User:Rohith1111/sandbox
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1282–1799 1799–1816 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Coat of arms under the Aragonese Regime
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Charles I (first) | |||||||||||||||||||||
• 1815–1816 | Ferdinand IV (last) | ||||||||||||||||||||
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History | |||||||||||||||||||||
• Neapolitan rebellion | 7 July 1647 | ||||||||||||||||||||
7 March 1714 | |||||||||||||||||||||
10 March 1806 | |||||||||||||||||||||
8 December 1816 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Population | |||||||||||||||||||||
• Estimate | 5,000,000 in the 19th century | ||||||||||||||||||||
Currency | Tarì, Tornesel, Ducat, Neapolitan lira, Cavallo | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Today part of | Italy |
The Kingdom of Naples (
Nomenclature
The term "Kingdom of Naples" is in near universal use among historians, but it was not used officially by the government. Since the Angevins remained in power on the Italian peninsula, they kept the original name of the Kingdom of Sicily (regnum Siciliae). At the end of the War of the Vespers, the Peace of Caltabellotta (1302) provided that the name of the island kingdom would be Trinacria (regnum Trinacriae). However, this usage did not become established, and the island kingdom became known as the Kingdom of Sicily.
In the late Middle Ages, it was common to distinguish the two Sicilies by noting its location relative to the rest of Italy and the
By the late Middle Ages, the Kingdom of Sicily citra Farum had become known colloquially as the Kingdom of Naples (regnum Neapolitanum or regno di Napoli). It was sometimes even called the regno di Puglia, the kingdom of Apulia. In the 18th century, the Neapolitan intellectual Giuseppe Maria Galanti argued that Apulia was the true "national" name of the kingdom. By the time of Alfonso the Magnanimous, the two kingdoms were sufficiently distinct that they were no longer seen as divisions of a single kingdom. Despite being repeatedly in personal union, they remained administratively separate. In 1816, the two kingdoms finally merged to form the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.[2]
History
Background
The Normans were the first to bring political unity to southern Italy in the centuries after the failure of the Byzantine effort to reconquer Italy. The Normans established a kingdom that included southern mainland Italy and the island of Sicily that was primarily ruled from Palermo. After Constance, Queen of Sicily married the Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor, the region was inherited by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor as King of Sicily. The region that later became the separate Kingdom of Naples under the Angevins formed part of the Kingdom of Sicily which included the island of Sicily and Apulia. The Hohenstