • Arphaxad
    – Arphaxad (king of the Medes); Arphaxad (ancestor of Jesus);
  • Artaxerxes – Artaxerxes I Longimanus; Artaxerxes II Mnemon;
  • Asa – Asa (grandson of Rehoboam)**; Asa (father of Berechiah);
  • Asahel – Asahel (son of Zeruiah); Asahel (Levite sent into Judah in 2 Chr.); Asahel (Levite who collected tithes); Asahel (father of Jonathan); Asahel (son of Ezora);
  • Asaiah – Asaiah (servant sent to Huldah); Asaiah (leader of the tribe of Simeon); Asaiah (head of a Merarite levitical family); Asaiah (firstborn of the Shilonites returning from exile);
  • Asaph – Asaph (father of Joah); Asaph (son of Berechiah the Levite)*; Asaph ("sons of Asaph"); Asaph (Keeper of Artaxerxes' park);
  • Ascension – Extrabiblical Literature**; Jesus**; Other Ascensions in the New Testament*;
  • Asher – Asher (Akkadian god); Asher (son of Jacob); Asher (tribal territory in Galilee)**;
  • Ashnah
    – Ashnah (Josh 15:33); Ashnah (Josh 15:43);
  • Asiel
    – Asiel (father of Seraiah); Asiel (ancestor of Tobit); Asiel (scribe of Ezra);
  • Asshur (place) – Asshur (Assur of Assyria); Asshur (alternate name for Assyria);
  • Assir – Assir (son of Korah); Assir (son of Ebiasaph);
  • Ataroth – Ataroth (town in Transjordan); Ataroth (town in Josh 16:2); Ataroth (town in Josh 16:7); Ataroth (place in 1 Chr 2:54);
  • Ater
    – Ater (ancestor of returning family); Ater (Levite leader of a family of gatekeepers); Ater (Israelite covenant sealer in Neh.);
  • Athaliah – Athaliah (Queen of Judah)**; Athaliah (son of Jeroham); Athaliah (father of Jeshaiah);
  • Attai – Attai (son of Jarha); Attai (Gadite warrior at Ziklag); Attai (son of Rehoboam);
  • Aven – Aven (abbreviation of Beth-aven); Aven (derisive epithet for an Armenean valley); Aven (city possibly Heliopolis);
  • Avvim
    – Avvim (inhabitants of the Philistine Plain); Avvim (city of the tribe of Benjamin);
  • Azarel
    – Azarel (Korahite at Ziklag); Azarel (levitical singer of time of David); Azarel (son of Jeroham); Azarel (descendant of Binnui); Azarel (son of Ahzai); Azarel (priest of Neh.);
  • Azariah – Azariah (son of Zadok); Azariah (son of Nathan); Azariah (given name of King Uzziah); Azariah (great-grandson of Judah); Azariah (descendant of Judah); Azariah (descendant of Aaron); Azariah (priest in Solomon's temple); Azariah (father of Hilkiah); Azariah (of the Kohathite division of Levites); Azariah (priest of 1 Chr.); Azariah (son of Oded); Azariah (two sons of Jehoshaphat); Azariah (son of Jeroham and son of Oded, military officers); Azariah (priest of 2 Chr.); Azariah (murdered Ephraimite); Azariah (two men, father of Joel and son of Jehallel, who helped clean the temple); Azariah (chief priest under Hezekiah); Azariah (grandfather of Ezra); Azariah (father of Amariah); Azariah (wall repairer of Neh.); Azariah (one of the leaders of the exile returners); Azariah (interpreter of Ezra); Azariah (emigrant to Egypt in Jer.); Azariah (Hebrew name of Abednego);
  • Azaziah – Azaziah (Levite who played the lyre); Azaziah (father of Hoshea); Azaziah (overseer of the temple in 2 Chr.);
  • Azvameth (person) – Azvameth (one of David's Champions); Azvameth (Benjaminite of Ziklag); Azvameth (treasurer at the palace of David); Azvameth (son of Jehoaddah);
  • Azriel – Azriel (of the tribe of Manasseh); Azriel (father of Jerimoth); Azriel (father of Seraiah);
  • Azrikam – Azrikam (son of Neariah); Azrikam (son of Azel); Azrikam (son of Hashabiah); Azrikam (murdered by Zichri);
  • Azubah – Azubah (daughter of Shilhi); Azubah (wife of Caleb);
  • Azzur – Azzur (sealer of covenant of Neh.); Azzur (father of Hananiah); Azzur (father of Jaazaniah);

B

  • Baal (person) – Baal (descendant of Joel); Baal (son of Jeiel);
  • Baalah – Baalah (Kiriath-jearaim); Baalah (mountain on the border of Judah); Baalah (city of southern[[ Judah);
  • Baal-hanan – Baal-hanan (son of Achbor); Baal-hanan (Overseer of olives under David);
  • Baana – Baana (son of Ahilud); Baana (son of Hushai); Baana (father of Zadok);
  • Baanah
    – Baanah (son of Rimmon); Baanah (father of Heleb); Baanah (leader of exile returners);
  • Babylonia – Geography*; Prehistoric Settlements*; Third Millennium: Beginning of History**; Age of Hammurabi; Coming of the Indo-Europeans**; First Millennium**;
  • Bani – Bani (Gadite member of David's Thirty); Bani (Levite of the line of Ethan of the time of David); Bani (son of Perez); Bani (family of 642 returners); Bani (father of Rehum); Bani (sealer of the covenant of Nehemiah);
  • Barsabbas – Barsabbas (surname of Joseph); Barsabbas (surname of Judas);
  • Baruch – Baruch (son of Zabbai); Baruch (ratifier of the covenant of Nehemiah); Baruch (son of Colhozeh); Baruch (companion of Jeremiah)**;
  • Barzillai
    – Barzillai (Gileadite of Rogelim); Barzillai (father of Adriel); Barzillai (husband of the daughter of Barzillai the Gileadite);
  • Basemath – Basemath (wife of Esau); Basemath (daughter of Solomon);
  • Bath-shua
    – Bath-shua (wife of Judah); Bath-shua (alternate form of Bathsheba);
  • Bealoth – Bealoth (city of Judah); Bealoth (place in Asher);
  • Bebai – Bebai (ancestor of returners); Bebai (sealer of the covenant of Nehemiah);
  • Bedan – Bedan (son of Ulam); Bedan (of 1 Samuel);
  • Beer – Beer (well in Transjordan)*; Beer (place to which Jotham fled);
  • Beeri – Beeri (father of Judith); Beeri (father of Hosea);
  • Bela (person) – Bela (son of Boer); Bela (son of Benjamin); Bela (son of Azaz);
  • Benaiah – Benaiah (son of Jehoiada); Benaiah (one of David's Thirty); Benaiah (Simeonite chief in 1 Chr.); Benaiah (Levite musician of David); Benaiah (trumpet blower of the ark of David); Benaiah (priest of 2 Chr.); Benaiah (four divorcing Israelites of the time of Ezra); Benaiah (father of Pelatiah);
  • Ben-hadad – Ben-hadad I; Ben-hadad II; Ben-hadad III**;
  • Benjamin – Benjamin (son of Jacob)**; Benjamin (son of Bilhan);
  • Beor – Beor (father of Bela); Beor (father of Balaam);
  • Berechiah – Berechiah (son of Zerubbabel); Berechiah (father of Asaph); Berechiah (son of Asa); Berechiah (gatekeeper of the ark under David); Berechiah (son of Meshillemoth); Berechiah (son of Meshezabel); Berechiah (son of Iddo);
  • Beriah or Beriites – Beriah or Beriites (son of Asher); Beriah or Beriites (son of Ephraim); Beriah or Beriites (son of Elpaal); Beriah or Beriites (son of Shimei);
  • Beroea – Beroea (Macedonian city); Beroea (Hellenistic name of Aleppo);
  • Bethany – Bethany (home of Lazarus)**; Bethany (“Bethany beyond the Jordan” where John the Baptist baptized);
  • Beth-dagon
    – Beth-dagon (town of Judah); Beth-dagon (town of Asher);
  • Bethel (place) – Bethel (city 12 miles north of Jerusalem)**; Bethel (town in the Negeb of Judah);
  • Bethlehem – Bethlehem (Bethlehem of Judah)**; Bethlehem (town of Zebulon);
  • Beth-shemesh
    – Beth-shemesh (city of Dan)**; Beth-shemesh (village South of the Sea of Galilee); Beth-shemesh (settlement of Naphtali); Beth-shemesh (alternate name for Egyptian On);
  • Beyond the river – Beyond the river (area east of the Euphrates); Beyond the river (area west of the Euphrates)*; Beyond the river (district of Haran);
  • Bezalel – Bezalel (Judahite descendant of Caleb); Bezalel (returner from exile);
  • Bezek – Bezek (town of Judges); Bezek (town of 1 Sam.);
  • Bible – Jewish Scripture**; Christian Bible**;
  • Bible Translations
    – Advances in Biblical scholarship**; Linguistic change**; Confessional translations**; Specific audiences*; Individual translations*; Translation theory*;
    • Bible Translations
      – Advances in Biblical scholarship – Textual*; Lexicographical*; Literary*;
  • Bigvai
    – Bigvai (returner from Exile); Bigvai (family group returning from exile);
  • Bilgah
    – Bilgah (head of priestly family at time of David); Bilgah (leader of family of returning priests);
  • Bilhan – Bilhan (son of Ezer); Bilhan (son of Jediael);
  • Binnui – Binnui (son of Pahath-moab); Binnui (father of 13 divorcers); Binnui (ancestor of family of returners); Binnui (Levite contemporary of Zerubbabel);
  • Birds
    – Identification*; Domesticated birds*; Birds for offerings*; Birds of abomination*;
  • Boaz – Boaz (protector of Ruth)*; Boaz (pillar of Solomon's temple);
  • Book of the Twelve
    – Ancient Evidence*; History of the Collection*; Literary Unity**;
  • Bozrah
    – Bozrah (capital of Edom)*; Bozrah (city in Jer.); Bozrah (city in Gilead);
  • Bukki – Bukki (leader of the tribe of Dan); Bukki (son of Abishua);
  • Bunni
    – Bunni (Levite in Neh.); Bunni (sealer of the covenant of Nehemiah); Bunni (ancestor of Shemaiah);
  • Burial – Locations**; Rites and practices**;
  • Buz – Buz (son of Nahor); Buz (father of Jahdo);

C

  • Cabul – Cabul (town of Asher); Cabul (district in Galilee);
  • Cainan – Cainan (son of Arphaxad); Cainan (alternate name of Kenan);
  • Calcol
    – Calcol (grandson of Judah); Calcol (son of Mahol);
  • Caleb – Caleb (son of Hezron); Caleb (son of Jephunneh);
  • Cambyses – Cambyses I; Cambyses II;
  • Canaanites
    – Name*; Land**; People**; Culture and Religion**; Language*;
    • Canaanites
      – Land – Biblical sources**; Nonbiblical sources**;
    • Canaanites
      – People – Biblical sources**; Nonbiblical sources*;
  • Canon of the Old Testament
    – Evidence for a Fixed Canon**; Process of Canonization**; Canon and Interpretation*;
  • Canon of the New Testament
    – Prophetic Foundation of the Gospel*; Authorization and Message of the Apostles**; Consciousness of Apostolic Authority*; Extent of the NT Canon**;
  • Carmel – Carmel (mountain range north of Israel)*; Carmel (town in the Judean wilderness);
  • Carmi – Carmi (son of Reuben); Carmi (father of Achan); Carmi (possible alternative name of Caleb);
  • Chaldea – Land and People**; History**;
  • Chelub
    – Chelub (father of Mehir); Chelub (father of Ezri);
  • Chenaanah
    – Chenaanah (father of Zedekiah); Chenaanah (son of Bilhan);
  • Chenaniah
    – Chenaniah (chief of Levites at time of David); Chenaniah (Levite of 1 Chr. and Neh.);
  • Chinnereth
    – Chinnereth (lake in northern Israel); Chinnereth (city near Sea of Chinnereth); Chinnereth (territory around the city and lake);
  • Christ
    – Pauline Letters**; Gospels**; Beyond the New Testament**;
  • Chronicles, Books of or Books of Chronicles – Composition, Date, and Sources**; Structure and Major Themes**;
  • Chronology of the Old Testament – Special Issues in Biblical Chronology**; OT History**;
    • Chronology of the Old Testament – Special Issues in Biblical Chronology – Intercalation*; Spring or Fall Calendars*; Accession and Nonaccession Year Reckoning*; Coregency*; Use of the LXX*; Relative and Absolute Chronology*;
    • Chronology of the Old Testament – OT History – Persian Period*; Neo-Babylonian Period**; Later Years of Judah*; Later Years of the Divided Monarchy**; Early Years of the Divided Monarchy**; United Monarchy**; Period of the Judges**; Date of the Exodus**; Sojourn*; Patriarchs*;
  • Chronology of the New Testament – Jesus' Life**; Apostolic Period, including Paul**;
  • Church – Beginnings of the Church**; Expansion in the NT Era**; Features of the Church**;
    • Church – Expansion in the NT Era – Jerusalem and Judea*; Beyond Judea*; Mission to the Gentiles**;
    • Church – Features of the Church – Organization in Ministry**; Role of the Assembly**; The Hope of the Church*;
  • Clement, Epistles of or Epistles of Clement – 1 Clement**; 2 Clement*;
  • Col-hozeh – Col-hozeh (father of Shallum); Col-hozeh (father of Baruch);
  • Conaniah – Conaniah (Levite of time of Hezekiah); Conaniah (Levite of time of Josiah);
  • Corinth – Commerce**; Religion**; Christianity*;
  • First Letter to the Corinthians
    – Author, Provenance, Date*; Corinth*; Occasion*; Parties and Opposition**; Literary and Rhetorical Analysis*; Major Issues in Corinth*; Significance*;
  • Corporate personality – Corporate responsibility*; Individualism**;
  • Covenant – Covenant and Moral Character*; Old Testament**; Later Traditions about the Sinai běrît**; Issues in Understanding the Sinai Covenant**; The New Covenant*;
    • Covenant – Old Testament – Where God Is Not a Partner*; Where God Is Under Obligation*; Where Israel Is Under Obligation to God: Sinai*;
    • Covenant – Later Traditions about the Sinai běrît – Postexilic Period*; Hellenistic Period: Sinai as diathēkē*; New Testament**;
      • Covenant - Later Traditions about the Sinai běrît – New Testament – Jesus**; Paul**;
  • Cush (person) – Cush (son of Ham); Cush (messenger to David); Cush (opponent of David);
  • Cushi – Cushi (father of Shelemiah); Cushi (father of Zephaniah);

D

  • D – D (Deuteronomist); D (symbol for Codex Bezae [D] and Codex Claromontanus [D2]);
  • Daniel – Daniel (son of David); Daniel (priest returned from exile); Daniel (praised by Ezekiel); Daniel (Hero of the Book of Daniel)**;
  • Daniel, Additions to or Additions to Daniel – Prayer of Azariah*; Song of the Three Young Men*; Susanna**; Bel and the Serpent**;
  • Daniel, Book of or Book of Daniel – Contents**; Problem of Bilingualism**; Date*; Placement in the Canon*;
  • Darius – Darius (Darius I)**; Darius (Darius II Ochus); Darius (Darius III Codommanus); Darius (Darius the Mede);
  • David – Sources**; Name*; Patronym*; Genealogy*; Location in Bethlehem*; Early Career**; Historical Relations with Saul's House**; Rise to Kingship**; Administration and Achievements**; Succession**; David's Place in Tradition*;
  • Dead Sea Scrolls – The Scrolls and the OT**; The Scrolls and Judaism**; The Scrolls and the NT**;
  • Debir (place) – Debir (city of Judah)*; Debir (city in Gilead); Debir (city on Judah-Benjamin border);
  • Deborah – Deborah (in Judges)**; Deborah (nurse of Rebekah); Deborah (grandmother of Tobit);
  • Delaiah
    – Delaiah (son of Elioenai); Delaiah (descendant of Aaron); Delaiah (ancestor of returning exiles); Delaiah (son of Mehetabel); Delaiah (son of Shemaiah);
  • Demetrius – Demetrius Poliorcetes*; Demetrius I Soter**; Demetrius II Nicator**; Demetrius III Eucerus*; Demetrius of Phalerum; Demetrius of Ephesus; Demetrius (3 John);
  • Desert – Physical Characteristics**; Conditions and Lessons*; Biblical Accounts**;
    • Desert – Physical Characteristics – Negeb*; Sinai*; Paran*; Zin*;
  • Dibon
    – Dibon (city in Transjordan)**; Dibon (town of the Negeb in Judah);
  • Dishon – Dishon (son of Seir); Dishon (son of Anah);
  • Dodo – Dodo (father of Puah); Dodo (son of Ahohi); Dodo (father of Elhanan);
  • Dumah (place) – Dumah (city of Judah); Dumah (Dumat al-Jandal); Dumah (mentioned in Isaiah);

E

  • Ebal
    (person) – Ebal (son of Shobal); Ebal (son of Joktan);
  • Ebed – Ebed (father of Gaal); Ebed (son of Jonathan);
  • Eber – Eber (ancestor of Hebrews); Eber (clan of the tribe of Gad); Eber (son of Elpaal); Eber (son of Shashak); Eber (postexilic priest);
  • Economics – OT Period**; NT Period**;
  • Eder (person) – Eder (postexilic Benjaminite); Eder (son of Mushi);
  • Eder (place) – Eder (town in southern Judah); Eder (landmark in the vicinity of Bethlehem);
  • Edrei
    – Edrei (Transjordanian city); Edrei (city in Naphtali);
  • Education – Development and History**; Teachers and Sages*; Content and Method*;
  • Egypt – Naqada I-II**; Proto-dynastic**; Old Kingdom**; Middle Kingdom*; Hyksos*; New Kingdom*; Third Intermediate Period*; Saite-Persian Period*; Hellenistic-Roman Rule**;
  • Egyptian (language) – History and Development**; Scripts*; Basic Principles of Writing**; Loanwords in the OT*;
  • Ehud – Ehud (judge)*; Ehud (son of Bilhan); Ehud (father of Naaman);
  • El – Middle and Late Bronze Age Sources**; Iron Age Sources**;
  • Elah – Elah (one of the 11 chiefs of Esau/Edom); Elah (4th king of Israel); Elah (father of Hoshea); Elah (son of Caleb); Elah (returning Benjaminite);
  • Elam (person) – Elam (son of Shem); Elam (son of Shashak); Elam (son of Meshelemiah); Elam (head of returning clan of Israelites); Elam ("other Elam"); Elam (signer of covenant of Nehemiah); Elam (priest who assisted Nehemiah);
  • Elasah
    – Elasah (son of Pashhur); Elasah (son of Shaphan);
  • Eleasah
    – Eleasah (son of Helez); Eleasah (son of Raphah);
  • Eleazar – Eleazar (son of Aaron); Eleazar (son of Abinadab); Eleazar (son of Dodo); Eleazar (son of Mali); Eleazar (son of Phinehas); Eleazar (priest of dedication in Neh.); Eleazar (son of Parosh); Eleazar (son of Mattathias); Eleazar (father of Jason); Eleazar (scribe of 2 Macc.); Eleazar (ancestor of Joseph);
  • Election – Old Testament**; New Testament**;
    • Election – New Testament – Jesus Christ*; The Community of Faith**;
  • Elhanan – Elhanan (son of Jair); Elhanan (son of Dodo);
  • Eliab – Eliab (son of Helon); Eliab (father of Dothan); Eliab (son of Jesse); Eliab (descendant of Levi); Eliab (Gadite officer of David); Eliab (Levite harpist of 1 Chr.); Eliab (ancestor of Judith);
  • Eliada
    – Eliada (son of David); Eliada (father of Rezon); Eliada (Benjaminte officer of Jehoshaphat);
  • Eliakim – Eliakim (official of Hezekiah); Eliakim (son of Josiah); Eliakim (priest of Neh.); Eliakim (grandson of Zerubbabel); Eliakim (son of Melea);
  • Eliam
    – Eliam (father of Bathsheba); Eliam (son of Ahithophel);
  • Eliasaph
    – Eliasaph (head of tribe of Gad); Eliasaph (son of Lael);
  • Eliashib
    – Eliashib (descendant of David); Eliashib (priest of the time of David); Eliashib (father of Jehohanan); Eliashib (singer of the time of Ezra); Eliashib (descendant of Zattu); Eliashib (descendant of Bani); Eliashib (high priest of the time of Nehemiah); Eliashib (son of Joiakim); Eliashib (priest of the temple staff of Neh.);
  • Eliehoenai – Eliehoenai (son of Meshelemiah); Eliehoenai (son of Zerahiah);
  • Eliel – Eliel (head of Manassite household of 1 Chr.); Eliel (ancestor of Samuel); Eliel (Benjaminite of 1 Chr.); Eliel (Mahavite of David's Mighty Men); Eliel (Gadite who joined David); Eliel (Levite of the sons of Hebron); Eliel (Levite under Hezekiah);
  • Eliezer – Eliezer (oldest of Abraham's servants); Eliezer (son of Moses); Eliezer (son of Becher); Eliezer (trumpet blowing priest); Eliezer (son of Zichri); Eliezer (son of Dodavahu); Eliezer (priest sent by Ezra); Eliezer (divorcing son of priest of Ezra); Eliezer (divorcing Levite); Eliezer (son of Harim); Eliezer (ancestor of Jesus);
  • Elihu – Elihu (son of Tohu); Elihu (defecting chief at Ziklag); Elihu (gatekeeper of the lineage of Obed-edom); Elihu (brother of David); Elihu (son of Barachel)*;
  • Elijah, Apocalypse of or Apocalypse of Elijah – Apocalypse of Elijah (Jewish-Christian book ca. 150-275 CE)*; Apocalypse of Elijah (Jewish Hebrew apocalypse ca. 6th-7th century)*;
  • Elioenai
    – Elioenai (son of Neariah); Elioenai (leader of the tribe of Simeon); Elioenai (son of Becher); Elioenai (divorcing priest); Elioenai (Israelite of the Zattu clan of Ezra); Elioenai (priest of Neh.);
  • Eliphelet
    – Eliphelet (son(s?) of David); Eliphelet (of David's Thirty); Eliphelet (son of Eshek); Eliphelet (returning descendant of Adonikam); Eliphelet (divorcing descendant of Hashum);
  • Elisha – Miracle Stories**; Political Legends**; Deuteronomistic Edition*;
  • Elishama – Elishama (son of Ammihud); Elishama (son of David); Elishama (father of Nethaniah); Elishama (descendant of Jerahmeel); Elishama (priest of Jehosaphat's commission); Elishama (scribe under Jehoiakim);
  • Elizaphan
    – Elizaphan (son of Uzziel); Elizaphan (son of Parnach);
  • Elkanah – Elkanah (descendant of Korah); Elkanah (father of Samuel)*; Elkanah (ancestor of Samuel of Chr. 6:25); Elkanah (ancestor of Samuel of Chr. 6:26); Elkanah (ancestor of Berechiah); Elkanah (Korahite of David's Mighty Men); Elkanah (Davidic Levite doorkeeper of the ark); Elkanah (official of Ahaz);
  • Elnathan
    – Elnathan (father of Nehushta); Elnathan (1 or 2 "leaders" and a "wise" returner from exile); Elnathan (son of Achbor);
  • Elon (person) – Elon (father of Basemath); Elon (son of Zebulun); Elon (Zebulunite judge);
  • Elzabad
    – Elzabad (Gadite of Ziklag); Elzabad (Korahite temple gatekeeper);
  • En-gannim
    – En-gannim (settlement in the Judean Shephelah); En-gannim (levitical city of Issachar);
  • Enoch (person) – Enoch (son of Cain); Enoch (son of Jared)*;
  • Enoch, Books of or Books of Enoch – 1 (Ethiopic) Enoch**; 2 (Slavonic) Enoch*; 3 (Hebrew) Enoch*;
  • Ephah (person) – Ephah (son of Midian)*; Ephah (concubine of Caleb); Ephah (son of Jahdai);
  • Epher – Epher (son of Midian); Epher (son of Ezrah); Epher (of 1 Chr. 5:24);
  • Letter to the Ephesians
    – Contents*; Occasion, Purpose, and Literary Classification**; Theological Themes**; Authorship, Dating, and Related Questions**;
  • Ephraim (person) – Eponymous Figure*; Tribe*; Territory**;
  • Ephrath (place) – Ephrath (city near where Rachel died); Ephrath (place where Rachel was buried);
  • Ephron (place) – Ephron (district on the northern border of Judah); Ephron (town taken by King Abijah of Jordan); Ephron (large town of 1 Macc.);
  • Er – Er (son of Judah); Er (son of Shelah); Er (father of Elmadam);
  • Eschatology – OT Prophets*; Jewish Apocalyptic Literature*; Jesus and the Gospels**; Paul*; General Epistles and Revelation*;
  • Books of Esdras
    – 1 Esdras**; 2 Esdras**;
  • Eshtemoa (person) – Eshtemoa (son of Ishbah); Eshtemoa (descendant of Hodiah);
  • Esther, Book of or Book of Esther – Synopsis**; Canonicity*; Composition**; Versions*; Genre*; Purpose**; Recent Scholarly Issues*;
  • Etam – Etam (place where Samson lodged); Etam (town occupied by the descendants of Simeon); Etam (town in the hill country of Judah);
  • Ethan – Ethan (one of the sons of Mahol); Ethan (descendant of Zerah); Ethan (son of Zimmah); Ethan (son of Kishi);
  • Ether – Ether (town of the tribal allotment of Judah); Ether (town occupied by the tribe of Simeon within the tribal allotment of Judah);
  • Eve – OT**; Intertestamental Writings and NT*; Later Traditions*;
  • Exodus, Book of or Book of Exodus – Canonical Context*; Content*; Theology and History of Composition**; Continuing Significance*;
  • Ezbon
    – Ezbon (son of Gad); Ezbon (son of Bela);
  • Ezekiel, Book of or Book of Ezekiel – The Prophet*; The Book**;
  • Ezer – Ezer (son of Seir); Ezer (father of Hushah); Ezer (cattle raiding Ephraimite); Ezer (joined David at Ziklag); Ezer (son of Jeshua); Ezer (priest of Neh.);
  • Ezra – Ezra (of the Book of Ezra)*; Ezra (priest of Neh. 12:1, 13); Ezra (priest of Neh. 12:33);
  • Ezra, Book of or Book of Ezra – Date, Scope, and Structure**; Content and Messages**; Historical Background*; Historical and Literary Issues*;
    • Ezra, Book of or Book of Ezra – Content and Messages – Cyrus' decree (538) to restore the house of God in Jerusalem (1:1-4)*; Implementation of the decree (Ezra 1:5-Neh. 7:73 [72])**;
      • Ezra, Book of or Book of Ezra – Content and Messages – Implementation of the decree (Ezra 1:5-Neh. 7:73 [72]) – Introduction with a list of returning exiles (Ezra 1:5-2:1-70)*; Implementation of decree in three movements (Ezra 3:1-Neh. 7:73 [72])**;
        • Ezra, Book of or Book of Ezra – Content and Messages – Implementation of the decree (Ezra 1:5-Neh. 7:73 [72]) – Implementation of the decree in three movements – First movement: Building of the temple under Zerubbabel and Joshua's leadership in 538-516/5 (Ezra 3:1-6:22)**; Second movement: Building community under Ezra's leadership in 458-457 (Ezra 7:1-10:44)**;

F

  • Flood – Terminology*; Biblical Narrative**; Literary Character*; Significance*; Other Flood Traditions*; Sceintific Issues*;

G

  • Gabael – Gabael (ancestor of Tobit); Gabael (friend of Tobit);
  • Gad (person) – Gad (son of Jacob); Gad (David's prophet or seer);
  • Gaddi – Gaddi (son of Susi); Gaddi (nikname of Judas Maccabeus' brother John);
  • Gaius – Gaius (Macedonian who traveled with Paul to Ephesus); Gaius (Paul's companion from Derbe); Gaius (Corinthian baptized by Paul); Gaius (recipient of 3 John);
  • Galal
    – Galal (Levite of 1 Chr. 9:15); Galal (son of Jeduthun);
  • Letter to the Galatians
    – Backgrtound**; Content**;
    • Letter to the Galatians
      – Content – Truth of the Gospel (1:11-2:21)**; Content – Children of the Promise (3:1-5:12)**; Content – Living by the Spirit (5:13-6:10)**; Content – Contemporary Discussion**;
  • Galilee – Israelite Period**; Hellenistic-Roman Period**; Early Church and Rabbis*;
  • Gamaliel – Gamaliel (son of Pedahur); Gamaliel (Gamaliel I)**; Gamaliel (Gamaliel II);
  • Gath-rimmon – Gath-rimmon (city allotted to Dan); Gath-rimmon (city reallotted from Manasseh to Levites);
  • Gazez
    – Gazez (son of Caleb); Gazez (son of Haran);
  • Gebal
    – Gebal (city 30 km north of Beirut)**; Gebal (now Gibal territory);
  • Gedaliah – Gedaliah (son of Ahikam); Gedaliah (musician of David's reign); Gedaliah (of the family of Jeshua); Gedaliah (son of Pashhur); Gedaliah (grandfather of Zephaniah);
  • Gederah
    – Gederah (town in the Shephelah); Gederah (home town of Jozabad the Gederathite);
  • Gedor (place) – Gedor (town in the Judean hill country); Gedor (city in Gilead and capital of Perea);
  • Gemariah
    – Gemariah (son of Hilkiah); Gemariah (son of Shaphan);
  • Genesis, Book of or Book of Genesis – Name and Early Interpretation*; Structure and Contents**; Formation**; History*;
  • Gera – Gera (son of Benjamin); Gera (father of Ehud); Gera (father of Shimei); Gera (name in 1 Chr. 8:1-40); Gera (son of Ehud);
  • Gershom – Gershom (son of Moses); Gershom (son of Levi); Gershom (descendant of Phinehas);
  • Geshur – Geshur (Aramean kingdom)*; Geshur (people or region south of the Philistine pentapolis);
  • Gestures
    – Illustrations**;
    • Gestures
      – Illustrations – Head*; Face Alone**; Limbs**;
  • Gibeah – Gibeah (town in the hill country of Judah); Gibeah (town in the hill country of Ephraim); Gibeah (Benjaminite city)**;
  • Giddel
    – Giddel (returning temple servant); Giddel (servant of Solomon);
  • Gihon – Gihon (river of Genesis); Gihon (spring in the Kidron Valley)*;
  • Gilead (person) – Gilead (son of Machir); Gilead (father of Jephthah); Gilead (ancestor of the Gadite clan);
  • Gilgal – Gilgal (place "opposite" Mts. Gerizim and Ebal); Gilgal (place east of Jericho)**; Gilgal (place in Galilee); Gilgal (place on the northern border of Judah); Gilgal (site north of Bethel); Gilgal (iste Demetrius passed in 1 Macc.);
  • Ginnethon – Ginnethon (priest of Neh. 10:6); Ginnethon (priest of Neh. 12:16);
  • Glory – Old Testament**; New Testament**;
  • God – Issues of Genre**; The Knowledge of God**; Basic Claims about God***;
    • God – Basic Claims about God – Living and eternal*; Unity*; Unique, incomparable*; Present**; Active*; Relational**; Intentional*; Interactive*; Situational*; Effective*; Vulnerable*; Use of agents**; Mighty acts*; Extraordinary events*;
  • God in the Old Testament, Names of or Names of God in the Old Testament – Adon*; Baal*; El*; El Elyon*; El Shaddai*; Eloah*; Fear of Isaac*; Holy One*; Mighty One of Jacob*;
  • Goiim
    – Goiim (kingdom led by Tidal); Goiim (kingdom whose king was defeated by Joshua); Goiim (alt. form of goyim);
  • Gomer – Gomer (son of Japheth); Gomer (son of Diblaim);
  • Goshen – Goshen (territory in Egypt settled by Hebrews)**; Goshen (region in southern Canaan); Goshen (town in the hill country assigned to Judah);
  • Gospel or Good News – Origin of usage*; Matthew and Luke**; Mark*; Paul**; Other NT Usages*;
  • Greece – Bronze Age and Archaic Period (Beginnings to 450 B.C.E.)**; Classical Period (450-323 B.C.E.)**; Hellenistic Period (323-31 B.C.E.)**; Roman Period (31 B.C.E.-476 C.E.)*;
  • Greek
    (language) – History*; Greek in the Near East**;
  • Guni – Guni (son of Naphtali); Guni (father of Abdiel);

H

  • Habakkuk, Book of or Book of Habakkuk – Text*; Form*; Historical Context and Central Message**;
  • Hadad (person) – Hadad (son of Ishmael); Hadad (king of Edom, son of Bedad); Hadad (later king of Edom); Hadad (Edomite king, enemy of Solomon);
  • Hadadezer – Hadadezer (king of Zobah); Hadadezer (king of Damascus);
  • Hadoram – Hadoram (descendant of Joktan); Hadoram (son of King Tou or Hamath); Hadoram (official of King Rehoboam);
  • Haggai, Book of or Book of Haggai – Prophetic Call to Work on the Temple (1:1-11)*; Response of Leaders and People (1:12-15a)*; Assurance of God's Presence (1:15b-2:9)*; Priestly Ruling with Interpretation (2:10-19)*; Future Hope (2:20-23)*;
  • Hakkoz
    – Hakkoz (head of the seventh division of priests under David); Hakkoz (family returning from exile);
  • Hamitic
    – Hamites or Hamitic (descendants of Ham)*; Hamites or Hamitic (Hamito-Semitic earlier designation of languages and cultures)*;
  • Hammon – Hammon (city in the territory assigned to Asher); Hammon (city in the territory of Naphtali);
  • Hanan – Hanan (son of Shashak); Hanan (son of Azel); Hanan (son of Maacah); Hanan (head of family of returners); Hanan (Levite of the time of Ezra); Hanan (Two men listed as leaders of the people in Neh.); Hanan (son of Zaccur); Hanan (guild member who occupied a chamber of the temple in Jer.);
  • Hanani – Hanani (father of Jehu)*; Hanani (son of Heman); Hanani (son of the priestly family of Immer); Hanani (Nehemiah's brother); Hanani (priest and trumpeter of Neh.);
  • Hananiah – Hananiah (son of Zerubbabel); Hananiah (postexilic member of tribe of Benjamin); Hananiah (son of Heman); Hananiah (commander under King Uzziah); Hananiah (of the family of Bebai who sent away foreign wife); Hananiah (son of Shelemiah); Hananiah (governor of the citadel/palace at time of Nehemiah); Hananiah (sealer of covenant of Neh.); Hananiah (priest and head of house of Jeremiah at time of Neh.); Hananiah (son of Azzur)*; Hananiah (father of official under Jehoiakim); Hananiah (father of Chelemiah); Hananiah (changed name to Shadrach);
  • Hanniel
    – Hanniel (son of Ephod); Hanniel (son of Ulla);
  • Hanoch – Hanoch (son of Midian); Hanoch (son of Reuben);
  • Hanun – Hanun (son of Nahash); Hanun (Israelite helped restore walls in Neh.); Hanun (son of Zalaph);
  • Haran (person) – Haran (son of Terah); Haran (descendant of Judah); Haran (son of Shimei);
  • Harim
    – Harim (head of a priestly family at time of David); Harim (person or place that designates a lay family of returners in Ezra);
  • Harod – Harod (spring in Judg.); Harod (town SE of Jerusalem, exact location unknown);
  • Hasadiah
    – Hasadiah (son of Zerubbabel); Hasadiah (ancestor of Baruch);
  • Hashabiah
    – Hashabiah (father of Malluch); Hashabiah (father of Azrikam); Hashabiah (son of Jeduthun); Hashabiah (Hebronite official of David); Hashabiah (son of Kemuel); Hashabiah (chief officer of the Levites at time of Josiah); Hashabiah (descendant of Merari); Hashabiah (one of 12 priests set apart by Ezra); Hashabiah (divorcing descendant of Parosh); Hashabiah (ruler of half the district of Keilah at time of Neh.); Hashabiah (sealer of covenant of Neh.); Hashabiah (chief officer of the Levites at time of Neh.); Hashabiah (head of a priestly family of Hilkiah); Hashabiah (a leader of the Levites at time of Neh.);
  • Hashabneiah – Hashabneiah (father of Hattush); Hashabneiah (Levite at time of Neh.);
  • Hashum
    – Hashum (returner at time of Ezra); Hashum (representative of the family of Hashum at time of Ezra);
  • Hasrah
    – Hasrah (grandfather of Shallum); Hasrah (head of family of returning exiles);
  • Hassenuah – Hassenuah (father of Hodaviah); Hassenuah (father of Judah);
  • Hasshub – Hasshub (Levite of the line of Merari); Hasshub (son of Pahath-moab); Hasshub (Israelite who helped rebuild the walls);
  • Hattush
    – Hattush (son of Shemaiah); Hattush (son of Hashabneiah); Hattush (returning priest);
  • Havilah (person) – Havilah (son of Cush); Havilah (son of Joktan);
  • Hazor – Hazor (city at the corner of the Huleh Plain)**; Hazor (city in the Negeb); Hazor (city on the southern border of Judah); Hazor (town resettled by Benjaminites after the Restoration); Hazor (collective term for Arab kingdoms);
    • Hazor (city at the corner of the Huleh Plain) – Textual References**; Archaeological Investigations**;
      • Hazor (city at the corner of the Huleh Plain) – Archaeological Investigations – Bronze Age**; Iron Age**;
  • Heber – Heber (son of Beriah); Heber (Kenite descended from Hobab); Heber (descendant of Ezrah); Heber (son of Elpaal);
  • Hebrew, Biblical or Biblical Hebrew
    – History**; Grammar**; Verbal System*;
  • Hebrews, Epistle to the or Epistle to the Hebrews – Literary Genre*; Content**; Authorship*; Intended Audience**;
  • Hebron (person) – Hebron (son of Kohath); Hebron (son of Mareshah);
  • Heldai
    – Heldai (Netophatite of David's army); Heldai (returner from exile);
  • Helem – Helem (descendant of Asher); Helem (responsible for the crown of the high priest in Zech.);
  • Helez
    – Helez (descendadnt of Jerahmeel); Helez (Pelonite of the army of Ephraim);
  • Heliopolis – Heliopolis (Egyptian city Om); Heliopolis (Greek name of Baalbek);
  • Heman – Heman (descendant of Esau); Heman (son of Mahol); Heman (son of Joel);
  • Hepher (person) – Hepher (son of Gilead); Hepher (descendant of Judah); Hepher (one of David's mighty men);
  • Hephzibah – Hephzibah (wife of King Hezekiah); Hephzibah (symbolic name for Jerusalem);
  • Herod (family) – Herod Antipater (father of Herod the Great)**; Herod the Great**; Mariamme I**; Mariamme II*; Salome (sister of Herod)*; Herod Antipater (son of Herod the Great)*; Alexander and Aristobulus*; Mariamme (granddaughter of Herod)*; Archelaus*; Mariamme (wife of Archelaus)*; Antipas (son of Herod the Great)*; Salome (daughter of Herod)*; Philip the Tetrarch**; Herod (son of Herod)*; Mariamme (married Herod IV)*; Agrippa I*; Mariamme (daughter of Agrippa I)*; Agrippa II*;
    • Herod (family) Herod the Great – King Herod**; Middle Years**; Herod's Buildings*; Final Years*; Evaluation*;
  • Hezekiah – Hezekiah (king of Judah)**; Hezekiah (head of family of returners); Hezekiah (ancestor of Zephaniah);
  • Hezir
    – Hezir (leaderof 17th division of priests under David); Hezir (Levite who sealed the covenant of Neh.);
  • Hezron (person) – Hezron (son of Reuben); Hezron (son of Perez);
  • Hieronymus – Hieronymus (district governor in 2 Macc.); Hieronymus (Latin form of Jerome);
  • Hilkiah – Hilkiah (father of Eliakim); Hilkiah (High priest at time of Josiah); Hilkiah (pre-exilic Levite, possible great-grandfather of Ezra); Hilkiah (ancestor of Merari); Hilkiah (father of postexilic priest, various names); Hilkiah (gatekeeper at the time of David); Hilkiah (one who stood beside Ezra); Hilkiah (leader of the priests at time of Neh.); Hilkiah (father of Jeremiah); Hilkiah (father of Gemariah); Hilkiah (ancestor of Judith); Hilkiah (ancestor of Baruch); Hilkiah (ancestor of Susanne);
  • Hillel – Hillel (father of Abdon); Hillel (Hillel the Elder)**;
  • Hiram – Hiram I*; Hiram the metalworker*; Hiram II*; Hiram III*; Hiram IV*;
  • Historiography, Biblical or Biblical historiography – Definition of History*; Survey of Research**; Biblical Historical Writings*;
  • Hittites – History**; Myths of Origin*; Identity**;
  • Hodaviah
    – Hodaviah (son of Elioenai); Hodaviah (head of a family in the half-tribe of Manasseh); Hodaviah (son of Hassenuah); Hodaviah (Levite ancestor of returners from exile);
  • Hodiah – Hodiah (brother-in-law of Nahum); Hodiah (Levite interpreter of the law of the time of Ezra); Hodiah (two Levites who signed the covenant of Ezra); Hodiah (an apparently non-Levite signer of the covenant of Ezra);
  • Holon – Holon (city in the hill country of Judah); Holon (city in the tableland of Moab);
  • Holy Spirit – Old Testament**; New Testament**;
    • Holy Spirit – New Testament – Gospels**; Paul**; John**;
  • Homosexuality – Male-male rape*; Same-sex intercourse as violation of purity*; Same-sex commitments*;
  • Hor – Hor (mountain on which Aaron died); Hor (mountain marking the northern boundary of Israel);
  • Hori – Hori (son of Lotan); Hori (father of Shaphat);
  • Horites – Horites (seminomadic people living in Seir-Edom)*; Horites (Hivites translated in the LXX as Horites)*;
  • Horn – Horn (container for liquids); Horn (symol of power, victory, or glory);
  • Hosea, Book of or Book of Hosea – Text*; Literary Structure*; Compositional History**; Hosea, His Wife, and Social Location**; Message**;
  • Hoshaiah – Hoshaiah (a leader of Judah in Neh.); Hoshaiah (father of Jezaniah);
  • Hoshea – Hoshea (original name of Joshua); Hoshea (last king of northern Israel); Hoshea (chief officer David placed over Ephraim); Hoshea (levitical priest who ratified Ezra's covenant); Hoshea (prophet also called Hosea);
  • Hotham – Hotham (son of Heber); Hotham (father of Shama);
  • House – Textual Usage**; Archaeological Contexts**;
  • Hur – Hur (companion of Moses and Aaron); Hur (grandfather of Bezalel); Hur (one of five kings slain at Peor); Hur (father of Solomon's governor in Ephraim); Hur (father of Rephaiah);
  • Huram – Huram (Tyrian metal-worker); Huram (alternate form of the name Hiram); Huram (son of Bela);
  • Hurrians – History**; Language and Literature**;
  • Hushim
    – Hushim (son of Dan); Hushim (sons of Aher); Hushim (mother of Abitub);
  • Hyksos – Ethnic Identification**; Rise to Power**; End of Rule*; Impact*;
  • Hyrkanus – Hyrcanus (son of Tobias); John Hyrcanus**; Hyrcanus II**;

I

  • Iddo – Iddo (father of Ahinadab); Iddo (Levite descendant of Gershom); Iddo (prophet said to have authored a midrash); Iddo (grandfather of Zechariah); Iddo (tribal leader under David); Iddo (Yehudite who married a foreign woman); Iddo (Judean leader of the time of Ezra);
  • Igal – Igal (spy from Issachar); Igal (son of Nathan); Igal (son of Shemaiah);
  • Health Care
    – Prehistoric and Early Periods**; Preexilic Israel**; Postexilic Israel**; Early Christianity**; Conclusion**;
  • Imnah
    – Imnah (son of Asher); Imnah (father of Kore);
  • Imri – Imri (ancestor of Uthai); Imri (father of Zaccur);
  • Semitic inscriptions
    – Hebrew**; Moabite*; Old Aramaic*; Phoenician*; Conclusion*;
    • Semitic inscriptions
      – Hebrew – Pomegranate Scepter Head*; Kuntillet 'Ajrud and Khirbet el-Qôm*; Jar Impressions, Weights, Seals, and Bullæ*;
    • Semitic inscriptions
      – Moabite – Mesha Stela*;
    • Semitic inscriptions
      – Old Aramaic – Tell Fakhariyeh*; Tel Dan*;
    • Semitic inscriptions
      – Phoenician – Byblos (Ahiram)*;
  • Biblical interpretation
    – OT and Judaism**; Early Church and Medieval Interpretation**; The Reformation and Modern Interpretation**; Contemporary Approaches**;
  • Ira – Ira (Manassite of the lineage of Jair); Ira (son of Ikkesh); Ira (Ithrite, one of David's Champions);
  • Isaiah, Book of or Book of Isaiah – The Prophetic Scroll**; Message**;
    • Isaiah, Book of or Book of Isaiah – The Prophetic Scroll – Historical Questions**; Canonical Criticism**; Primary Historical Setting**;
    • Isaiah, Book of or Book of Isaiah – Message – Memories of Isaiah's Vision (Chs. 1-39)**; The Basis for Hope (Chs. 40-55)**; Maintaining the Vision (Chs. 56-66)**;
      • Isaiah, Book of or Book of Isaiah – Message – Memories of Isaiah's Vision (Chs. 1-39) – A People in Revolt (Ch. 1)*; Judgment for Judah and Jerusalem (Chs. 2-12)**; Judgment for Babylon and the Nations (Chs. 13-35)*; Isaiah and Hezekiah (Chs. 36-39)*;
  • Ishi – Ishi (son of Appaim); Ishi (father of Zoheth); Ishi (Simeonite whose sons or followers defeated Amalekites in 1 Chr.); Ishi (head of a father's house in the half-tribe of Manasseh);
  • Ishmael – Ishmael (son of Abraham)**; Ishmael (son of Azel); Ishmael (father of Zebediah); Ishmael (son of Johananan); Ishmael (son of Passhur); Ishmael (son of Nethaniah);
  • Ishmaiah
    – Ismaiah (Gibeonite leader of the Thirty); Ismaiah (son of Obadiah);
  • Ishvi
    – Ishvi (son of Asher); Ishvi (son of Saul);
  • Israel – Name**; Biblical Account**; Biblical Account of History**; Extrabiblical Evidence and Theories**;
    • Israel – Biblical Account of History – Wilderness to United Monarchy**; Kingdom of Israel**;
  • Issachar – Issachar (son of Leah); Issachar (son of Obed-orem);
  • Isshiah – Isshiah (son of Izrahiah); Isshiah (who joined David at Ziklag); Isshiah (son of Uzziel); Isshiah (Levite of the family of Rehabiah);
  • Ithiel – Ithiel (ancestor of Sallu); Ithiel (person addressed in Proverbs);
  • Ithran
    – Ithran (son of Dishon); Ithran (son of Zophah);
  • Ittai
    – Ittai (man from Gath in 2 Sam.); Ittai (son of Ribai);
  • Izhar – Izhar (Levite father of Korah); Izhar (Judahite son of Helah);

J

  • Jaasiel
    – Jaasiel (Mezobaite, one of David's mighty men); Jaasiel (son of Abner);
  • Jaazaniah – Jaazaniah (commander of the troops of Judah under Gedaliah); Jaazaniah (son of Jeremiah); Jaazaniah (son of Shaphan); Jaazaniah (son of Azzur);
  • Jabin – Jabin (king of Hazor in Josh.); Jabin (king of Hazor in Judg.);
  • Jabneel
    – Jabneel (town on the southern border of the tribe of Judah); Jabneel (town on the southeastern border of Naphtali);
  • Jachin – Jachin (son of Simeon); Jachin (leader of the 21st priestly division at the time of David);
  • Jaddua – Jaddua (a "leader of the people" who sealed the covenant in Neh.); Jaddua (son of Jonathan);
  • Jahath
    – Jahath (son of Reaiah); Jahath (son of Libni); Jahath (grandson of Gershom); Jahath (son of Shelomoth); Jahath (overseer of the temple repair work force at the time of King Josiah);
  • Jahaziel – Jahaziel (Benjaminite who came to David at Ziklag); Jahaziel (priest at the time of David); Jahaziel (Korahite Levite of 1 Chr.); Jahaziel (son of Zechariah); Jahaziel (father of Shecaniah);
  • Jair – Jair (son of Manasseh); Jair (Jair the Gileadite); Jair (father of Elhanan); Jair (father of Mordecai);
  • Jakim
    – Jakim (son of Shimei); Jakim (leader of the twelfth division of priests at the time of David);
  • James – James the son of Zebedee**; James the son of Alphaeus*; James the son of Mary*; James the father of Judas*; James the brother of Jesus**;
  • Letter of James
    – Theological Emphases**;
    • Letter of James
      – Theological Emphases – Wisdom*; Love, Faith, and Works*; Perfection*; Eschatology*;
  • Jamin – Jamin (son of Simeon); Jamin (son of Ram); Jamin (Levite of the time of Neh.);
  • Janoah – Janoah (town on the eastern border of Ephraim)*; Janoah (city in the northern region of Naphtali)*;
  • Japheth – Japheth (son of Noah)**; Japheth (region north of Arabia);
  • Japhia
    (person) – Japhia (king of Lachish); Japhia (son of David);
  • Jarib
    – Jarib (son of Simeon); Jarib (sent by Ezra to Casiphia); Jarib (priest Ezra ordered to give up a foreign wife);
  • Jarmuth – Jarmuth (city in Judah); Jarmuth (city in Issachar);
  • Jashobeam – Jashobeam (Hachmonite leader of David's Three); Jashobeam (son of Zabdiel); Jashobeam (Korahite who defected at Ziklag);
  • Jashub
    – Jashub (son of Issachar); Jashub (returned exile of Ezra);
  • Jason – Jason (son of Eleazar); Jason (father of Antipater); Jason (Cyrenian historian); Jason (high priest 174-171 B.C.E.); Jason (Jewish Christian of Acts 17:5-9); Jason (companion of Paul in Rom 16:21);
  • Jechoniah
    – Jeconiah or Jechoniah (altenate name of King Jehoiachin of Judah); Jeconiah or Jechoniah (Levitical priest of time of King Josiah); Jeconiah or Jechoniah (alternate name of King Jehoahaz or Judah);
  • Jedaiah – Jedaiah (son of Shimri); Jedaiah (eponymous ancestor of a priestly house); Jedaiah (wall builder of Neh.); Jedaiah (priest of the time of Neh.); Jedaiah (two levitical chiefs who returned at time of Neh. 12:6-7); Jedaiah (two head of family priest of Neh. 12:19, 21); Jedaiah (contemporary of the prophet Zechariah);
  • Jediael
    – Jediael (Benjaminite of 1 Chr.); Jediael (son of Shimri); Jediael (military chief who deserted David at Ziklag); Jediael (son of Meshelemiah);
  • Jeduthun – Jeduthun (father of Obed-edom); Jeduthun (Levitical musician of 1 and 2 Chr.);
  • Jehallelel – Jehallelel (descendant of Judah); Jehallelel (father of Azariah);
  • Jehdeiah
    – Jehdeiah (descendant of Shubael); Jehdeiah (Meronothite overseer of David's donkeys);
  • Jehiel
    – Jehiel (Levite musician of the time of David); Jehiel (founder of the levitical family of Jehieli); Jehiel (son of Hachmoni); Jehiel (Gershonite of 1 Chr.); Jehiel (Levite of 2 Chr.); Jehiel (Levite official of the time of Hezekiah); Jehiel (official of the time of Josiah); Jehiel (father of Obadiah); Jehiel (father of Shechasniah); Jehiel (priest of the family of Harim); Jehiel (Israelite of the family of Elam);
  • Jehoahaz – Jehoahaz (King of Judah son of Jehoram); Jehoahaz (King of Israel son of Jehu); Jehoahaz (17th King of Judah);
  • Jehohanan – Jehohanan (Korahite Levite gatekeeper of 1 Chr.); Jehohanan (Judahite commander in Jehoshaphat's army in 2 Chr.); Jehohanan (father of Ishmael); Jehohanan (owner of chamber to which Ezra retreated for fasting); Jehohanan (son of Bebai); Jehohanan (son of Tobiah the Ammonite); Jehohanan (head of a priestly house in Neh.); Jehohanan (priest at dedication of the walls in Neh.);
  • Jehoiada – Jehoiada (priest from Kabzeel); Jehoiada (priest in coup against Athaliah)**; Jehoiada (son of Benaiah); Jehoiada (son of Eliashib); Jehoiada (priest replaced by Zephaniah);
  • Jehoiakim – Jehoiakim (King of Judah 609-598 B.C.E.)**; Jehoiakim (son of Hilkiah);
  • Jehonathan
    – Jehonathan (Levite of 2 Chr.); Jehonathan (postexilic priest of Neh.);
  • Jehoram – Jehoram (son of Ahab)**; Jehoram (son and successor or Jehoshaphat)*; Jehoram (priest of Judah);
  • Jehoshaphat – Jehoshaphat (son of Ahilud); Jehoshaphat (son of Paruah); Jehoshaphat (King of Judah)**; Jehoshaphat (son of Nimshi);
  • Jehozabad
    – Jehozabad (servant of Joash of Judah); Jehozabad (son of Obed-edom); Jehozabad (Benjaminite commander of 2 Chr.);
  • Jehu – Jehu (prophet of the era of King Baasha of Israel); Jehu (King of Israel ca. 843-816 B.C.E.)**; Jehu (son of Obed); Jehu (son of Joshibiah); Jehu (Benjaminite warrior of David at Ziklag);
  • Jeiel
    – Jeiel (clan chief of 1 Chr.); Jeiel (father of Gibeon); Jeiel (son of Hotham); Jeiel (Levite harpist of 1 Chr.); Jeiel (Asaphite Levite of 2 Chr.); Jeiel (secretary of 2 Chr.); Jeiel (chief of Levites of 2 Chr.); Jeiel (descendant of Nebo);
  • Jekamiah
    – Jekamiah (son of Shallum); Jekamiah (descendant of King Jeconiah);
  • Jephunneh
    – Jephunneh (father of Caleb); Jephunneh (son of Jether);
  • Jerahmeel – Jerahmeel (brother of Ram and Caleb)*; Jerahmeel (son of Kish); Jerahmeel (Judean officer under Jehoiakim);
  • Jeremiah – Jeremiah (man from Libnah); Jeremiah (clan head of 1 Chr.); Jeremiah (Benjaminite warrior that joined David at Ziklag); Jeremiah (two Gadite warriors who joined David at Ziklag); Jeremiah (priest who signed the covenant of Neh.); Jeremiah (priest returner of Neh.); Jeremiah (administrative official of Judah at Neh.); Jeremiah (prophet from Anathoth); Jeremiah (father of Jaazaniah);
  • Jeremoth – Jeremoth (of the sons of Becher); Jeremoth (son of Beriah); Jeremoth (son of Mushi); Jeremoth (son of Heman); Jeremoth (descendant of Elam); Jeremoth (descendant of Zattu); Jeremoth (descendant of Bani);
  • Jericho – Old Testament and Apocrypha*; New Testament*; Tell es-Sultân**; Tulûl Abū el-‘Alayiq*;
  • Jerimoth – Jerimoth (son of Bela); Jerimoth (Benjaminite who joined David at ZIklag); Jerimoth (family head of tribe of Levi of 1 Chr.); Jerimoth (temple musician and seer of time of David); Jerimoth (commander of Naphtali at time of David); Jerimoth (son of King David); Jerimoth (temple storeroom overseer of 2 Chr.);
  • Jeroboam – Jeroboam (first king of Israel)**; Jeroboam (King of Israel 785-745)**;
  • Jeroham – Jeroham (father of Elkanah); Jeroham (Benjaminite of 1 Chr.); Jeroham (father or ancestor of Ibneiah); Jeroham (father or ancestor of Adaiah); Jeroham (man from Gedor); Jeroham (father or ancestor of Azarel); Jeroham (father or ancestor of Azariah);
  • Jerusalem – Name*; Setting**; Ancient Sources*; Archaeological Evidence*; History***;
  • Gates of Jerusalem
    – Preexilic Period*; Restoration Period**; New Testament Period**;
    • Gates of Jerusalem
      – Preexilic Period – Temple Gates*; City Gates*;
  • Jeshaiah – Jeshaiah (grandson of Zerubbabel); Jeshaiah (son of Jeduthun); Jeshaiah (son of Rehabiah); Jeshaiah (son of Athaliah); Jeshaiah (Meraite Levite of Ezra); Jeshaiah (forebear of Sallu);
  • Jeshimon – Jeshimon (desert region east of the Judean mountains and west of the Dead Sea); Jeshimon (desert region at northeastern end of the Dead Sea);
  • Jeshua – Jeshua (head of ninth division of Levitical priests of 1 Chr.); Jeshua (priest of the time of Hezekiah); Jeshua (son of Jehozadak); Jeshua (name of a nonpriestly clan of Pahathmoab); Jeshua (levitical house of returnees); Jeshua (alternate form of Joshua son of Nun); Jeshua (father of Jozabad); Jeshua (father of Ezer); Jeshua (Levitical singer of Neh.); Jeshua (son of Kadmiel);
  • Jesus – Jesus (father of Sirach); Jesus (alternate name of Joshua ben Sira); Jesus (surname of Paul's co-worker Justus);
  • Jesus Christ
    – Life**; Sources**; Public Career*; Teaching**; Miracles*; Controversy and Danger**; Jesus's Last Week**; The Resurrection**;
    • Jesus Christ
      – Teaching – The Nature of the Kingdom*; Its Time and Place*; Preparation and Discipleship*; The Poor and Sinners*; Self-Conception*; Jewish Law**; Ethics*;
    • Jesus Christ
      – Controversy and Danger – Crowds and Autonomy*; Scribes and Pharisees**;
  • Jether – Jether (son of Gideon); Jether (father of Amasa); Jether (son of Jada); Jether (son of Ezrah); Jether (Asherite of 1 Chr.);
  • Jeuel
    – Jeuel (head of a clan in 1 Chr.); Jeuel (of the sons of Elizaphan); Jeuel (son of Adonikam);
  • Jeush
    – Jeush (son of Esau); Jeush (son of Bilhan); Jeush (son of Eshek); Jeush (son of Shimei); Jeush (son of Rehoboam);
  • Jewish Christians
    – Sources*; History*;
  • Jezeniah – Jezeniah (captain of Judah's army in Jer.); Jezeniah (son of Hoshaiah);
  • Jezreel (person) – Jezreel (Judahite descent group); Jezreel (son of Hosea);
  • Jezreel (place) – Jezreel (town in the hills of Judah); Jezreel (valley of Jezreel)**; Jezreel (town on the southern border of Issachar);
  • Joah – Joah (son of Asaph); Joah (son of Zimmah); Joah (son of Obed-edom); Joah (father of Eden); Joah (son of Joahaz);
  • Joash – Joash (father of Gideon); Joash (son of Ahab); Joash (King of Judah 837-800 B.C.E.)**; Joash (King of Israel 800-785)**; Joash (of the Judahite genealogy of 1 Chr.); Joash (Benjaminite of 1 Chr.); Joash (archer who joined David at Ziklag); Joash (overseer of David's stores of oil);
  • Job, Book of or Book of Job
    – Composition and Structure*; Content and Movement**;
  • Jobab
    – Jobab (son of Joktan); Jobab (son of Zerah); Jobab (King of Madon defeated by Joshua); Jobab (son of Shaharaim); Jobab (son of Elpaal);
  • Joel – Joel (son of Samuel); Joel (prince of the tribe of Simeon); Joel (father of Shemaiah); Joel (chief of Gad); Joel (son of Azariah of Sam.); Joel (son of Izrahiah); Joel (brother of Nathan); Joel (cheif of the Gershomite Levites of the time of David); Joel (son of Ladan); Joel (son of Pedaiah); Joel (son of Azariah of 2 Chr.); Joel (son of Nebo); Joel (son of Zichri); Joel (prophet, son of Pethuel); Joel (archangel Joel);
  • Joha
    – Joha (son of Beriah); Joha (son of Shimri);
  • Johanan
    – Johanan (son of Kareah); Johanan (son of Josiah); Johanan (son of Elioenai); Johanan (son of Azariah); Johanan (Benjaminite who joined David at Ziklag); Johanan (Gadite who joined David at Ziklag); Johanan (Ephraimite chief, son of Azariah); Johanan (descendant of Azgad); Johanan (high priest of Neh.);
  • John – John (father of Matthias); John (son of Matthias); John (father of Eupolemus); John (John Hyrcanus I); John (John Hyrcanus II); John (envoy of 2 Mac.); John (John the Baptist); John (son of Zebedee); John (father of Peter); John (friend of Annas); John (John Mark, son of Mary); John (author of Revelation);
  • John, Gospel of or Gospel of John – Contents*; Authorship and Composition*; Date*; Readers*; Relationship to Other NT Books**; Theological Emphasis*;
    • John, Gospel of or Gospel of John – Relationship to Other NT Books – Synoptic Gospels*; Johannine Epistles*; Revelation*;
  • Letters of John
    – 1 John**; 2 John*; 3 John*; Date and Location*;
  • John the Baptist – Sources*; Name*; Activity and Location**; Religious Message**; Followers*;
  • Joiada – Joiada (son of Paseah); Joiada (priest during the reign of Darius);
  • Joiarib
    – Joiarib (man of insight sent by Ezra); Joiarib (son of Zechariah); Joiarib (returning priest of Neh.);
  • Joktheel – Joktheel (town in the Shepelah); Joktheel (capital of Edomite territory);
  • Jonadab – Jonadab (son of Shimeah); Jonadab (son of Rechab);
  • Jonah, Book of or Book of Jonah – Jonah Called (1:1-3)*; Jonah Pursued (1:4-16)*; Jonah's Response to God's Deliverance (1:17-2:10 [MT 2:1-11])*; Nineveh and God Repent (3:1-10)*; A Theological Debate (4:1-11)*;
  • Jonathan – Jonathan (son of Gershom); Jonathan (son of Saul)**; Jonathan (son of Abiathar); Jonathan (son of Shammah); Jonathan (son of Jada); Jonathan (son of Shimei); Jonathan (son of Uzziah); Jonathan (uncle of King David); Jonathan (father of Ebed); Jonathan (son of Asahel); Jonathan (son of Joiada); Jonathan (priest of Neh.); Jonathan (son of Shemaiah); Jonathan (secretary of Jer.); Jonathan (son of Kareah); Jonathan (son of Mattathias)**; Jonathan (son of Absalom); Jonathan (priest of 2 Macc.);
  • Joram – Joram (son of King Toi of Hamath); Joram (contracted form of Jehoram); Joram (Levite descended from Eliezer);
  • Joseph – Joseph (son of Jacob)**; Joseph (father of Igal); Joseph (of the sons of Asaph); Joseph (descendant of Binnui); Joseph (returner of Neh.); Joseph (son of Oziel); Joseph (son of Zechariah); Joseph (brother of Judas Maccabeus); Joseph (husband of Mary)**; Joseph (brother of Jesus); Joseph (brother of James, son of Mary); Joseph of Arimathea**; Joseph (father of Jannai); Joseph (father of Judah); Joseph (disciple of Jesus called Barsabbas); Joseph (became Barnabas);
  • Joses – Joses (brother of Jesus); Joses (brother of James the younger);
  • Josaphat – Josaphat (of David's Thirty); Josaphat (trumpet blowing priest of 1 Chr.);
  • Joshua – Joshua (son of Nun)**; Joshua (man of 1 Sam.); Joshua (governor of Jerusalem of 2 Kings); Joshua (high priest); Joshua (person in Luke's genealogy of Jesus);
  • Joshua, Book of or Book of Joshua – Literary Characteristics**; Historical Features**;
  • Josiah – Josiah (son of Amon)**; Josiah (son of Zephaniah);
  • Jotham – Jotham (son of Gideon); Jotham (king of Judah)**; Jotham (son of Jahdai);
  • Jozabad
    – Jozabad (Benjaminite who joined David at Ziklag); Jozabad (two men who joined David at Ziklag); Jozabad (a temple overseer under Hezekiah); Jozabad (Levite who contributed to Josiah's Passover); Jozabad (son of the priestly family of Passhur); Jozabad (son of Jeshua the Levite); Jozabad (Levite of Ezra); Jozabad (Levite of Neh.);
  • Judah – Judah (son of Jacob); Judah (tribe of Judah); Judah (ancestor of a family in Ezra); Judah (Levite who had married a foreign woman); Judah (son of Hassenuah); Judah (returner from exile); Judah (leader of Judah in Neh.); Judah (priest and musician of Neh.); Judah (ancestor of Jesus);
  • Judah, Kingdom of or Kingdom of Judah – History***;
    • Judah, Kingdom of or Kingdom of Judah – History – Sources*; David and Solomon**; Divided Kingdom*; Omride Dynasty*; Aramean Domination*; Assyrian Domination**; Egyptian and Babylonian Domination**;
  • Judas
    – Judas (son of Chalphi); Judas (son of Simon Maccabeus); Judas (writer to Aristobulus); Judas (brother of Jesus); Judas (disciple other than Iscariot, often identified with Thaddeus); Judas (Judas of Galilee); Judas (who hosted Paul after the Damascus incident); Judas (Judas Barsabbas);
  • Letter of Jude
    – Literary Structure*; Sources*; The Opponents*; Date*; Authorship**; Destination*; Message*;
  • Judges, Book of or Book of Judges – Formation*; The Judges*; Contents**; Themes*; New Directions*;
    • Judges, Book of or Book of Judges – Contents – The Conquest (1:1-2:5)*; Exploits of the Judges (2:6-16:31)*; Appendices (17:1-21:25)*;
  • Judith
    – Judith (wife of Esau); Judith (of the Book of Judith);
  • Justus – Justus (surname of Joseph Barsabbas); Justus (Titius or Titus Justus); Justus (Jesus Justus);

K

  • Kadesh-barnea
    – Kadesh or Kadesh-barnea (site in the northern Sinai)**; Kadesh or Kadesh-barnea (modern Tell Nebi Mind)*;
  • Kanah – Kanah (stream between Ephraim and Manasseh)*; Kanah (town in the territory of Asher)*;
  • Kedesh – Kedesh (city in Upper Galilee); Kedesh (town on the southern border of Judah); Kedesh (Levitical city of Issachar); Kedesh (town in southern Naphtali);
  • Kemuel – Kemuel (son of Nahor); Kemuel (son of Shiphtan); Kemuel (father of Hasabiah);
  • Kenaz or Kennizite – Kenaz or Kennizite (son of Eliphaz)*; Kenaz or Kennizite (brother of Caleb); Kenaz or Kennizite (son of Elah);
  • Kingdom of God or Kingdom of Heaven
    – Old Testament*; Apocalyptic and Intertestamental Literature*; New Testament**; Conclusion*;
  • Kings, Books of or Books of Kings – Organization*; Contents*; History of Composition*; Ideology*; Issues in Recent study**;
  • Kir – Kir (place to which Tilgath-pileser III deported Aramaeans)*; Kir (city in Moab); Kir (apparently a city in southern Mesopotamia);
  • Kiriathaim – Kiriathaim (town east of the Jordan); Kiriathaim (city in the territory of Naphtali);
  • Kish (Person) – Kish (Benjaminite from Gibeah); Kish (son or descendant of Jeiel); Kish (Levite of the Merarite clan); Kish (son of Abdi); Kish (Benjaminite ancestor of Mordecai);
  • Kolaiah
    – Kolaiah (ancestor of Sallu); Kolaiah (father of Ahab);
  • Korah – Korah (son or grandson of Esau); Korah (son of Izhar); Korah (son of Hebron); Korah (descendant of the levitical Korah);
  • Kore – Kore (Levite of the line of Korah); Kore (son of Imnah);

L

  • L – L (material found only in the Gospel of Luke); L (symbol designating Codex Leningradensis B);
  • Lachish
    – Old Testament**; Other Sources*; Tel Lachish/Tell ed-Duweir**;
  • Ladan – Ladan (ancestor of Joshua); Ladan (of the lineage of Gershon);
  • Lamentations, Book of or Book of Lamentations
    – Genre*; Lyric and Lyric Structure*; Contents**;
  • Land – Agriculture**; Nationhood**; Worship**;
  • Last Supper – Form of the Accounts**; Meaning**;
  • Law – Law Codes**; Judicial System**; Police Power**;
  • Levi – Levi (ancestor of the Levites)*; Levi (ancestor of Jesus); Levi (disciple known as Matthew); Levi (father of Matthat);
  • Leviticus, Book of or Book of Leviticus
    – Dating and Provenance**; Anthropological Perspectives*; Animal Sacrifice**; Holiness and Purity**; Historical Note*;
  • Libnah – Libnah (place in the Sinai Peninsula mentioned in Num.); Libnah (city conquered by Joshua)*;
  • Libni
    – Libni (son of Gershon); Libni (Levite descendant of Merari);
  • Literature, New Testament as or New Testament as literature – Sayings of Jesus**; Narratives**; Letters*;
  • Lord's Supper
    – Paul**; Matthew and Mark**; Luke**; Other Traditions*; Conclusion*;
    • Lord's Supper
      – Paul – 1 Cor. 11:17-34**; 1 Cor. 10:14-22**;
  • Love – Secular Human Relations**; Divine-Human Relationships**;
    • Love – Divine-Human Relationships – Torah**; Prophets**; Synoptic Gospels**; Johannine Writings*; Pauline Letters**;
  • Lucius – Lucius of Cyrene; Lucius (relative of Paul); Lucius Caecilius Metullus;
  • Luz – Luz (site of Jacob's ladder dream)*; Luz (in Judges)*;
  • Lysimachus – Lysimachus (general of Alexander the Great)*; Lysimachus (brother of Simon and Menelaus)*; Lysimachus (son of Ptolemy of Jerusalem)*; Lysimachus (author of an anti-Semitic history)*;

M

  • Maacah (person) – Maacah (child of Nahor); Maacah (mother of Absalom); Maacah (father of Achish); Maacah (wife of Rehoboam); Maacah (concubine of Caleb); Maacah (sister or wife of Machir); Maacah (wife of Jehiel); Maacah (father of Hanun); Maacah (father of Shepatiah);
  • Maasheiah or Asaiah – Maasheiah or Asaiah (Levite of the second order of 1 Chr.); Maasheiah or Asaiah (lute player of 1 Chr., maybe identical to previous); Maasheiah or Asaiah (son of Adaiah); Maasheiah or Asaiah (officer under Hananiah); Maasheiah or Asaiah (deputy or son of Ahaz of 2 Chr.); Maasheiah or Asaiah (governor of Jerusalem); Maasheiah or Asaiah (priest of the family of Jeshua); Maasheiah or Asaiah (member of the priestly family of Harim); Maasheiah or Asaiah (priest of the family of Pahhur); Maasheiah or Asaiah (member of the family of Pahath-moab); Maasheiah or Asaiah (father of Azariah); Maasheiah or Asaiah (person who stood at Ezra's right hand as he read the Torah); Maasheiah or Asaiah (Israelite who read the Torah in Hebrew); Maasheiah or Asaiah (a chief of the people and sealer of the covenant of Nehemiah); Maasheiah or Asaiah (son of Baruch); Maasheiah or Asaiah (ancestor of Sallu); Maasheiah or Asaiah (priest who played the trumpet in Neh.); Maasheiah or Asaiah (priest who took part in the dedication in Neh.); Maasheiah or Asaiah (father of Zephaniah); Maasheiah or Asaiah (father of Zedekiah); Maasheiah or Asaiah (son of Shallum);
  • Maaziah
    (founder of division of priests in 1 Chr.); Maaziah (priest who sealed the covenant in Neh.);
  • Maccabees, First and Second Books of or First and Second Books of Maccabees – Historical Background**; 1 Maccabees**; 2 Maccabees**;
  • Maccabees, Third and Fourth Books of or Third and Fourth Books of Maccabees – 3 Maccabees**; 4 Maccabees**;
  • Machir – Machir (son of Manasseh)**; Machir (son of Ammiel);
  • Magic – Ancient Mediterranean and Near East*; Old Testament**; New Testament and Early Christian Texts**;
  • Mahalalel or Mahalaleel – Malalalel or Mahalaleel (son of Kenan); Malalalel or Mahalaleel (Judahite of the family of Perez);
  • Mahalath or Basemoth – Mahalath or Basemoth (daughter of Ishmael); Mahalath or Basemoth (wife of Rehoboam); Mahalath or Basemoth (cryptic term in Psalms)*;
  • Mahath
    – Mahath (son of Amasai of 1 Chr.); Mahath (son of Amasai of 2 Chr.);
  • Mahlah
    – Mahlah (daughter of Zelophebad); Mahlah (child of Hammolecheth);
  • Mahli – Mahli (son of Merari); Mahli (son of Mushi);
  • Malachi, Book of or Book of Malachi – Date*; Historical Background*; Authorship**; Genre*; Outline and Message**;
    • Malachi, Book of or Book of Malachi – Outline and Message – 1:2-5 God's Love for Israel*; 1:6-2:9 Pollution by the Priests*; 2:10-16 Unfaithfulness within the Community*; 2:17-3:5 – Cleansing of the Community*; 3:6-12 Paying for Cultic Services*; 3:13-4:3 (3:21) Hope for the Community*; 4:4-6 (3:22-24) Living in the Community*;
  • Malchiah
    – Malchiah (father of Pashur); Malchiah (member of Judah's royal family in Jer.);
  • Malchijah – Malchijah (Gershomite Levite of 1 Chr.); Malchijah (descendant of Aaron of 1 Chr.); Malchijah (descendant of Purosh in Ezra); Malchijah (descendant of Harim in Ezra); Malchijah (son of Harim in Neh.); Malchijah (ruler of Beth-hakkerem); Malchijah (goldsmith in Neh.); Malchijah (man who stood with Ezra when he read the Torah); Malchijah (priest and signer of Ezra's covenant); Malchijah (priest in the choir in Neh.);
  • Malluch
    – Malluch (ancestor of Ethan in 1 Chr.); Malluch (of the sons of Bani); Malluch (of the sons of Harim); Malluch (priest involved in the sealing of the covenant in Neh.); Malluch (one of the chiefs of the people who signed the covenant of Neh.); Malluch (priest who returned with Zerubabbel);
  • Manasseh – Manasseh (son of Joseph and Asenath)**; Manasseh (king of Judah)**; Manasseh (son of Pahathmoab); Manasseh (son of Hashum); Manasseh (son of Addi); Manasseh (husband of Judith);
  • Maon (place) – Maon (town in the hill country of Judah)**; Maon (now Khirbet el-Ma'in)*;
  • Mareshah
    (person) – Mareshah (son of Caleb); Mareshah (son of Laadah);
  • Mari – History**; Texts**; Relationship to the Bible**;
  • Mary – Mary (mother of Jesus)**; Mary Magdalene**; Mary of Bethany*; Mary the mother of James and Joseph*; Mary wife of Cleopas*; Mary the mother of John Mark*; Mary of Rome*;
  • Massa – Massa (son of Ishmael); Massa (term in Proverbs);
  • Matriarchs – Sarah**; Rebekah**; Leah and Rachel**;
  • Mattan – Mattan (priest of Baal); Mattan (father of Shephatiah);
  • Mattaniah
    – Mattaniah (last king of Judah); Mattaniah (of the sons of Heman); Mattaniah (ancestor of Jahaziel); Mattaniah (Levite of the time of Hezekiah); Mattaniah (of the clan of Elam); Mattaniah (of the clan of Zattu); Mattaniah (of the clan of Pahath-moab); Mattaniah (of the clan of Bani); Mattaniah (son of Mica or Micaiah); Mattaniah (grandfather of Hana ben Zaccur);
  • Mattathias – Mattathias (priest of the order of Jehoiarib); Mattathias (son of Absalom); Mattathias (son of Simon); Mattathias (envoy sent by Judas Maccabeus); Mattathias (ancestor of Jesus in Luke 3:25); Mattathias (ancestor of Jesus in Luke 3:26);
  • Mattenai – Mattenai (of the sons of Hashum); Mattenai (of the sons of Bani); Mattenai (of the priestly house of Joiarib);
  • Matthat
    – Matthat (ancestor of Jesus in Luke 3:24); Matthat (ancestor of Jesus in Luke 3:29);
  • Mattithiah – Mattithiah (son of Shallum); Mattithiah (Levitical gatekeeper in 1 Chr.); Mattithiah (son of Nebo); Mattithiah (Israelite who accompanied Ezra);
  • Mehetabel
    – Mehetabel (wife of Hadar); Mehetabel (ancestor of Shemaiah);
  • Melchizedek – Genesis 14*; Psalm 110*;
  • Mephibosheth – Mephibosheth (son of Saul)*; Mephibosheth (grandson of Saul)*;
  • Meremoth
    – Meraioth or Meremoth (Levite descendant of Aaron); Meraioth or Meremoth (son of Ahitub); Meraioth or Meremoth (priestly family headed by Helkai at the time of Joiakim);
  • Merari – Merari (son of Levi)**; Merari (father of Judith);
  • Meremoth
    – Meremoth (son of Uriah); Meremoth (of the sons of Bani); Meremoth (son of Uriah, grandson of Hakkoz); Meremoth (priest who returned from exile);
  • Mesha (person) – Mesha (king of Moab)**; Mesha (son of Caleb); Mesha (son of Shaharaim);
  • Meshech – Meshech (son of Japheth); Meshech (son of Shem);
  • Meshillemoth or Meshillemith
    – Meshillemoth or Meshillemith (father of Berechiah); Meshillemoth or Meshillemith (descendant of Immer);
  • Meshullam – Meshullam (grandfather of Shaphan); Meshullam (son of Zerubbabel); Meshullam (head of a Gadite clan in 1 Chr.); Meshullam (son of Elpaal); Meshullam (father of Sallu); Meshullam (son of Shephatiah); Meshullam (father of Hilkiah); Meshullam (father of Jahzerah); Meshullam (Kohathite appointed by Josiah in 2 Chr.); Meshullam ("leader" sent by Ezra); Meshullam (who opposed Ezra's policy of divorce); Meshullam (son of Bani); Meshullam (son of Berechiah); Meshullam (son of Besodeiah); Meshullam (who stood at Ezra's left hand during the reading of the Torah); Meshullam (priest who sealed the covenant of Neh.); Meshullam (chief of the people who sealed the covenant of Neh.); Meshullam (head of the priestly house of Ezra in Neh.); Meshullam (head of the priestly house of Ginnethon in Neh.); Meshullam (gatekeeper in Neh.); Meshullam (who was in the procession in Neh.);
  • Messiah – Eschatological Variety**; Common Themes**;
  • Mibsam
    – Mibsam (son of Ishmael); Mibsam (son of Shallum);
  • Mica – Mica (son of Mephibosheth); Mica (father of Mattaniah); Mica (Levite in the sealing of the covenant in Neh.); Mica (father of Mattaniah and ancestor of Uzzi);
  • Micah – Micah (man in Judg.); Micah (son of Shimei); Micah (son of Meribbaal); Micah (son of Uzziel); Micah (father of Abdon); Micah of Moresheth;
  • Micah, Book of or Book of Micah – Content**; Criticial Considerations**;
  • Micaiah or Maacah or Micah – Micaiah or Maacah or Micah (son of Imlah)**; Micaiah or Maacah or Micah (father of Achibor); Micaiah or Maacah or Micah (wife of Rehoboam); Micaiah or Maacah or Micah (official sent to teach Judah in 2 Chr.); Micaiah or Maacah or Micah (ancestor of Zechariah)*; Micaiah or Maacah or Micah (trumpeting priest in Neh.); Micaiah or Maacah or Micah (son of Gemeriah);
  • Michael – Michael (father of Sethur); Michael (Gadite in 1 Chr.); Michael (ancestor of Abihail); Michael (Levite ancestor of Asaph); Michael (descendant of Uzzi); Michael (of the sons of Beraiah); Michael (who joined David at Ziklag); Michael (father of Omri); Michael (son of Jehoshaphat); Michael (father of Zebediah); Michael (archangel);
  • Migdol – Migdol (town on the route of the Exodus); Migdol (town in Egypt in Jer.); Migdol (place in north Egypt);
  • Mijamin
    – Mijamin (leader of the sixth division of priest at the time of David); Mijamin (divorcing Israelite in Ezra); Mijamin (priest at the sealing of the covenant in Neh.); Mijamin (chief of priests returning from exile in Neh.);
  • Mikloth
    – Mikloth (father of Shimeah in 1 Chr.); Mikloth (chief officer under Dodai the Ahohite);
  • Milcah – Milcah (daughter of Haran); Milcah (daughter of Zelophehad);
  • Millo – Millo (fortification or construction in Jerusalem at an unknown location)*; Millo (construction of Solomon)*; House of the Millo; Beth-millo;
  • Miniamin
    – Miniamin (Levite of 2 Chr.); Miniamin (priestly house in Neh.); Miniamin (priest and musician in Neh.);
  • Miriam – Miriam (prophetess of Exodus)**; Miriam (descendant of Ezrah in 1 Chr.);
  • Mishael – Mishael (son of Uzziel); Mishael (who stood at Ezra's left hand at the reading of the Torah); Mishael (alternate name of Meshach, companion of Daniel)*;
  • Mishma
    – Mishma (son of Ishmael); Mishma (son of Mibsam);
  • Mithredath or Mithridates
    – Mithredath or Mithridates (treasure of King Cyrus of Persia); Mithredath or Mithridates (Persian official who opposed the rebuilding of Jerusalem);
  • Mizpah or Mizpeh – Mizpah of Gilead; Mizpah or Mizpeh (land or valley of Mizpah); Mizpeh of Judah; Mizpeh of Moab; Mizpah of Benjamin**;
  • Monotheism – Ancient Near East**; Ancient Israel*; New Testament*;
  • Mordecai – Mordecai (character in the Book of Esther)*; Mordecai (returning Israelite);
  • Moreh
    – Moreh (terebinth or oak tree near Shechem); Moreh (hill in the Jezreel Valley);
  • Moriah – Moriah (land of Moriah); Mt. Moriah;
  • Mortar – Mortar (of pestle); Mortar (plastic building material);
  • Moses – Biblical Accounts**; History**;
  • Moza – Moza (son of Caleb); Moza (son of Zimri);
  • Mughara, Wadi el- or Wadi el-Mughara – Mughara, Wadi el- or Wadi el-Mughara (on the western side of Mt. Carmel)*; Mughara, Wadi el- or Wadi el-Mughara (in the southwestern Sinai)*;
  • Musical instruments
    – Old Testament**; New Testament**;
    • Musical instruments
      – Old Testament - bĕkōl ‘ăsê bĕrôšîm*; hālîl*; hăsōsĕrâ*; kinnôr*; mĕna‘an‘îm*; mĕsiltayim or selsĕlim*; nēbel or nēbel ‘āśôr*; pa‘ămôn*; šôpār*; qeren hayyôbēl*; tōp*; ‘ûgāb*; Daniel*; Collective terms*; Superscriptions to the Psalms*;

N

  • Naamah (person) – Naamah (daughter of Lamech); Naamah (wife of Solomon);
  • Naaman – Naaman (son of Benjamin); Naaman (son of Bela); Naaman (son of Ehud); Naaman (commander of the Aramean army in 2 Kgs.);
  • Nadab – Nadab (son of Aaron); Nadab (son of Jeroboam I); Nadab (son of Shammai); Nadab (son of Jeiel); Nadab (relative of Ahiqar);
  • Nag Hammadi – Discovery of the Codices*; Contents**; Significance for Ancient Religion and Philosophy**; Significance for the NT and Early Christian Literature**;
  • Nahash – Nahash (king of Ammon)*; Nahash (sister of Zeruiah);
  • Nahath
    – Nahath (son of Reuel); Nahath (descendant of Levi); Nahath (assistant of Hezekiah);
  • Nahor (person) – Nahor (son of Serug); Nahor (son of Terah);
  • Nahum – Nahum (1 of the 12 minor prophets); Nahum (father of Amos);
  • Names and Naming
    – Types of Names*; Name-givers**;
  • Nathan – Nathan (son of David)*; Nathan (prophet at the time of David)**; Nathan (father of Igal); Nathan (father of Azariah); Nathan (son of Attai); Nathan (sent by Ezra to Iddo);
  • Nathanael – Nathanael (ancestor of Judith); Nathanael (priest in 1 Esd.); Nathanael (Israelite in the Gospel of John);
  • Neariah
    – Neariah (sonof Shemaiah); Neariah (son of Ishi);
  • Nebo (place) – Nebo (town allotted to Reuben); Nebo (town in western Palestine settled in postexilic period);
  • Nehemiah – Nehemiah (a leader of the return); Nehemiah (son of Hacaliah); Nehemiah (son of Azbuk);
  • Nehemiah, Book of or Book of Nehemiah – Name and Canonical Setting*; Authorship*; Date and Place of Composition*; Sources**; The Order of the Reformers**; Nehemiah, the Person**;
  • Nekoda
    – Nekoda (head of returning family of temple servants); Nekoda (head of returning family unable to prove their Israelite ancestry);
  • Nemuel
    – Nemuel (brother of Dathan); Nemuel (ancestor of the Nemuelites);
  • Nepheg
    – Nepheg (son of Izhar); Nepheg (son of David);
  • Nethanel
    – Nethanel (son of Zuar); Nethanel (son of Jesse); Nethanel (one of seven trumpeting priests in 1 Chr.); Nethanel (father of Shemaiah); Nethanel (son of Obed-edom); Nethanel (officer of Jehoshaphat sent to Judah to teach); Nethanel (brother of Shemaiah); Nethanel (of the family of Pashhur); Nethanel (head of the family of Jedaiah); Nethanel (Levite singer at the dedication in Neh.);
  • Nethaniah – Nethaniah (father of Ishmael); Nethaniah (Levite of the line of Asaph in 1 Chr.); Nethaniah (Levite sent to Judah by Jehoshaphat); Nethaniah (father of Jehudi);
  • Nicanor – Nicanor (a commander sent by Lysius to Judah Maccabeus); Nicanor (one of seven overseers of food distribution in Acts);
  • Noadiah
    – Noadiah (son of Binnui); Noadiah (prophetess in Neh.);
  • Noah – Name*; Genealogy*; The Story of Noah**; Significance*; Later References*;
  • Nobah
    (place) – Nobah (region in Gilead); Nobah (city in eastern Gilead);
  • Numbers – Symbolic numbers**;
  • Numbers, Book of or Book of Numbers – Name*; Structure*; Composition**; Historical Value*; Theological Themes**;

O

  • Obadiah – Obadiah (steward of King Ahab's household)*; Obadiah (postexilic descendant of David); Obadiah (son of Izariah); Obadiah (son of Azel); Obadiah (Levite among the first returners to Jerusalem); Obadiah (Gadite who joined David at Ziklag); Obadiah (father of Ishmaiah); Obadiah (prince commissioned to teach in Judah); Obadiah (Merarite Levite of 2 Chr.); Obadiah (head of family of returners in Ezra); Obadiah (leader who sealed covenant of Neh.); Obadiah (gatekeeper in Neh.); Obadiah (Obadiah the prophet);
  • Obadiah, Book of or Book of Obadiah – Text*; Style*; Composition*; Biblical Parallels*; Date and Historical Setting*; Structure and Genre*; Contents*;
  • Obed – Obed (son of Ruth); Obed (son of Ephlal); Obed (one of David's mighty men); Obed (son of Shemaiah); Obed (father of Azariah); Obed (son of Jonathan);
  • Obed-edom
    – Obed-edom (Gidite whose house David put the Ark in); Obed-edom (son of Jeduthun); Obed-edom (son of Korah); Obed-edom (custodian of temple treasures in 2 Chr.);
  • Oded – Oded (father of Azariah); Oded (prophet of Samaria in 2 Chr.);
  • Oholibamah
    – Oholibamah (wife of Esau); Oholibamah (chief of an Edomite clan);
  • Omer – Omer (unit of dry measure); Omer (sheaf of grain);
  • Omri – Omri (founder of Omride dynasty)**; Omri (son of Becher); Omri (Jerusalemite of 1 Chr.); Omri (Issacharite tribal leader of 1 Chr.);
  • Onam – Onam (Son of Shobal); Onam (son of Jerahmeel);
  • Onias – Onias I; Onias II; Onias III; Onias IV; Onias V;
  • Ophrah (place) – Ophrah (city in the tribal territory of Benjamin); Ophrah (Ophrah of Abiezer);
  • Ozem – Ozem (son of Jesse); Ozem (son of Jerahmeel);

P

  • Land of Palestine
    – Name and Definition**; Physical Description***; Climate**;
    • Land of Palestine
      – Physical Description – Coastal Plain**; Central Range**; “Rift” Valley**; Transjordan**;
      • Land of Palestine
        – Physical Description – Coastal Plain – Pheonicia**; Sharon Plain**; Philistia**;
      • Land of Palestine
        – Physical Description – Central Range – Lebanon*; Galilee*; Jezreel*; Samaria**; Jerusalem*; Mt. Judah*; Shephelah*; Wilderness of Judah*; Negeb**;
      • Land of Palestine
        – Physical Description - “Rift” Valley – Beqa‘*; Mt. Hermon*; Hûleh Valley**; Sea of Galilee*; Jordan River*; Dead Sea*; Southern Arabah*; Reed Sea*;
      • Land of Palestine
        – Physical Description – Transjordan – Bashan*; Gilead*; Ammon*; Moab*; Edom*;
  • Palti or Paltiel – Palti or Paltiel (son of Raphu); Palti or Paltiel (son of Laish);
  • Parosh – Parosh (Israelite ancestor of returners); Parosh (chief who sealed the covenant of Neh.);
  • Paseah – Paseah (priest and son of Malchiah); Paseah (head of priestly family of returners); Paseah (postexilic priest who attached his name to the covenant of Neh.); Paseah (son of Immer); Paseah (son of Malchiah);
  • Patriarchs
    – History and Genre*; Literary Considerations*; Theological Significance*;
  • Paul – Sources*; “Pre-Christian” Period**; Apostleship**; Later Writer**; Chronology*; Theologizer**;
  • Pedaiah
    – Pedaiah (maternal grandfather of Jehoiakim); Pedaiah (son of Jeconiah); Pedaiah (father of Joel); Pedaiah (son of Parosh); Pedaiah (man who stood at Ezra's left hand at the reading of the Law); Pedaiah (Benjaminite in Jerusalem in Neh.); Pedaiah (Levite appointed to administer tithes);
  • Pelaiah
    – Pelaiah (son of Elioenai); Pelaiah (Levite who interpreted the Law in Neh.);
  • Pelatiah
    – Pelatiah (son of Hananiah); Pelatiah (son of Jahi); Pelatiah (signer of the covenant of Neh.); Pelatiah (son of Benaiah);
  • Pelet – Pelet (son of Jahdai); Pelet (son of Azmaveth);
  • Pentateuch
    – Textual Transmission**; Literary Sources**; Unity and Diversity*;
  • Penuel – Penuel (son of Hur); Penuel (son of Shashak);
  • Persia
    – Geography*; History***; Religion**;
    • Persia
      – History – Early period**; Persian Empire**; Post-Achaemenid Persia**;
  • Peter, First Letter of or First Letter of Peter – Recipients*; Author*; Purpose*; Form and Structure**; Theology*;
  • Peter, Second Letter of or Second Letter of Peter – Literary Structure**; Literary Relationships**; The Opponents**; Theological Character*; Date*; Authorship and Pseudonymity**;
  • Pethahiah
    – Pethahiah (leader of the nineteenth priestly division at the time of David); Pethahiah (divorcing Levite of the time of Ezra); Pethahiah (Levite in the corporate confession of sins of Ezra); Pethahiah (son of Meshezabel);
  • Philadelphia – Philadelphia (city in the Roman province of Asia)**; Philadelphia (of the Decapolis, now Amman);
  • Letter to Philemon
    – Structure*; Contents**; Purpose*;
  • Philip – Philip II of Macedon; Philip V of Macedon; Philip the Phrygian (governor of Jerusalem); Philip the Tetrarch; Herod (Philip?), son of Herod and Mariamme II; Philip the Apostle**;
  • Phinehas – Phinehas (son of Eleazar); Phinehas (son of Eli); Phinehas (father of a postexilic priest in Ezra);
  • Phoenicia – People and Language*; Religion**; Society and Its Values*;
    • Phoenicia – Religion – Gods**; Temple**; Temple Personnel*; Daily Sacred Liturgy*; Sacrifice*; Child Sacrifice**; Death and the Underworld*;
  • Plague – Plagues of Egypt**;
  • Plants
    – Field Crops and Garden Plants**; Waterway Plants*; Wilderness Plants*; Thorns and Thistles*; Flowers of the Field*;
  • Pottery – Stylistic Characteristics**; Ceramic Types**;
    • Pottery – Ceramic Types – Pottery Neolithic Period (ca. 6000-4000 B.C.E.)*; Chalcolithic Period (ca. 4000-3300)*; Early Bronze Age (ca. 3300-2000)*; Middle Bronze Age (ca. 2000-1500)*; Late Bronze Age (ca. 1500-1200)*; Iron Age (ca. 1200-586)*; Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Periods (ca. 586 B.C.E.-640 C.E.)*;
  • Priesthood, Israelite or Israelite Priesthood
    – Duties**; History and Development**;
  • Prophet or Prophecy – Social Role**; Conceptual World*; Historicity**; Literary Considerations**; The “End” of Prophecy*;
  • Proverbs, Book of or Book of Proverbs
    – Date*; The Individual Sections**; Theological Themes**;
  • Ptolemy – Ptolemy I Soter; Ptolemy II Philadelphus; Ptolemy III Euregetes I; Ptolemy IV Philopator; Ptolemy V Theos Epiphanes; Ptolemy VI Philometor; Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator; Ptolemy VIII Euregetes II; Ptolemy IX Soter II; Ptolemy X Alexander I; Ptolemy XI Alexander II; Ptolemy XII Neo Dionysys; Ptolemy XIII; Ptolemy XIV; Ptolemy XV Caesar; Ptolemy (son of Dositheus); Ptolemy (son of Abubus); Ptolemy Marcon;
  • Puah
    – Puah (midwife of Exodus); Puah (father of Tola); Puah (descendant of Issachar);

R

  • Rabbah
    – Rabbah (city of Judah); Rabbah (modern Amman)**;
  • Raguel
    – Raguel (father of Sarah); Raguel (archangel);
  • Rahab – Rahab (prostitute in Josh.)*; Rahab (mother of Salmon); Rahab (dragon defeated by Yahweh in Job)*; Rahab (poetic name for Egypt);
  • Ram (person) – Ram (son of Hezron); Ram (son of Jerahmeel); Ram (ancestor of Elihu);
  • Ramah – Ramah (town allotted to Benjamin); Ramah (Ramah of the Negeb); Ramah (village near the border of Asher); Ramah (fortified city of Naphtali); Ramah (hometown of Samuel); Ramah (shortened form of name of Ramoth-gilead);
  • Rameses (person) – Rameses I*; Rameses II*; Rameses III*; Rameses IV; Rameses V; Rameses VI; Rameses VII; Rameses VIII; Rameses IX; Rameses X; Rameses XI;
  • Ramoth – Ramoth (Ramoth in Gilead); Ramoth (Ramoth of the Negeb); Ramoth (levitical city in the tribal territory of Issachar);
  • Reaiah or Haroeh – Reaiah or Haroeh (son of Shobal); Reaiah or Haroeh (son of Micah); Reaiah or Haroeh (temple servant, ancestor of returners);
  • Rechab – Rechab (son of Rimmon); Rechab (father of Jehonadab); Rechab (father of Malchijah);
  • Rehob
    (person) – Rehob (father of Hadadezer); Rehob (Levite who sealed the covenant of Neh.);
  • Rehob
    (place) – Rehob (place in extreme northern Canaan); Rehob (town allotted to Asher); Rehob (another town allotted to Asher); Rehob (principal city of the Beth-shean Valley);
  • Rehoboth – Rehoboth (well dug in Gesar in Genesis); Rehoboth ha-Nahar;
  • Rehum
    – Rehum (leader who accompanied Zerubbabel back to Judea); Rehum (Persian officer who wrote a letter to Xerxes); Rehum (son of Bani); Rehum (leader who signed a long petition in Neh.); Rehum (priest and Levite returner);
  • Rekem (person) – Rekem (one of five kings of Midian); Rekem (son of Hebron); Rekem (grandson of Machir);
  • Rephaiah or Raphah
    – Rephaiah or Raphah (descendant of Zerubbabel); Rephaiah or Raphah (son of Ishi); Rephaiah or Raphah (son of Tola); Rephaiah or Raphah (descendant of Saul); Rephaiah or Raphah (son of Hur);
  • Rephaim
    – Old Testament*; Ugaritic Texts**;
  • Resurrection – Old Testament*; Intertestamental Literature*; New Testament**;
  • Reuel – Reuel (son of Keturah); Reuel (son of Esau); Reuel (father of Hobab); Reuel (father of Eliasaph); Reuel (son of Ibnijah);
  • Revelation – Old Testament*; Postbiblical Jewish literature**; New Testament*;
  • Revelation, Book of or Book of Revelation – Genre*; Authorship**; Date*; Purpose and Setting*; Sources and Integrity*; Structure**;
  • Rezin – Rezin (last king of Aram before the fall to the Assyrians)*; Rezin (family in Ezra);
  • Rimmon (place) – Rimmon (city of En-rimmon); Rimmon (levitical city assigned to the Merarites); Rimmon (outcropping of rocks to which Benjaminites fled in Judg.);
  • Letter to the Romans
    – Author, Date, Place*; Text*; Circumstances and Purposes**; Genre and Other Proposals*; Outline**; Reading Romans*;
  • Rome – Environment*; Origins to the End of the Monarchy (753-509 B.C.E.)**; Republic (509-27 B.C.E.)**; Empire (27 B.C.E.-476 C.E.)**;
  • Rufus – Rufus (son of Simon the Cyrene); Rufus (greeted by Paul in Rom. 16:13);

S

  • Sachar – Sachar (father of Ahiham); Sachar (son of Obed-edom);
  • Sacrifices and Offerings – Priestly Source**; Prophetic Critique**;
    • Sacrifices and Offerings – Priestly Source – Sinai Narrative*; Laws for Sacrifice*; Basic Types of Animal Sacrifice**;
      • Sacrifices and Offerings – Priestly Source – Basic Types of Animal Sacrifice – Burnt offering*; Peace offering (Lev. 3)*; Purification offering (Lev. 4)*; Atonement and Sacrifice*;
  • Sallai – Sallai (Benjaminite returner); Sallai (priestly family at the time of Joiakim);
  • Sallu
    – Sallu (Benjaminite in Jerusalem in 1 Chr.); Sallu (postexilic priestly family);
  • Salma – Salma (father of Boaz in 1 Chr. 2;11); Salma (son of Hur);
  • Salome – Salome (sister of Herod); Salome (daughter of Herod); Salome (follower of Jesus);
  • Samaria – Region**; City**; History**;
  • Samuel, Books of or Books of Samuel – Contents and Plot*; Text*; Authorship*; Succession Narrative*; Historical Reliability and Genre**; New Literary Criticism*; Canonical Shaping*; Post-Colonial Interpretation; Feminist, Racialist, Sexual Orientation Criticism*; Message**;
  • Sarah – Sarah (wife of Abram)**; Sara (daughter of Raguel);
  • Segub
    – Segub (son of Hezron); Segub (son of Hiel);
  • Seir (place) – Seir (plateau in Edom); Seir (mountain on the northern border of Judah);
  • Sela – Sela (site on the Amorite border); Sela (Edomite settlement conquered by Amaziah of Judah); Sela (place mentioned in Isa. 16:1); Sela (place named in Isa. 42:11);
  • Seleucus – Seleucus I Nicator*; Seleucus II Callinicus*; Seleucus III*; Seleucus IV Philopator*;
  • Semitic Languages
    – Semitic Languages**; New Testament*;
  • Seraiah or Azariah or Shavsha or Sheva or Shisha - Seraiah or Azariah or Shavsha or Sheva or Shisha (royal secretary under David); Seraiah or Azariah or Shavsha or Sheva or Shisha (chief priest of the temple in 587/586 BCE); Seraiah or Azariah or Shavsha or Sheva or Shisha (son of Tanhumeth); Seraiah or Azariah or Shavsha or Sheva or Shisha (son of Kenaz); Seraiah or Azariah or Shavsha or Sheva or Shisha (son of Asiel); Seraiah or Azariah or Shavsha or Sheva or Shisha (returner from exile); Seraiah or Azariah or Shavsha or Sheva or Shisha (a priest who sealed the covenant of Neh.); Seraiah or Azariah or Shavsha or Sheva or Shisha (postexilic priest in Neh. 11:11); Seraiah or Azariah or Shavsha or Sheva or Shisha (one of the “chiefs of the priest” in Neh. 12:1); Seraiah or Azariah or Shavsha or Sheva or Shisha (official of King Jehoiakim); Seraiah or Azariah or Shavsha or Sheva or Shisha (son of Neriah);
  • Servant of the Lord
    – Second Isaiah**; Second Temple Judaism*; New Testament*;
  • Settlement: Archaeology – Conventional Models**; New Models**; Toward a Theological Rationalization?*;
  • Shaaph
    – Shaaph (son of Jahdai); Shaaph (son of Maacah);
  • Shaaraim – Shaaraim (town in the Shephelah lowland)*; Shaaraim (Negeb town in the allotment of Simeon)*;
  • Shabbethai – Shabbethai (of Ezra 10:15); Shabbethai (of Neh. 8:7); Shabbethai (of Neh. 11:16);
  • Shillem
    – Shallum or Meshullam or Shillem (King who overthrew Zechariah); Shallum or Meshullam or Shillem (husband of Huldah); Shallum or Meshullam or Shillem (descendant of Judah); Shallum or Meshullam or Shillem (son of Josiah); Shallum or Meshullam or Shillem (descendant of Simeon); Shallum or Meshullam or Shillem (son of Zadok); Shallum or Meshullam or Shillem (son of Naphtali); Shallum or Meshullam or Shillem (returner and gatekeeper); Shallum or Meshullam or Shillem (father of Jehizkiah); Shallum or Meshullam or Shillem (divorcing levitical gatekeeper); Shallum or Meshullam or Shillem (of the sons of Bannui); Shallum or Meshullam or Shillem (son of Hallohesh); Shallum or Meshullam or Shillem (son of Col-hozeh); Shallum or Meshullam or Shillem (father of Maaseiah); Shallum or Meshullam or Shillem (uncle of Jeremiah);
  • Shalmaneser – Shalmaneser I; Shalmaneser II; Shalmaneser III**; Shalmaneser IV; Shalmaneser V*;
  • Shamir (place) – Shamir (town of Judah); Shamir (town in Ephraim);
  • Shammoth
    - Shammah or Shimea or Shimeah or Shimel or Shammoth (descendant of Esau); Shammah or Shimea or Shimeah or Shimel or Shammoth (son of Jesse); Shammah or Shimea or Shimeah or Shimel or Shammoth (of David's Mighty Men); Shammah or Shimea or Shimeah or Shimel or Shammoth (Shammah of Harod);
  • Shammai – Shammai (son of Onam); Shammai (son of Rekem); Shammai (son of Mered);
  • Shammua or Shemaiah or Shimea
    – Shammua or Shemaiah or Shimea (son of Zaccur); Shammua or Shemaiah or Shimea (son of David); Shammua or Shemaiah or Shimea (father of Abda); Shammua or Shemaiah or Shimea (head of family of Bilgah in Neh.);
  • Shaphan – Shaphan (son of Aziliah); Shaphan (father of Jaazaniah);
  • Shaphat – Shaphat (son of Hori); Shaphat (father of Elisha); Shaphat (son of Shemaiah); Shaphat (son of Abihail); Shaphat (son of Adlai);
  • Sharezer
    – Sharezer (son of Sennacherib); Sharezer (emissaries sent to Bethel in 518);
  • Shaul – Shaul (early Edomite king); Shaul (son of Simeon); Shaul (son of Uzziah);
  • Sheba (person) – Sheba (son of Raamah); Sheba (son of Joktan); Sheba (son of Jokshan); Sheba (son of Bichri); Sheba (descendant of Gad);
  • Sheba (place) – Sheba (town in Josh. 19:2-6); Sheba (country of Arabia);
  • Shebaniah
    – Shebaniah (trumpet blowing priest in 1 Chr.); Shebaniah (leader in praise and confession in Neh.); Shebaniah (postexilic priestly house led by Joseph at the time of Joiakim); Shebaniah (a Levite signer of the covenant in Neh.); Shebaniah (another Levite signer of the covenant in Neh.);
  • Shubael
    – Shebuel or Shubael (Levite of the sons of Gershom); Shebuel or Shubael (son of Heman);
  • Shecaniah – Shecaniah (father of Shemaiah); Shecaniah (priest, head of the 10th division in 1 Chr.); Shecaniah (Levite under Hezekiah in 1 Chr.); Shecaniah (son of Jahaziel); Shecaniah (son of Jehiel); Shecaniah (father of Shmaiah, gatekeeper in Neh.); Shecaniah (son of Arah); Shecaniah (returning priest in Neh.);
  • Shechem (person) – Shechem (son of Hamor); Shechem (descendant of Manasseh); Shechem (son of Shemida);
  • Shechem (place) – Excavation*; Settlement History**;
  • Shelah – Shelah (son of Arpachshad or Arphaxad); Shelah (son of Judah the patriarch);
  • Shelemiah
    – Shelemiah (grandson of Asaph): Shelemiah (descandant of Bahi who married a foreign woman): Shelemiah (another descendant of Bani who married a foreign woman): Shelemiah (father of Hananiah): Shelemiah (priest Nehemiah put in charge of the temple storerooms): Shelemiah (son of Cushi): Shelemiah (man sent by Jehoiakim to arrest Baruch and Jeremiah): Shelemiah (father of Jehucal or Jucal): Shelemiah (son of Hananiah in Jer.):
  • Shelomith
    – Shelomith (daughter of Dibri); Shelomith (daughter of Zerubbabel); Shelomith (son of Shimei); Shelomith (son of Izhar); Shelomith (child of Rehabeam); Shelomith (son of Josiphiah);
  • Shelomoth – Shelomoth (son of Shimei); Shelomoth (son of Izhar); Shelomoth (sonof Zichri);
  • Shema (person) – Shema (son of Hebron); Shema (son of Joel); Shema (son of Elpaal); Shema (lay leader who stood at Ezra's right hand at the reading of the Law);
  • Shammua
    – Shemaiah or Shammua (Judean prophet after the death of Solomon); Shemaiah or Shammua (son of Shechaniah); Shemaiah or Shammua (leader of the tribe of Simeon); Shemaiah or Shammua (a leader of the tribe of Reuben); Shemaiah or Shammua (son of Hasshub); Shemaiah or Shammua (father of Obadiah); Shemaiah or Shammua (descendant of Elizaphan); Shemaiah or Shammua (son of Nethanel); Shemaiah or Shammua (son of Obed-edom); Shemaiah or Shammua (Levite sent by Jehoshaphat to teach in Judah); Shemaiah or Shammua (son of Jeduthun); Shemaiah or Shammua (Levite of the time of Hezekiah who helped distribute freewill offering and gifts in 2 Chr.); Shemaiah or Shammua (a leader of the Levites who helped contribute 5000 sheep and goats to an offering in 2 Chr.); Shemaiah or Shammua (son of Adonikam); Shemaiah or Shammua (a leader of those who returned from exile); Shemaiah or Shammua (priest of the family of Harim in Ezra); Shemaiah or Shammua (Israelite from the family of Harim in Ezra); Shemaiah or Shammua (son of Shecaniah); Shemaiah or Shammua (son of Delaiah); Shemaiah or Shammua (a priest who signed the binding agreement with Nehemiah and the leaders of the nation); Shemaiah or Shammua (leader of Judah who participated in the dedication of the walls in Neh.); Shemaiah or Shammua (son of Mattaniah); Shemaiah or Shammua (Levite musician at the dedication of the walls in Neh.); Shemaiah or Shammua (Levite who accompanied Nehemiah in the procession at the dedication of the walls); Shemaiah or Shammua (father of Uriah); Shemaiah or Shammua (false prophet in Jer.); Shemaiah or Shammua (father of Delaiah);
  • Shemariah – Shemariah (Benjaminite who joined David at Ziklag); Shemariah (son of Rehoboam); Shemariah (divorcing Israelite of the sons of Harim); Shemariah (divorcing son of Binnui);
  • Shemer or Shomer
    – Shemer or Shomer (owner of a hill Omri purchased in 1 Kgs.); Shemer or Shomer (son of Mahli); Shemer or Shomer (Asherite in 1 Chr.);
  • Shemiramoth – Shemiramoth (harp player in 1 Chr.); Shemiramoth (Levite sent by Jehosphaphat to Judah);
  • Shemuel – Shemuel (representative of Simeon in the division of Canaan in Num.); Shemuel (son of Tola);
  • Shephatiah
    – Shephatiah (son of David); Shephatiah (anchestor of returning Benjaminite exiles); Shephatiah (Haruphite of the tribe of Benjamin in 1 Chr.); Shephatiah (son of Maacah); Shephatiah (son of Jehosphaphat); Shephatiah (ancestor of two groups of returning exiles); Shephatiah (servant of Solomon and ancestor of returners); Shephatiah (Judahite ancestor of Jerusalemites after the Exile); Shephatiah (prince of Judah in Jer.);
  • Sherebiah – Sherebiah (“man of discretion” in Ezra); Sherebiah (Levite interpreter of the Book in Ezra); Sherebiah (Levite who sealed the covenant in Neh.); Sherebiah (chief of returning Levites);
  • Sheth – Sheth (Hebrew spelling of Seth); Sheth (“sons of Sheth”);
  • Sheva or Seraiah or Shavsha or Shisha – Sheva or Seraiah or Shavsha or Shisha (David's secretary); Sheva or Seraiah or Shavsha or Shisha (son of Caleb);
  • Shilonite – Shilonite (designation of the prophet Ahijah); Shilonite (gentilic designating a family of returnees);
  • Shimeah or Shimei
    - Shimea or Shammah or Shammua or Shimeah or Shimei (son of Jesse); Shimea or Shammah or Shammua or Shimeah or Shimei (son of David); Shimea or Shammah or Shammua or Shimeah or Shimei (Levite of the house of Merari); Shimea or Shammah or Shammua or Shimeah or Shimei (father of Berechiah);
  • Shimeah or Shimea or Shimeam
    – Shimeah or Shimea or Shimeam (son of Jesse); Shimeah or Shimea or Shimeam (son of Mikloth);
  • Shimei – Shimei (son of Gershon); Shimei (son of Gera); Shimei (son of Jesse); Shimei (leader of David's time who did not support the usurpation of Adonijah in 1 Kgs.); Shimei (son of Ella); Shimei (brother of Zerubbabel); Shimei (descendant of Mishma); Shimei (son of Gog); Shimei (Levite descendant of Merari); Shimei (son of Jahath); Shimei (Benjaminite in 1 Chr., probably an error for Shema); Shimei (one of six sons of Jeduthun); Shimei (Ramathite appointed by David over the royal vineyards); Shimei (Levite descendant of Heman); Shimei (brother of Conaniah); Shimei (Levite who sent away his non-Israelite wife and children in Ezra); Shimei (descendant of Hashum); Shimei (descendant of Binnui); Shimei (descendant of Kish);
  • Shimri
    – Shimri (son of Shemaiah); Shimri (father of Jediael); Shimri (son of Hosah); Shimri (descendant of Elizaphan);
  • Shittim - Shittim (last campsite of the Israelites before crossing the Jordan); Shittim (valley of Shittim);
  • Shobab
    – Shobab (son of Caleb); Shobab (son of David);
  • Shobal
    – Shobal (son of Seir); Shobal (son of Hur);
  • Shemer or Shimruth
    – Shomer or Shemer or Shimruth (mother of Jehozabad); Shomer or Shemer or Shimruth (of the sons of Heber);
  • Shua – Shua (father of Judah's Canaanite wife); Shua (daughter of Heber);
  • Shuppim – Shuppim (son of Ir); Shuppim (levitical gatekeeper in 1 Chr.);
  • Shuthelah
    – Shutehelah (son of Ephraim); Shutehelah (son of Zabad);
  • Simeon – Simeon (son of Jacob)*; Simeon (great-grandfather of Judas Maccabeus); Simeon (Simon Maccabeus); Simeon (who prayed Nunc Dimittis in Luke)*; Simeon (ancestor of Jesus); Simeon (a prophet and teacher of the church at Antioch); Simeon (Hebrew equivalent of Simon);
  • Simon – Simon (high priest Simon the Just); Simon (Simon II, high priest); Simon (Simon the Benjaminite); Simon (Simon Thassi); Simon (Simon Chosamaeus); Simon (Simon Peter); Simon (Simon the Zealot); Simon (Simon, half brother of Jesus); Simon (Simon the Leper); Simon (father of Judas Iscariot); Simon (Simon of Cyrene); Simon (Simon the Pharisee in Luke); Simon (Simon Magus); Simon (Simon the Tanner in Acts); Simon (Simon bar Kosiba);
  • Sin – Old Testament**; New Testament**;
  • Sin (place) – Sin (wilderness area between Elim and Mt. Sinai); Sin (Egyptian border fortress);
  • Sinai – Sinai Peninsula**; Wilderness and Mt. Sinai**; Biblical Traditions**;
  • Wisdom of Jesus the Son of Sirach
    – Contents**;
  • Sisera – Sisera (commander of Canaanite forces in Judgs.)*; Sisera (of the “sons of Sisera”);
  • Socoh
    (place) – Soco or Socoh (city of the Shephaleh)*; Soco or Socoh (town of the hill country of Judah)*; Soco or Socoh (town listed as the center of Solomon's third administrative district)*;
  • Solomon – Kings**; Chronicles**; Early Interpreters*; History**;
  • Sosipater – Sosipater (captain under Judas Maccabeus); Sosipater (Jewish Christian in Rom.);
  • Sothenes – Sothenes (ruler of a synagogue in Corinth in Acts); Sothenes (called by Paul “our brother” in 1 Cor.);
  • Succoth – Succoth (first encampment of the Israelites on leaving Egypt); Succoth (place on the east side of the Jordan Valley);
  • Sur – Sur (an inner gate of Solomon's temple in 2 Kgs.)*; Sur (town on the Mediterranean coast in Jdt.);
  • Susanna – Susanna (of the apocryphal work of that name); Susanna (woman who supported the work of Jesus in Luke);
  • Symeon
    – Symeon (prophet and teacher of the church of Antioch in Acts); Symeon (another name for Simon Peter);

T

  • Tabeel – Tabeel (Samaritan official in Ezra); Tabeel (father of person whom the Syro-Ephraimite coalition planned to place on the throne of Judah)*;
  • Tabor – Tabor (Mount Tabor)**; Tabor (Oak of Tabor); Tabor (levitical city assigned to the Merarites);
  • Tahath
    (person) – Tahath (ancestor of Samuel); Tahath (son of Bered); Tahath (son of Eleadah);
  • Talmai – Talmai (one of the Anakim); Talmai (king of Geshur);
  • Tamar (person) – Tamar (daugher-in-law of Judah)*; Tamar (daughter of David); Tamar (daughter of Absalom)*;
  • Tamar (place) – Tamar (city “in the wilderness” in 1 Kgs.); Tamar (site marking the southeastern border of the restored, ideal Israel in Ezek.)*;
  • Tappuah – Tappuah (town in the northern Shephelah); Tappuah (town, also called En-tappuah, on the northern border of Ephraim); Tappuah (town in the territory of Tizrah);
  • Tarshish (person) – Tarshish (descendant of Javan in the Table of Nations); Tarshish (son of Bilhan); Tarshish (official of Persia or Media in Esth.)*;
  • Temple – Symbolism**; Jerusalem Temple**;
  • Text of the Old Testament – Copying and Transmission**; Ancient Manuscripts**; Printed Bibles**; Ancient Versions**; Textual Criticism**;
  • Text of the New Testament – History of the Discipline**; The State of the Text**; Methods of Textual Criticism**; The Text at the End of the Twentieth Century*;
    • Text of the New Testament – Methods of Textual Criticism – External Evidence**; Internal Evidence**; Intrinsic Probabilities*;
      • Text of the New Testament – Methods of Textual Criticism – External Evidence – Number of Supporting Witnesses*; Age of Supporting Witnesses*; Geographical Diversity of the Witnesses*; “Quality” of the Supporting Witnesses*;
      • Text of the New Testament – Methods of Textual Criticism – Internal Evidence – Transcriptional Probabilities*;
  • Thessalonians, First Letter to the or First Letter to the Thessalonians – Historical Context*; Epistolatory Structure and Function*; Significant Features**;
  • Thessalonians, Second Letter to the or Second Letter to the Thessalonians – Structure and Purpose*; Significant Features*;
  • Thutmose – Thutmose I*; Thutmose II*; Thutmose III*; Thutmose IV*;
  • Tilgath-pileser or Tilgath-pilneser – Tilgath-peleser I; Tilgath-pileser II; Tilgath-pileser III**;
  • Tikvah – Tikvah (father of Shallum); Tikvah (father of Jahzeiah);
  • Time – Vocabulary**; Measures of Time**; The Days to Come*; New Testament**;
  • Timna – Timna (concubine of Eliphaz); Timna (chief of Edom); Timna (son of Eliphaz);
  • Timnah – Timnah (city on the northern border of Judah)*; Timnah (town of the hill country of Judah);
  • Timothy – Timothy (commander of the Ammonite forces in 1 & 2 Macc.); Timothy (emissary of Paul)**;
  • Tiphsah
    – Tiphsah (city on the western shore of the Euphrates); Tiphsah (site of a brutal slaughter by King Menahem in 2 Kgs.);
  • Titus – Titus Manius; Titus (coworker of Paul)**;
  • Tobiah
    - Tobiah (head of a family of returners); Tobiah (an opposer of Nehemiah's journey to Jerusalem);
  • Tobias – Tobias (son of Tobit); Tobias (landowner of the Maccabean period);
  • Tobijah
    – Tobijah (Levite sent by Jehosphaphat to Judea); Tobijah (descendant of Tobiah unable to authenticate his Israelite origin); Tobijah (repatriate from whom Zechariah was to collect gold and silver);
  • Tobit, Book of or Book of Tobit – Story**; Literary Antecedents**; Date, Language, and Versions*; Themes**; Later Use of Tobit*;
  • Tola – Tola (son of Issachar); Tola (son of Puah);
  • Trade and commerce – Antiquity and Varieties of Trade**; Commercilization**;
  • Transportation
    – Modes of Travel**; Rate of Travel**; Traveling Conditions*; Transportation**;
  • Trees
    – List of trees in the Bible**;

U

  • Ulam – Ulam (son of Sheresh); Ulam (son of Eshek);
  • Unni – Unni (levitical musician of 1 Chr.); Unni (returning Levite);
  • Uri – Uri (father of Bezalel); Uri (father of Geber); Uri (poxtexilic gatekeeper of Ezra);
  • Uriah – Uriah the Hittite*; Uriah (high priest under Ahaz); Uriah (prophet of the time of Jeremiah); Uriah (father of Meremoth); Uriah (who stood with Ezra at the reading of the Law);
  • Uriel – Uriel (chief of the Kohathite Levites in 1 Chr.); Uriel (resident of Gibeah in 2 Chr.); Uriel (archangel);
  • Uthai
    – Uthai (son of Ammihud); Uthai (returning head of the family of Bigvai);
  • Uz (person) – Uz (son of Aram); Uz (son of Milcah); Uz (son or descendant of Dishan);
  • Uzza (person) – Uzza (son of Gera); Uzza (ancestor of returning temple servants);
  • Uzzah – Uzzah (son of Abinadab); Uzzah (Levite of the family of Merari);
  • Uzzi – Uzzi (son of Bukki); Uzzi (son of Tola); Uzzi (son of Bela); Uzzi (father of Elah); Uzzi (son of Bani); Uzzi (head of Jedaiah's priestly lineage at the time of Joiakim); Uzzi (priest involved in the dedication of the walls in Neh.);
  • Uzziah – Uzziah (King of Judah)**; Uzziah (levitical priest in 1 Chr.); Uzziah (father of Jonathan); Uzziah (returning levitical priest, descendant of Harim); Uzziah (one of the 468 inhabitants of Perez who moved to Jerusalem); Uzziah (chief elder in the city of Bethulia);
  • Uzziel – Uzziel (son of Kohath); Uzziel (son of Ishi); Uzziel (son of Bela); Uzziel (son of Heman); Uzziel (son of Jeduthun); Uzziel (son of Harhaiah);

W

  • Walls – Wall types**; Evolution of City Walls**; Biblical References*;
  • Water – Physical Aspects**; Theological Importance**;
    • Water – Theological Importance – Cosmology*; Ritual**; Holy Spirit**;
  • Weights and measures
    – Linear**; Weights**; Area*; Dry capacity*; Liquid capacity*; Weights and measures in the Bible**;
  • Wisdom and Wisdom literature – Wisdom Books*; Characteristics*; Ancient Setting**; Religious Values**;
  • Wisdom of Solomon
    – Literary Genre*; Contents**;
  • Works – Works of God**; Human works**;
  • Worship, Israelite or Israelite Worship – Seasonal Festivals**; Other Seasonal Celebrations**; Foundational Moments**;
  • Worship, New Testament or New Testament Worship – Origins*; Description**; Theology**;
  • Writing – Biblical Scripts**; List of Scripts of the Bible, the ancient versions and their antecedents**; Postbiblical scripts**; Prebiblical writing**;
    • Writing – Biblical Scripts – Hebrew**; Greek*;

Z

  • Zabad or Jozacar – Zabad or Jozacar (son of Nathan); Zabad or Jozacar (son of Tahath); Zabad or Jozacar (son of Ahlai); Zabad or Jozacar (son of Shimeath the Ammonite); Zabad or Jozacar (of the sons of Zattu); Zabad or Jozacar (of the sons of Hattum); Zabad or Jozacar (of the sons of Nebo);
  • Zabbai
    – Zabbai (Israelite who had taken a foreign wife in Ezra); Zabbai (father of Baruch);
  • Zichri or Zimri
    – Zabdi or Zichri or Zimri (ancestor of Achan); Zabdi or Zichri or Zimri (son of Shimei); Zabdi or Zichri or Zimri (Sphiphmite steward of David's wine cellar); Zabdi or Zichri or Zimri (son of Asaph);
  • Zabdiel – Zabdiel (father of Jashobeam); Zabdiel (son of Heggedolim); Zabdiel (Arab who decapitated Alexander Balas);
  • Zacchaeus – Zacchaeus (officer in the Maccabean army); Zacchaeus (tax official who climbed a tree to get a glimpse of Jesus)*;
  • Zaccur
    – Zaccur (father of Shammua); Zaccur (son of Hammuel); Zaccur (Levite of the Merarite line); Zaccur (son of Asaph); Zaccur (descendant of Bigvai); Zaccur (son of Imri); Zaccur (Levite who placed a seal on the new covenant of Neh.); Zaccur (father of Hanan);
  • Zadok – Zadok (high priest under David)**; Zadok (father of Jerusha); Zadok (son of Baana); Zadok (son of Immer); Zadok (a “leader of the people” who placed a seal on the covenant in Neh.); Zadok (scribe appointed by Nehemiah as a treasurer); Zadok (father of Achim);
  • Zalmon
    (place) – Zalmon (mountain in the vicinity of Shechem); Zalmon (mountain mentioned in Ps. 68:14);
  • Zanoah (place) – Zanoah (town in the northeastern Shephelah)*; Zanoah (town in the eastern hill country of Judah)*;
  • Zebediah
    – Zebediah (son of Beriah); Zebediah (son of Elpaal); Zebediah (son of Jeroham); Zebediah (son of Meshelemiah); Zebediah (son of Asahel); Zebediah (Levite sent by Jehoshaphat to Judah); Zebediah (son of Ishmael); Zebediah (son of Michael); Zebediah (descendant of the family of Immer);
  • Zeboim – Zeboim (valley in Benjamin); Zeboim (town occupied by the Benjaminites);
  • Zechariah – Zechariah (son of Jeroboam II); Zechariah (father of Abi); Zechariah (head of a family of Reubenites); Zechariah (gatekeeper of the time of David); Zechariah (brother of Ner); Zechariah (musician of the time of David); Zechariah (priestly trumpeter of 1 Chr.); Zechariah (son of Isshiah); Zechariah (son of Hosah the Merarite); Zechariah (father of Iddo); Zechariah (official of Jehoshaphat sent to teach in Judah); Zechariah (father of Jahaziel); Zechariah (son of Jehoshaphat); Zechariah (son of Jehoiada); Zechariah (instructor of Uzziah in 2 Chr.); Zechariah (levitical descendant of Asaph of 2 Chr.); Zechariah (levitical descendant of Kohath of 2 Chr.); Zechariah (priest who contributed animals for sacrifice in 2 Chr./1 Esdr.); Zechariah (head of the family of Parosh); Zechariah (head of the family of Bebai); Zechariah (leader of the Jewish exiles in Ezra); Zechariah (Judean who married a foreign wife in Ezra); Zechariah (leader who stood on the platform with Ezra during the reading of the Law); Zechariah (descendant of Perez); Zechariah (ancestor of Maaseiah); Zechariah (ancestor of Adaiah); Zechariah (priestly trumpeter in Neh.); Zechariah (son of Jeberechiah); Zechariah (prophet of the Book of Zechariah); Zechariah (father of Joseph); Zechariah (alternate name for Heman in 1 Esdr.); Zechariah (father of John the Baptist);
  • Zechariah, Book of or Book of Zechariah – Zechariah 1-8**; Zechariah 9-14**;
    • Zechariah, Book of or Book of Zechariah – Zechariah 1-8 – Author and Date*; Historical Setting*; Message**;
      • Zechariah, Book of or Book of Zechariah – Zechariah 1-8 - Message – 1:1-6*; 1:7-6:15**; 7:1-8:23*;
        • Zechariah, Book of or Book of Zechariah – Zechariah 1-8 - Message – 1:7-6:15 – 1:7-17*; 1:18-21 (MT 2:1-4)*; 2:1-5 (2:5-9)*; 2:6-13 (2:10-17)*; 3:1-10*; 4:1-14*; 5:1-4*; 5:5-11*; 6:1-8*; 6:9-15*;
    • Zechariah, Book of or Book of Zechariah – Zechariah 9-14 – Date and Historical Setting**; Author*; Message**;
      • Zechariah, Book of or Book of Zechariah – Zechariah 9-14 – Message – 9:1-17*; 10:1-12*; 11:1-17*; 12:1-9*; 12:10-13:9*; 14:1-21*;
  • Zedekiah – Zedekiah (false prophet at the court of Ahab); Zedekiah (last king of Judah)**; Zedekiah (son of Josiah); Zedekiah (signer of the covenant of Neh.); Zedekiah (prophet Jeremiah accused of immoral conduct); Zedekiah (son of Hananiah); Zedekiah (ancestor of Baruch);
  • Zemaraim
    – Zemaraim (town in the tribal territory of Benjamin); Zemaraim (mountain in the hill country of Ephraim);
  • Zephaniah – Zephaniah (Kohathite Levite ancestor of Heman); Zephaniah (son of Cushi); Zephaniah (son of Maaseiah); Zephaniah (father of Josiah);
  • Zephaniah, Book of or Book of Zephaniah – Historical Background*; Unity*; Contents and Message**;
  • Zerah or Zohar – Zerah or Zohar (son of Reuel); Zerah or Zohar (father of Jobab); Zerah or Zohar (son of Judah); Zerah or Zohar (son of Simeon); Zerah or Zohar (Levite descendant of Gershom in 1 Chr.); Zerah or Zohar (Kohathite Levite of 1 Chr.); Zerah or Zohar (Zerah the Cushite)*;
  • Zerahiah
    – Zerahiah (son of Uzzi); Zerahiah (man of the lineage of Pahath-moab);
  • Zeredah – Zeredah (place of residence of Jeroboam); Zeredah (place in the Jordan Valley);
  • Zibeon – Zibeon (father of Anah); Zibeon (son of Seir);
  • Zabdi
    – Zichri or Zabdi (son of Izhar); Zichri or Zabdi (son of Shimei); Zichri or Zabdi (son of Shashak); Zichri or Zabdi (son of Jeroham); Zichri or Zabdi (son of Asaph); Zichri or Zabdi (father of Shelomith); Zichri or Zabdi (father of Eliezer); Zichri or Zabdi (father of Amasiah); Zichri or Zabdi (father of Elishaphat); Zichri or Zabdi (warrior and Ephraimite of 2 Chr.); Zichri or Zabdi (father of Joel); Zichri or Zabdi (head of the priestly family of Abijah at the time of Joiakim);
  • Ziha – Ziha (head of a line of returning temple servants); Ziha (overseer of postexilic temple servants);
  • Zillethai – Zillethai (son of Shimei); Zillethai (Manassite leader who deserted David at Ziklag);
  • Zimri (person) – Zimri (son of Salu); Zimri (King of Israel); Zimri (son of Zerah); Zimri (father of Moza);
  • Ziph (person) – Ziph (descendant of Caleb); Ziph (son of Jehallel);
  • Ziph (place) – Ziph (town in the hill country of Judah); Ziph (town in the southern Negeb);
  • Ziza – Ziza (son of Shiphi); Ziza (son of Rehoboam);
  • Zohar – Zohar (father of Ephron the Hittite); Zohar (alternate name for Simeon's son Zerah); Zohar (alternate reading of Izhar son of Helah);
  • Zur – Zur (a king of Midian in Num.); Zur (son of Jeiel);

The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Books of the Bible

The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Books of the Bible, Michael D. Coogan, editor in chief, Oxford University Press, 2011,

ISBN 978-0-19-537737-8
.

Major articles

2 pages or more

Versions before 1611; Authorized (King James) Version and Its Revisions; An Overview of Modern Versions;

Significant articles

3 or more paragraphs or over 1 column to 2 pages

Minor articles

1 or 2 paragraphs under 1 column

Redirects

Subarticles

A

  • Acts
    – Acts as a Genre**; Acts and Hagiography**; Dating and Intertextuality**; The Acts of Andrew**; The Acts of John**; The Acts of Paul**; The Acts of Peter**; The Acts of Thomas**; The Acts of Philip*; Relevance of the Acts for the History of early Christianity**; The History of Interpretation and Reception History**;
  • Acts of the Apostles – Name of the Book**; Canonical Status*; Authorship**; Date and Historical Context**; Literary History**; Structure and Contents**; Interpretation***; Reception History**;
  • Amos – Authorship and Composition**; Historical Context**; Structure and Stylistic Features**; Interpretation***; Reception History**;
  • Andrew, Acts of or Acts of Andrew – The Apostle Andrew*; The Primitive Acts of Andrew, Later Versions, and Textual Transmission**; Reconstruction of the Primitive Acts of Andrew*; Acts of Andrew Fragment in the Vatican Museum*; Plot of the Fragment**; Message of the Fragment*; Provenance of Acts of Andrew 's Thought**; Date and Place of Composition*;
  • Apocalypses
    – Earliest Apocalypses*; First Enoch***; Daniel**; Jewish Apocalypses of the First and Second Centuries C.E.**; The First Christian Apocalypses***; Related Literature**; Cultural Contexts for the Apocalypses***; Reception and Influence**;
  • Apocrypha – Old Testament***; New Testament***;
    • Apocrypha – Old Testament – Genres**; History of Composition and Canonization**; Significance for Understanding Early Judaism and Early Christianity**;
      • Apocrypha – Old Testament – Genres – Histories*; Poetic Books*; Prophetic Books*;
      • Apocrypha – Old Testament – History of Composition and Canonization – Jewish Community*; Early Christians*; Reformation Era**; Orthodox*;
    • Apocrypha – New Testament – Agrapha*; Lost Gospels*; Extant Gospels***; Apocryphal Acts**; Apocryphal Epistles**; Apocryphal Apocalypses**; Assumption of Mary*; Reception History**;
      • Apocrypha – New Testament – Extant Gospels - The Gospel of Thomas*; Marian Gospels**; Stories about Jesus' Birth*; Gospels of Jesus' Childhood*; Passion Gospels*; The Descent to the Underworld*; Pilate*;
      • Apocrypha – New Testament – Apocryphal Acts – Historical Value**;

B

  • Baruch – Authorship and Literary History*; Content and Interpretation**;
  • Bible – Modern Usage**; Origin of the Term Bible**; Evolution of Bibles***; An Ongoing Evolution and Legacy*;
    • Bible – Origin of the Term Bible – Plural to Singular, and Sacred*; Related Terms*;
    • Bible – Evolution of Bibles – Israelite Literature**; The Example of Jeremiah**; Jewish Textual Flourishing and Plurality**; Ends and Beginnings**; Technological Shift I: The Codex**; Technological Shift II:Printing*;

C

  • Canon – An Overview**; Hebrew Bible***; Old Testament***; New Testament***;
    • Canon – Hebrew Bible – Principal Divisions of the Canon**; Different Canons**; Process of Canonization***; History of Scholarship**;
      • Canon – Hebrew Bible – Principal Divisions of the Canon – Torah*; Prophets*; Writings*;
      • Canon – Hebrew Bible – Process of Canonization – Septaugint or LXX*; Qumran*;
    • Canon – Old Testament – Religious History***; Critical Scholarship***; Terms and Criteria**;
      • Canon – Old Testament – Religious History – Jewish Tradition**; Christian Tradition***;
        • Canon – Old Testament – Religious History – Christian Tradition – Early Christian Bibles**; Catholic Tradition*; Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books*; Protestant Tradition*; Protestants and the Apocrypha*; Significance*;
      • Canon – Old Testament – Critical Scholarship – Johann Salomo Semler (1725-1791)*; Modern Scholarship**;
        • Canon – Old Testament – Critical Scholarship – Modern Scholarship – Three-Stage Theory**; Criticism of the Three-Stage Theory**; An Alternative Approach*; Dead Sea Scrolls*; A First Century C.E. Canon*; The Sadducees**; Alexandrian Canon Hypothesis*; “Council” of Jamnia Myth*; Assessment*;
      • Canon – Old Testament – Terms and Criteria - “Canon 1” and “Canon 2”*; Scripture, Bible, Canon**;
    • Canon – New Testament – Definition of Canon**; Historical Development and Transmission of Collections of Early Christian Writings***; Important Canonical Lists***; Disputed Texts**; Rationale for Inclusion and Exclusion of New Testament Books**; Later Discussions of Canon and “Canon within the Canon”**;
      • Canon – New Testament – Historical Development and Transmission of Collections of Early Christian Writings – Gospels**; Paul's letters**; Remaining Writings*;
  • 1 and 2 Chronicles – Canonical Status and Location in Canon**; Authorship*; Literary History***; Date of Composition and Historical Context**; Structure and Content**; Literary Genre and Interpretation***; Reception History**;
    • 1 and 2 Chronicles – Literary History – The Relationship between Chronicles and Ezra-Nehemiah**; The Original Extent of Chronicles**;
    • 1 and 2 Chronicles – Literary Genre and Interpretation – Is Chronicles Intended to Replace Samuel-Kings?*; The Chroniclers Agenda and His Essential Tendency**; History of Interpretation**;
  • Clement, Letters of or Letters of Clement – Authorship and Context**; Literary Structure and Contents**; Interpretation**; Reception History*;
  • Colossians
    – Canonical Status*; Authorship**; Historical Context and Date of Composition**; Structure and Content*; Interpretation*; Reception History*;
  • 1 Corinthians
    – Authorship*; Date and Historical Context**; Paul in Corinth**; Structure and Outline of 1 Corinthians*; Interpretation**; Reception History**;
    • 1 Corinthians
      – Interpretation – 1:1-9 Opening Greeting and Thanksgiving*; 1:10-6:20 Paul's Response to Reports of Problems in the Corinthian Church**; 7:1-16:12 Paul's Response to a letter from the Corinthian Church***; 16:5-24 Conclusion: Travel Plans, Exhortation, and Final Greetings*;
  • 2 Corinthians
    – Structure and Content**; Literary History**; Interpretation***; Assessment*;
    • 2 Corinthians
      – Literary History – Reasons for Questioning the Literary Integrity**; Partition Theories**; Historical Reconstruction of the Relationship between Paul and the Corinthian Congregation**;
      • 2 Corinthians
        – Literary History – Partition Theories – The Semler-Windisch- and the Hausrath-Kennedy-Hypothesis*; The Weiss-Bultmann Hypothesis*; The Bornkamm-Schmithals-Hypothesis*; Mitchell**;
      • 2 Corinthians
        – Interpretation - The Proem: Leitmotifs of the Letter (1:3-11)**; Paul and His Congregation 1: Events Ensuring from the Intermediate Visit (1:12-2:13)*; Pauls' Defense of His Apostolic Ministry**; Paul and His Congregation II: Paul's Joy at the Repentance of the Corinthians (7:5-16)*; The Collection as a Symbol of the Unity of Jewish and Gentile Believers (2 Cor. 8-9)**; Paul's Attack on the Intruding Missionaries and His Preparation for a Third Visit (2 Cor. 10-13)**;
        • 2 Corinthians
          – Interpretation – Paul's Defense of His Apostolic Ministry – Paul's Ministry of a New Covenant (2:14-4:6)*; Apostolic Afflictions, Divine Preservation, and the Hope for Resurrection (4:7-5:10)*; Paul's Ministry of Reconciliation (5:11-6:10) and His Appeal for Reconciliation (6:11-7:4)*;

D

  • Daniel and Additions to Daniel – Authorship, Dates of Composition, and Historical Contexts**; Literary History***; Structure and Contents***; Interpretation***; Reception History***;
  • Dead Sea Scrolls – Brief History of the Discoveries**; Description of the Finds**; Description of Important Texts**; Brief History of the Qumran Community**; Description of the Sect*; Significance**;
    • Dead Sea Scrolls – Brief History of the Discoveries – Notable Caves*; Publication Process*;
    • Dead Sea Scrolls – Description of the Finds – Nomenclature for Scrolls*; Provenance**; Genres*;
    • Dead Sea Scrolls – Description of Important Texts – Biblical Texts**; Parabiblical Literature**; Commentaries**; Rules**; 4QMMT*; Texts Used in Worship**; Wisdom Texts*; Eschatological Texts*; Non-literary Texts*;
    • Dead Sea Scrolls – Brief History of the Qumran Community – Written Evidence*; Allusions to Historical Texts**; Physical Evidence**; The Essenes**; Early Reconstruction of the History**; Connecting the Essenes with the Site and the Scrolls**;
    • Dead Sea Scrolls – Significance – Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible**; Early Judaism**; Early Christianity**;
      • Dead Sea Scrolls – Significance – Early Christianity – Attitude to Scripture*; Sectarianism and Differentiation**; The Law*; Immersion for Purification*; Eschatology*; Son of Man*; Kingdom of God*; Miracles*; Mystery*; Dualism*; Devotion*; Leadership*; Community Property*; Women*; Melchizedek*; Calendar*; Ritual Meal*;
  • Deuteronomy
    – Name of the Book and Its Meaning*; Canonical Status and Location in Canon**; Authorship*; Dates of Composition and Historical Context**; Literary History**; Deuteronomy and Esarhaddon's Succession Treaty**; Structure and Contents***; Interpretation**; Reception History**;
    • Deuteronomy
      – Deuteronomy and Esarhaddon's Succession Treaty – Other Literary Influences*;
    • Deuteronomy
      – Structure and Contents – Deuteronomy and the Covenant Code***; The Decalogue**; Deuteronomy and the Status of Women**;
  • Didache – Name*; Canonical and/or Noncanonical Status*; Authorship and Date*; Edition, Translations, and Commentaries*; Structure and Contents*; Interpretations and Open Questions*; New Required Research*;

E

  • Ecclesiastes – Canonical Status and Location in Canon**; Authorship: Traditional and Modern Views**; Interpretation**; Structure and Contents***; Reception History**;
  • 1 Enoch
    – The Text of 1 Enoch and the Dead Sea Scrolls**; Authorship and the Figure of Enoch**; The “Book of the Watchers” (1 Enoch 1-36)***; The “Book of Parables” (1 Enoch 37-71)**; The “Book of the Luminaries” (1 Enoch 72-82)**; The “Dream Visions” (1 Enoch 83-90)**; The “Epistle of Enoch” (1 Enoch 92-105)**; The History of Traditions about 1 Enoch***;
  • Ephesians
    – Structure and Contents**; Setting and Purpose**; Authorship***; Theology**; Contribution*;
  • 1 Esdras – The Abrupt Opening and Ending*; Interpolation of the Story of the Youths in the Narrative of the Return**; A Mixture of Genres*; Juxtaposition of Alternative Narratives and Chronological Confusion*; Reordering the Narrative of the Return: Zerubbabel's Return History (Ezra 2:1-4:5//1 Esd 5:7-45) and the Complaint to Artaxerxes (Ezra 4:7-24//1 Esd. 2:15-25)**; The Reading of the Torah (Neh. 8:1-13//1 Esd. 9:36-55) and the Omission of Nehemiah's Memoirs**; First Esdras as a Whole – Title, Structure, and Concept*;
  • 2 Esdras – Canonicity*; Language, Date, and Provenance*; Form and Function***; Reception History*; Fifth Ezra and 6 Ezra*;
  • Additions to Esther
    – Canonical Status**; Authorship*; Date(s) of Composition and Historical Context(s)**; Literary History**; Structure and Contents**; Outline**; Interpretation**; Greek Additions to Esther: Structure and Contents**; Reception History*;
    • Additions to Esther
      – Greek Additions to Esther: Structure and Contents – Outline of the Greek Additions to Esther*; Discussion of the Greek Additions**;
  • Exodus – Canonical Status and Location in the Canon***; Authorship, Date, and Literary History***; Historical Context***; Structure and Contents**; Interpretation***; Reception History**;
    • Exodus – Canonical Status and Location in the Canon – Exodus and Deuteronomy*; Exodus and the Former Prophets**; Exodus and Genesis**;
    • Exodus – Authorship, Date, and Literary History – The Identification of the E Source*; The Identification of the J Source**; The P Literature**;
    • Exodus – Interpretation – The Setting**; The Characters**;
      • Exodus – Interpretation – The Characters – The Conflict**; The Journey*; The Revelation**; The Sanctuary*;
  • Ezekiel – Name of Book and Meaning**; Canonical Status and Location in Canon**; Authorship: Traditional and Modern*; Date(s) of Composition and Historical Context(s)**; Literary History**; Structure and Contents***; Interpretation***; Reception History**;
    • Ezekiel – Structure and Contents – I. Prophetic Call Narrative*; II. Prophecies of Judgment***; III.. Prophecies Against Foreign Nations**; IV. Prophecies of Salvation**;
  • Ezra and Nehemiah – Versions, Place in the Canons, and Date**; Content and Structure***; Scholarly Issues of Interpretation***; The Impact of Ezra/Nehemiah*; Scholarly Reception of Ezra-Nehemiah**;
    • Ezra and Nehemiah – Content and Structure – The Textualization of the Tradition**; The Community as the Chief Protagonist of the Reconstruction*; The Expansion of the “House of God” to Encompass the People and City, Not Only the Temple*; Structure*;
    • Ezra and Nehemiah – Scholarly Issues of Interpretation – How Authentic Are Ezra-Nehemiah's “Documents”?***; What Is the Compositional History of Ezra-Nehemiah?*; What Was the Relationship between Samaria and Yehud/Judah?*; What Was the Conflict with the People of the Land and the Crisis of “Mixed Marriages”?**; What Was Ezra's “Torah”?**;
      • Ezra and Nehemiah – Scholarly Issues of Interpretation – How Authentic Are Ezra-Nehemiah's “Documents”? - Royal Edicts and Correspondence*; Nehemiah Memoir*; Ezra Memoir and Ezra “Source”*; The Lists*;

G

  • Galatians – Date of Composition and Historical Context**; Structure and Contents**; Interpretation History**;
    • Galatians – Interpretation History – 1. The Antioch Incident*; 2. The Purpose and End of the Law**; 3. New Creation**;
  • Genesis – Name of Book*; Canonical Status and Location**; Structure and Contents***; Authorship of Genesis**; Dates of Composition, Historical Contexts, Literary History, and History in Genesis***; History of Interpretation***; Reception History**;
  • Gospels
    – Euaggelion as a Literary Designation**; The Diversity of Gospels***; Gospels by Analogy**; The Literary Character of Gospels***; Literary Relationships Among the Gospels***; Prospects*;
    • Gospels
      – The Diversity of Gospels – Narrative Gospels*; Passion Gospels*; Sayings Gospels*; Post-Resurrection Dialogues*; Theological Tractates*; Other Gospels*;
    • Gospels
      – Gospels by Analogy – Narrative Gospels*; Passion and Infancy Gospels*; Sayings Gospels**; Dialogue/Discourse Gospels*;
    • Gospels
      – The Literary Character of Gospels – Narrative Gospels***; Sayings Gospels**; Dialogue Gospels*;
    • Gospels
      – Literary Relationships Among the Gospels – The Synoptic Problem**; John and the Synoptics**; The Gospel of Thomas**; Jewish-Christian gospels*;

H

  • Habakkuk – Canonical Status*; Authorship*; Date**; Literary History**; Structure and Contents**; Interpretation**; Reception History**;
  • Haggai – Name*; Canonical Status and Location*; Authorship*; Date of Composition and Historical Context*; Literary History*; Structure and Contents*; Interpretation*; Reception History*;
  • Hebrews – Name*; Canonical Status*; Authorship**; Date and Historical Context**; Literary History*; Structure**; Interpretation**; Reception History**;
  • Hosea – Canonical Status and Location in Canon*; Authorship**; Date(s) of Composition and Historical Context(s)**; Literary History*; Textual Difficulties*; Structure*; Interpretation***; Reception History**;
    • Hosea – Interpretation – Interpretation of Hosea 1-3***; Interpretations of the Book of Hosea**; Hosea as Literature**;

I

  • Ignatius, Letters of or Letters of Ignatius – Manuscripts and Authenticity**; Major Themes of the Letters**; Major Scholarly Debates**; Other Matters*;
    • Ignatius, Letters of or Letters of Ignatius – Major Themes of the Letters – Discipleship and Martyrdom**; Unity and Schism**; Jewish/Gentile Relations*;
    • Ignatius, Letters of or Letters of Ignatius – Major Scholarly Debates – Situation Reflected: Antioch or Western Asia Minor?*; Situation in Antioch*; Opponents*;
  • Isaiah – Chapters 1-39***; Chapters 40-66***; The Formation of the Book (with Special Reference to Chapters 1-2 and 32-29)***; Literary Features**; Major Theological Themes***; Reception History***;
    • Isaiah – Chapters 1-39 – Isaiah 1-2 as Overtures*; Isaiah 3-5 and the Social Background**; Isaiah 6-8 and Isaiah's Prophetic Biography**; Isaiah 9 and the Fall of Samaria*; Isaiah 10, 28-31 and the Siege of Sennacherib**; Isaiah (;1-6 and Isaiah 11-12: Royal Announcements**; Isaiah 13-23: Oracles Against the Nations***; Isaiah 24-27**;
    • Isaiah – Chapters 40-66 – Isaiah 40-48: Between Babylon and Persia**; The Servant and the Servants**; Isaiah 56-66: New Grace and New Judgment**;

J

  • James – Authorship**; Date and Historical Context**; Literary Genre*; Structure and Contents*; Interpretation**; Reception History*;
  • Jeremiah – Background Information**; Literary History**; Structure and Contents***; Interpretation**; Reception History**;
    • Jeremiah – Interpretation – 1:1-3 Historical Superscription*; 1:4-19 Jeremiah's Commission and Inaugural Visions**; 2:1-10:25 Oracles of Warning to Jerusalem**; 11:1-20:18 Prophetic Laments and Sign-Acts**; 21:1-29:32 Against the Jerusalem Leadership***; 30:1-31:40 The Book of Consolation**; 32:1 -45:5 Struggles for Political Authority**; 46:1-51:64 The Routing of Judah's Enemies**; 52:1-34 The Destruction of Jerusalem*;
  • Jeremiah, Letter of or Letter of Jeremiah – Authorship, Date, and Language*; Genre, Contents, and Interpretation**;
  • Job
    – Authorship, Date, and Context**; Literary History***; Outline*; Structure and Contents***; Interpretation***; Reception***;
    • Job
      – Structure and Contents – The Prologue**; The Wisdom Dialogue**; The Wisdom Poem*; Job's Final Defense**; Elihu's Speeches*; The Divine Speeches**; The Epilogue*;
    • Job
      – Interpretation – The Prologue: A Critique of Fear**; The Wisdom Dialogue: The Clash of Incommensurable Perspectives**; Jobs 28: Wisdom as the Missing Piece*; The Divine Speeches**;
  • Joel – Canon and Text*; Joel, Person and Name*; Structure and Contents**; Interpretative Questions**; Subsequent Influence*;
    • Joel – Structure and Contents – Calls to Respond to Disasters: Joel 1:2-13*; Prophetic Responses: Joel 1:15-20*; Invaders Revisited: Joel 2:1-11*; Prophetic Address: Joel 2:12-17*; God's Answer: Joel 2:18-27*; Universal Prophecy: Joel 2:28-32 (Joel 3)*; The Final Battle: Joel 3:1-21 (Heb. 4:1-21)*;
  • Gospel according to John
    – Canonical Status and Location in Canon*; Authorship**; Date(s) of Composition and Historical Contexts(s)**; Literary History**; Outline**; Interpretation***; Reception History**;
    • Gospel according to John
      – Interpretation – The Prologue as Conclusion (1:1-18)**; Seeking and Finding Community (1:19-51)*; The Wedding Motif from Cana to Cana (2:1-4:54)**; Claiming Moses and Fulfilling Feasts (5:1-10:21)**; From Bethany to Bethany: The Temple Resolved (10:22-12:11)**; The Passion Week: The New Community as the Beloved Spouse (12:12-20:31)**; “That You Might Continue to Believe”: The Living Bridegroom (20:1-31)*; The Epilogue: The Community Moves Forward (21:1-25)*;
  • 1, 2, and 3 John – Dating and Sequence**; Composition and Structure*; Purpose of Writing*; Historical Context**; Audience and Authorship**; Reception and Influence*;
  • Jonah – Structure and Contents**; Interpretation and Reception**;
    • Jonah – Structure and Contents – Inner-Biblical Allusions in Jonah*; Humor in Jonah*;
    • Jonah – Interpretation and Reception – Theology and Justice**;
  • Joseph and Aseneth – Contents**; Interpretation*; History of Scholarship**;
  • Joshua – Authorship and Literary Affiliation**; Canonical Status and Location in Canon**; Structure and Content***; Interpretation**; Historical Context**; Reception History**;
  • Jubilees
    – Jubilee's Reworking of the Biblical Text***; Jubilee's Responses to the Hellenistic-[Jewish] Context**; Jubilean Halakah**; Unity of the Book**; Author and Date**; Text History**;
    • Jubilees
      – Jubilee's Reworking of the Biblical Text – Contemporary Cultural Influences*; Halakah*; Apocalyptic Features*; Alterations to Biblical Scenes and Characterizations**; Poetics*; Distrinctive Features of Jubilees*;
    • Jubilees
      – Author and Date – The Argument for Qumranic Provenance**;
    • Jubilees
      – Text History – Literary Echoes**; Status at Qumran and Elsewhere**;
  • Jude – Canonical Status*; Authorship*; Date and Context*; Literary History*; Structure and Contents*; Interpretation**; Reception History*;
  • Judges – Title*; Date*; Place in Canon*; Authorship*; Dates of Composition and Historical Context***; Literary History**; Structure and Contents***; Interpretation History**; Reception History**;
    • Judges – Literary History – The Book of Rescuers (Judg. 3:12-8:28)*; “Chapter Two” of the Deuteronomic History (Judg. 2:6-16:11)*; The Scroll of Judges (Judg. 1-21)*;
    • Judges – Structure and Contents – A. The Introductory Section (Judg. 1:1-2:5)*; B. The Heroic Anthology (Judg. 2:6-16:31)***; C. The Concluding Section (Judg. 17:1-21:25)**;

K

  • 1 and 2 Kings
    – Name, Place in Canon*; Authorship***; Contents and Structure***;
    • 1 and 2 Kings
      – Contents and Structure – The Reign of Solomon (1 Kings 1-11)**; The Separate Histories of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah until the Fall of Israel (1 Kings 12-2 Kings 17)**; The Kingdom of Judah until its Fall (2 Kgs 18-25)**; Chronology***; Historicity*; Language and Style**; Reception and History**;
      • 1 and 2 Kings
        – Contents and Structure – The Reign of Solomon (1 Kings 1-11) – Sources*; Perspective*; Contents*;
      • 1 and 2 Kings
        – Contents and Structure – The Separate Histories of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah until the Fall of Israel (1 Kings 12-2 Kings 17) – The Kingdom of Israel***; The Kingdom of Judah**;
        • 1 and 2 Kings
          – Contents and Structure – The Separate Histories of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah until the Fall of Israel (1 Kings 12-2 Kings 17) – The Kingdom of Israel – Sources*; Perspective**; Contents***;
        • 1 and 2 Kings
          – Contents and Structure – The Separate Histories of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah until the Fall of Israel (1 Kings 12-2 Kings 17) – The Kingdom of Judah – Sources*; Perspective*; Contents**;
      • 1 and 2 Kings
        – Contents and Structure – The Kingdom of Judah until its Fall (2 kgs 18-25) – Sources*; Perspective*; Contents**;

L

  • Lamentations
    – Location in Canon*; Authorship**; Dates of Composition and Historical Context**; Textual History*; Genre*; Poetry and Major Themes*; Structure, Contents, and Interpretation***; Reception History*;
    • Lamentations
      – Structure, Contents, and Interpretation – Lamentations 1-2*; Lamentations 3*; Lamentations 4*; Lamentations 5*;
  • Letters – Epigraphic Letters**; Writing and Delivering a Letter**; Literacy*; Dictation, Transport, and Delivery**; Terminology**; Form**; Letters in the Hebrew Bible**; Greco-Roman Letters**; Letters in the New Testament**; Letters in the Apocrypha**; Additional Literary Sources*; The Literary Use of Letters*;
    • Letters – Epigraphic Letters – Arad*; Lachish*; Other Hebrew Sources from the Biblical Period*; Elephantine*; Postbiblical Letters**;
      • Letters – Epigraphic Letters – Postbiblical Letters – Qumran*; Masada*; Bar Kochba*;
    • Letters – Writing and Delivering a Letter – Papyrus**; Leather*; Pottery (Ostraca)*; Other Materials*; Inks*;
    • Letters – Form – A. Initial Address*; B. Initial Greeting**; C. Body*; D-F. Concluding Formulas*; G. Outside Address*; Example of an Epigraphic Letter*;
    • Letters – Letters in the Hebrew Bible – Definite References to Letters*; The Aramaic Letters in Ezra*; Probable Letters*; Questionable Cases*; Generically Marginal or Mixed Cases*;
    • Letters – Greco-Roman Letters – Form**;
    • Letters – Letters in the New Testament – Greco-Roman Rhetoric and the New Testament Letters**; Greco-Roman and Near Eastern Letters**; Pseudonymity**;
  • Leviticus
    – Authorship, Date, and Literary History**; Historical Context**; Structure and Contents**; Outline*; Interpretation**; Reception History**;
    • Leviticus
      – Interpretation – Sacrifice**; Holiness and Commonness**; Purity and Impurity**; Priestly Outlook**;
  • Lost Books – Sacred Writings and Canon*; Lost Books***; Other Christian Books*; Assessment**;
    • Lost Books – Lost Books – Books Mentioned in the Hebrew Bible***; Books Mentioned in the New Testament**;
      • Lost Books – Lost Books – Books Mentioned in the Hebrew Bible – Book of the Wars of the Lord (Num. 21:14)*; Book of Jaschar*; Annals of the Kings of Israel and Judah*; Book of Acts of Solomon (1 Kgs. 11:41)*; Chronicles*; Books Attributed to Prophets*; Laments*; Other Books*;
      • Lost Books – Lost Books – Books Mentioned in the New Testament – Gospels*; Letters Attributed to Paul**; Acts 19:19*; Agrapha*;
  • Gospel According to Luke
    – Manuscript Evidence and Earliest Attestation**; Attestation*; Authorship**; Date*; Location and Audience*; Sources**; Structure and Genre**; Interpretation***; Reception History**;
    • Gospel According to Luke
      – Interpretation – Salvation History**; Rich and Poor in Luke**; Women in Luke**; Luke and Judaism**;

M

  • 1 Maccabees – The Name of 1 Maccabees**; The Canonical Status of 1 Maccabees**; Authorship**; Date of Composition and Historical Context**; Literary History**; The Relationship Between 1, 2, 3 and 4 Maccabees*; Structure and Contents***; Interpretation**; Reception History***;
    • 1 Maccabees – Structure and Contents – Section 1 (chs. 1-2)*; Section 2 (chs. 3:1-9:22)**; Section 3 (chs. 9:23-16:24)**;
  • 2 Maccabees – Canonical Status**; Authorship*; Setting of the Epitomist*; Date and Historical Context**; Structure and Contents**; Literary History**; Interpretation**; Jewish and Christian Reinterpretations**; Later Reception History**;
  • 3 Maccabees – Authorship, Origins, and Date**; Historicizing Fiction**; Religious and Cultural Significance**; Transmission History*;
  • 4 Maccabees – Canonical Status and Location in Canon*; Authorship*; Date of Composition and Historical Context*; Literary History*; Structure and Contents**; Interpretation**; Reception History*;
  • Malachi – Name*; Canonical Status and Location**; Authorship**; Date of Composition and Historical Context**; Literary History*; Structure and Contents**; Interpretation**; Reception History**;
  • Gospel According to Mark
    – Canonical Status and Location*; Authorship**; Date of Composition and Historical Context***; Literary History**; Structure and Contents***; Interpretation*; Reception History**;
    • Gospel According to Mark
      – Structure and Contents – 1. The Coming Kingdom of God*; 2. Jesus's Christological Identity**; 3. The Incomprehension of the Disciples*;
  • Mary, Gospel of or Gospel of Mary – The Title of the Gospel*; Attestation, Date, and Authorship**; Structure, Contents, and Interpretation**; Reception History*;
  • Gospel According to Matthew
    – Canonical Status and Location in Canon**; Authorship**; Date of Composition and Historical Context**; Literary History**; Structure and Contents***; Interpretation**; Reception History**;
    • Gospel According to Matthew
      – Structure and Contents – Introduction, Part 1: The Infancy Narrative (1:1-2:23)*; Introduction, Part II: Prologue to Jesus' Ministry (3:1-4:25)*; First Discourse: The Sermon on the Mount (5:1-7:29)*; Narrative Section: Healings and Miracles (8:1-(;38)**; Second Discourse: On the Mission of the Twelve (10:1-42)**; Narrative Section: Growing Tensions and Conflicts (11:1-12:50)**; Third Discourse: Parables About the Kingdom of Heaven (13:1-52)**; Narrative Section: Messianic Claims and the Demands of Discipleship (13:53-17:27)**; Fourth Discourse: Rules for the Members of the Ekklēsia (18:1-35)**; Narrative Section: Teaching, Healing, and Conflict in Judea and Jerusalem (19:1-24:2)**; Fifth Discourse: The End of Time and the Final Judgment (24:3-25:46)**; The Passion and Resurrection: Narrative (26:1-28:20)**;
  • Micah – Background Information*; Literary History**; Structure and Contents**; Interpretation***; Reception History**;
    • Micah – Interpretation – Micah 1**; Micah 2**; Micah 3*; Micah 4*; Micah 5*; Micah 6*; Micah 7*;

N

  • Nag Hammadi Library
    – Discoveries***; Nag Hammadi Archaeology**; Texts from the Nag Hammadi Library and Related Codices***; The Impact of the Nag Hammadi Library and Other Codices**;
    • Nag Hammadi Library
      – Discoveries – The Discovery of the Nag Hammadi Library according to Jean Doresse*; The Nag Hammadi Discovery According to James M. Robinson**; The Discovery of Berlin Gnostic Codex 8502*; The Discovery of Codex Tchacos*;
    • Nag Hammadi Library
      – Nag Hammadi Archaeology – Archaeology at the Jabal al-Tarif and Pbow**; Archaeological and Historical Investigation in the Nag Hammadi Region*;
    • Nag Hammadi Library
      – Texts from the Nag Hammadi Library and Related Codices – Gnostic Texts***;
      • Nag Hammadi Library
        – Texts from the Nag Hammadi Library and Related Codices – Gnostic Texts – Thomas Christianity**; Sethian Gnostic Thought***; Texts of Hermetic Religion and Other Texts**;
  • Nahum – Authorship*; Contents and Structure*; Date**; Literary Issues**; Interpretation**; Reception History**;
    • Nahum – Literary Issues – Genre*; Nahum as Poet*; Nahum in the Wider Literary Context**;
  • Numbers – Canonical Status and Location in Canon*; Contents and Structure of the Final Composition*; Authorship**; Dates of Composition and Historical Contexts***; Interpretation**; Reception History*;

O

  • Obadiah – Content and Interpretation**;

P

  • Letters of Paul
    – Authorship and Pseudonymity**; History of Modern Research – Trends and Developments**; The Authentic Letters***; The Disputed Letters***; The Pseudonymous Letters**;
    • Letters of Paul
      – The Authentic Letters – Romans**; First Corinthians**; Second Corinthians**; Galatians**; Philippians**; First Thessalonians**; Philemon**;
    • Letters of Paul
      – The Disputed Letters – Ephesians**; Colossians**; Second Thessalonians**;
    • Letters of Paul
      – The Pseudonmyous Letters – The Pastoral Letters (1 and 2 Timothy, Titus)**;
  • Paul and Thecla, Acts of or Acts of Paul and Thecla – Relation to Canonical Books**; Authorship, Date of Composition, and Historical Context*; Literary History**; Contents**;
  • Pesharim
    - “Continuous Pesharim”**; “Thematic” Pesharim**; Other Occurrences of the Word “Pesher” and Commentaries*;
  • Peshitta and Other Syriac Versions – Name*; Origin and Dating of the Old Testament Peshitta**; Origin and Dating of the New Testament Peshitta*; Extent of the Peshitta*; Scholarly Significance of the Old Testament Peshitta**; Scholarly Significance of the New Testament Peshitta*; Other Syriac Versions of the Old Testament*; Other Syriac Versions of the New Testament*; Editions and Translations of the Old Testament Peshitta**; Editions and Translations of the New Testament Peshitta*; Legacy: The Bible of the Syriac Churches*;
  • 1 Peter
    – Canonical Status*; Authorship*; Date and Place of Composition*; Literary History*; Structure and Contents*; Interpretation**;
  • 2 Peter
    – Canonical Status*; Authorship*; Date and Context*; Literary History*; Structure and Contents*; Interpretation**; Reception History*;
  • Philemon – The Traditional Interpretation: Onesimus as a Runaway Slave from Colossae*; The Traditional Interpretation Adapted: Onesimus as Bishop of Ephesus*; The Traditional Interpretation Challenged: Reassessing Onesimus**; The Enduring Appeal of Philemon*;
  • Philip, Gospel of or Gospel of Philip – Location in Early Christianity**; Theological Ideas**; Key Figures**; Significance*;
  • Philippians
    – Canonical Status*; Authorship*; Date(s) of Composition and Historical Contexts**; Literary History**; Structure and Contents**; Interpretation**; Reception History*;
  • Acts of Pilate
    – The Ancient Form of the Acts of Pilate**; The Middle Ages**;
    • Acts of Pilate
      – The Ancient Form of the Acts of Pilate – Manuscript Tradition*; Contents**; A Consistent Account?*; Dating*; Milieu of Origin*;
    • Acts of Pilate
      – The Middle Ages – Contents*; Literary Descendants*; Canonicity*; Artistic Reception*; Related Works*;
  • Prayers and Hymns – Categorizing Prayers and Hymns*; Prayers and Hymns in Narrative Contexts in the Hebrew Bible***; Prayers and Hymns as Sources for the Reconstruction of Liturgical Practices of Jews and Early Christians***;
    • Prayers and Hymns – Prayers and Hymns as Sources for the Reconstruction of Liturgical Practices of Jews and Early Christians – Prayers and Hymns from the Dead Sea Scrolls**; Prayers and Hymns from the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha**; Prayers and Hymns in Early Christian Writings**;
  • Proverbs
    – Canonical Status and Location*; Authorship*; Dates of Composition and Historical Context(s)**; Literary History**; Structure and Contents**; Interpretation**; Reception History**;
    • Proverbs
      – Structure and Contents – Proverbs 1-9: “The Proverbs of Solomon”*; Proverbs 10:1-22:16: “The Proverbs of Solomon,” Part 2*; Proverbs 22:17-24:22: “The Words of the Wise”*; Proverbs 24:23-34*; Proverbs 25-29*; Proverbs 30: “The Words of Agur, Son of Jakeh”*; Proverbs 31: “The Words of King Lemuel”*;
  • Psalms – Position in the Canon*; Authorship**; Structure and Compilation of the Book**; Rubrics and Technical Terms Used in the Book***; Literary History***; Interpretation***;
    • Psalms – Rubrics and Technical Terms Used in the Book – Authorial or Pseudepigraphal Headings*; Historical Headings*; Genre Headings**; Headings for Liturgical Occasions*; Musical Headings*; Instructional Headings*; Hallelujah*; Technical Terms inside Psalms*;
    • Psalms – Literary History – Gunkel's Basic Categories***; A Puzzling Problem**; Post-Gunkel Approaches***;
  • Pseudepigrapha – The Term and the Collection**; Jewish or Christian Origin?**; Survey of Pseudepigrapha***; The Significance of the Pseudepigrapha**;
    • Pseudepigrapha – Survey of Pseudepigrapha – Revisions and Expansions of Biblical Material***; Apocalypses***; Testamentary Literature***; Apologetic, Wisdom, and Philosophical Texts**; Edifying Tales and Romances**; Liturgical Texts**;

R

  • Rabbinic Literature
    – Introduction***; Hebrew Bible and Jewish Scriptures***; New Testament***;
    • Rabbinic Literature
      – Introduction – The Documents of Rabbinic Literature**; The Mishnah**; The Post-Mithnaic Legal Literature: The Tosefta and Talmuds**; Scripture and the Exegetical Tradition of the Written Torah**; The Midrashic Compilations*; Genesis Rabbah*; Leviticus Rabbah*; Pesiqta de Rab Kahana*; Song of Songs Rabbah*; Ruth Rabbah*; Lamentations Rabbah (also called Eikha Rabbati)*; The Rabbinic Literature as Oral Torah**;
    • Rabbinic Literature
      – Hebrew Bible and Jewish Scriptures – The Rabbinic “Canon” of the Bible**; Readings from the Bible in the Synagogue in Rabbinic Times*; Oral Torah*; Rabbinic Interpretation of Scripture***; Rabbinic Hermeneutics and Hellenistic Parallels**;
      • Rabbinic Literature
        – Hebrew Bible and Jewish Scriptures – Rabbinic Interpretation of Scripture – The Form “Midrash”**; Targum*; The Rabbinic View of the Bible and Its Effect on the Nature of Midrash*; Prerabbinic Forms of Midrash\?*; The Three-part Tanak and Some Formal Characteristics of Rabbinic Midrash*; The Origins and Many Purposes of Midrash**; Midrash Halakah and Midrash Haggadah**; Rabbinic and Patristic Interpretations of Scripture: Schools, Common Features, and the Question of Interaction**;
      • Rabbinic Literature
        – Hebrew Bible and Jewish Scriptures – Rabbinic Hermeneutics and Hellenistic Parallels – The Seven Rules of Hillel and the Thirteen Rules of Rabbi Ishmael**; The Methods of Midrash Haggadah*;
    • Rabbinic Literature
      – New Testament – Methodology***; Jewish Law before the Halakah**; Exegetical Principles**; Midrashic Parallels**; Anti-Christian Polemic**;
      • Rabbinic Literature
        – New Testament – Methodology – Recent Developments**;
  • Revelation – Canonical Status and Location in Canon*; Traditional and Modern Authorship*; Date of Composition and Historical Context***; Structure and Contents*; Interpretation***; Reception History***;
    • Revelation – Interpretation – Title, Epistolatory Opening, and Introduction to the Visions (1:1-8)*; Vision of a “Son of Man” and the Messages of the Seven Churches (1:9-3:22)*; Vision of the Heavenly Throne Room and the Seven Seals (4:1-8:5)**; The Seven Trumpets (8:6-11:19)**; Unnumbered Visions of Conflict, Deliverance, and Judgment (12:1-15:4)**; Seven Bowls (15:5-16:21)*; Vision of the Fall of Babylon (17:1-19:10)**; Unnumbered Visions Cataloging God's Defeat of His Enemies (19:11-21:8)**; Vision of the New Jerusalem (21:9-22:7)*; Epilogue and Epistolary Closing (22:8-21)**;
  • Romans – Authorship and Integrity of the Letter*; Historical Context**; Occasion and Purpose**; Audience*; Structure of the Letter**; Interpretation**; Reception**;
  • Ruth – Names**; Location in the Canon and Textual Evidence*; Author**; Historical Context and Date of Composition**; Structure and Contents**; Reception History**;

S

  • Samaritan Pentateuch – Qumran and the SP*; The Character of the SP***;
  • 1 and 2 Samuel
    – Canonical Status**; Authorship**; Date of Composition and Historical Context**; Literary History***; Structure and Contents***; Interpretation**; Reception History***;
    • 1 and 2 Samuel
      – Structure and Contents – Outline*; Samuel**; Saul**; David**; Women**;
  • Septaugint and Other Ancient Greek Translations – Name and Nature*; Scope*; Sequence of the Books**; Original Form, Jewish Background, Place, and Date**; Evidence**; Editions*; Auxiliary Tools*; Exegesis**; Translation Technique*; Retroversion of the Parent Text*; Hebrew Source of the LXX**; Greek and Hebrew Scrolls from the Judean Desert**; Revisions of the Septaugint**; The Greek Versions and Christianity**;
  • Shepherd of Hermas
    – Canonical Status*; Authorship and Date**; Genre, Structure, and Contents**; Interpretation**;
  • Sirach
    – Name of the Book*; Canonical Status**; Authorship*; Date and Historical Context***; Textual and Literary History**; Structure and Contents**; Interpretation**; Reception History*;
  • Song of Solomon
    – Canonical Status and Location in Canon*; Authorship, Date of Composition, and Historical Context**; Structure and Contents**; Interpretation**; Reception History**;

T

  • Targumim
    – The Origin of Targumim*; Early Written Targumim**; Texts***; Chief Targumic Themes**; Genres**; Connections of Targums with Other Topics**;
    • Targumim
      – Texts – The Pentateuch***; The Prophets**; The Writings**;
      • Targumim
        – Texts – The Pentateuch – Onkelos**; The Palestinian Targums*; Pseudo-Jonathan**; The Cairo Genizah Fragments of the Palestinian Targum**; The Fragment Targums of the Pentateuch**; Codex Neofiti 1**; Palestinian Targumic Toseftot*; Liturgical Palestinian Targum-Inspired Poems*;
      • Targumim
        – Texts – The Prophets – Jonathan*; Targum Prophets Toseftot*;
      • Targumim
        – Texts – The Writings – Job*; Psalms*; Proverbs*; Lamentations**; Canticles**; Ruth*; Qohelet*; Esther*; Chronicles*;
    • Targumim
      – Connections of Targums with Other Topics – The Syriac Pentateuch and the Targumim*; Targumim: Interpretative Tradition. Origin in Synagogue or School?*; Targumim and New Testament*; Tell-like Structure of our Present Targumim*;
  • Testaments – The Testament of Moses**; The Vision of Amram**; The Testament of Job**; The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs**; Other “Testamentary” Literature**; Reception History*;
    • Testaments – The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs – Original Language and Textual Witnesses*; Date, Provenance, and Authorship***; Form, Content, and Function***;
  • Text Criticism – Hebrew Bible***; Apocrypha***; New Testament***;
    • Text Criticism – Hebrew Bible – The Hebrew Text***; The Septaugint and Its Versions***; Other Versions of the Hebrew Text***;
      • Text Criticism – Hebrew Bible – The Hebrew Text – The Masoretic Text (MT)**; The Samaritan Pentateuch (SP)**; The Qumran Scrolls**;
      • Text Criticism – Hebrew Bible – The Septaugint and Its Versions – The Septaugint (LXX)***; The Old Latin (OL)**; The Syro-Hexapla**;
      • Text Criticism – Hebrew Bible – Other Versions of the Hebrew Text – The Targumim**; Peshitta**; The Vulgate**;
    • Text Criticism – Apocrypha – Modern Study**; Aims*; Greek Compositions**; Books Translated from Semitic Originals***; Books Whose Original Language Is Uncertain**; Reception History**;
      • Text Criticism – Apocrypha – Greek Compositions - Maccabees*; Baruch*; Wisdom of Solomon*; Esther*; Prayer of Manasseh*;
      • Text Criticism – Apocrypha – Books Translated from Semitic Originals – Tobit*; Additions to Esther*; Sirach**; First Maccabees*; First-Second Esdras*; Additions to Daniel*; Psalm 151*;
      • Text Criticism – Apocrypha – Books Whose Original Language Is Uncertain – Judith*; Letter of Jeremiah*; Psalms of Solomon*;
    • Text Criticism – New Testament – Terminology*; Witnesses**; History of Editions***; Principles of Criticism**; Illustrative Variants**;
      • Text Criticism – New Testament – Witnesses – Greek Manuscripts**; Early Versions**; Patristic Citations**;
        • Text Criticism – New Testament – Witnesses – Greek Manuscripts – Papyri (127)**; Majuscules (321)**; Miniscules (2907)**; Lectionaries (2450)*;
          • Text Criticism – New Testament – Witnesses – Greek Manuscripts – Papyri (127) – P45*; P46*; P47*; P52*; P66*; P72*; P75*;
          • Text Criticism – New Testament – Witnesses – Greek Manuscripts – Majuscules (321) - א

(01) or Codex Sinaiticus*; A (02) or Codex Alexandrinus*; B (03) or Codex Vaticanus*; C (04) or Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus*; D (05) or Codex Bezae*; D (06) or Codex Claromontanus*; F (010) or Codex Augiensis*; G (012) or Codex Boernerianus*; L (019) or Codex Regius*; W (032)*; Δ (037)*; Θ (038) or the Koridethi Gospels*; 046*;

          • Text Criticism – New Testament – Witnesses – Greek Manuscripts – Miniscules (2907) – 1*; 13*; 28*; 33*; 81*; 383*; 565*; 579*; 614*; 700*; 892*; 1241*; 1424*; 1739*; 2053*; 2344*;
        • Text Criticism – New Testament – Witnesses – Early Versions – Latin (latt)*; Syriac*; Coptic (co)*; Armenian (arm)*; Gothic (got)*; Ethiopic (aeth)*; Georgian (geo)*; Old Church Slavonic (slav)*;
      • Text Criticism – New Testament - Principles of Criticism – External*; Internal**;
      • Text Criticism – New Testament - Illustrative Variants – Mark 10:7*; Mark 16:9-20*; John 1:18*; John &;53-8:11*; Romans 5:1*; First Timothy 3:16**;
  • 1 Thessalonians
    – Canonical Status and Location*; Authorship*; Date of Composition and Literary Context*; Literary History*; Structure and Contents*; Interpretation**; Reception**;
  • 2 Thessalonians
    – Content and Structure**; Literary Relationship Between 1 and 2 Thessalonians**; Authorship and Date of Composition**;
    • 2 Thessalonians
      – Content and Structure – Exordion (1:1-12)*; Partitio (2:1-2)*; Probation (2:3-3:5)*; Exhortatio (3_6-15)*; Peroratio (3:16-18)*;
    • 2 Thessalonians
      – Authorship and Date of Composition – Arguments for Pseudonymity**; Argumkents for Authenticity**;
      • 2 Thessalonians
        – Authorship and Date of Composition – Arguments for Pseudonymity – Literary Dependence*; Contradictory Eschatological Discourses**; The Lack of Personal References*; The References to Forgery in 2 Thess. 2:2 and 3:27*;
  • Thomas, Gospel of or Gospel of Thomas – The Gospel of Thomas in Early Christianity**; Authorship and Place of Origin**; Structure and Organization**; Sources of the Gospel**; Principal Themes*; Debates within the Text*; Difficulties of Interpretation**; The Dependence or Independence Debate**; The Thomasine Community**;
  • 1 Timothy
    – Authorship and Genre**; Context*; Audience, Contents, and Interpretation**;
  • Tobit – Date and Place of Composition*; Text**; Literary Character**; Original Language*; Sources*; Main Themes*; Reception History**;
    • Tobit – Literary Character – Tobit and Reader Engagement**;
  • English Translations
    – Versions before 1611***; 1611: Authorized (King James) Version and Its Revisions***; An Overview of Modern Versions***; Modern Pioneers**; Translation Theory and Bible Translation**;
    • English Translations
      – Versions before 1611 – The Wycliffe Bible**; Tyndale's Version (New Testament; 1526-1534)**; The Coverdale Bible (1535)*; The Matthew's Bible (1537)*; The Taverner's Bible (1539)*; The Great Bible (1539)*; The Geneva Bible (1560)*; The Bishop's Bible (1568)*; The Rheims-Douay Bible, or Douay-Rheims Bible (1582-1609)**;
    • English Translations
      – Authorized (King James) Version and Its Revisions – The Authorized (King James) Version (1611)**; The Revised Version (1885)**; The American Standard Version (1901)*; The Revised Standard Version (1952)*; The New American Standard Bible (1971)*; The New King James Version (1982)*; The New Revised Standard Version (1989)*;
    • English Translations
      – An Overview of Modern Versions – A New Translation of the Bible (1926-1955) by James Moffatt*; An American Translation (1927) by Smith and Goodspeed*; The New Testament in Modern English (1958) by J. R. Phillips*; The Jerusalem Bible (1966)*; The New English Bible (1970)*; The New American Bible (1970)*; The Good News Translation (1976)*; The New International Version (1978)*; Tanakh: The Holy Scriptures (1985)*; The New Testament and Psalms: An Inclusive Version (1995)*; The New Living Translation (1996)*; The English Standard Version (2001)*; The NET Bible (2005-print edition)*; The Contemporary Torah: A Gender-Sensitive Adaptation of the JPS Translation (2006)*; Common English Bible (2011)*;
    • English Translations
      – Modern Pioneers – The Five Books of Moses: A New Translation with Introductions, Commentary and Notes (1995); Give Us a King!: Samuel, Saul, and David (1999) by Everett Fox*; The David Story: 1 and 2 Samuel (1999); The Five Books of Moses (2004); The Book of Psalms (2007); The Wisdom Books: Job, Proverbs, and Ecclesiastes (2010) by Robert Alter*; Restored New Testament: A New Translation with Commentary, Including the Gnostic Gospels Thomas, Mary, and Judas (2009) by Willis Barnstone*;

V

W

  • Wisdom of Solomon
    – Contents and Structure**; Language, Provenance, and Date**; Genre and Purpose**; Theology**; Formative Influences**; Text and Versions*; Reception and Canonical Status**;

Z

  • Zechariah – Name*; Canonical Status and Location*; Authorship*; Date of Composition and Historical Context**; Literary History**; Structure and Contents**; Interpretation**; Reception History**;
  • Zephaniah – Location in Canon*; Textual Evidence*; Historical Context**; Contents and Structure*; Reception History*;
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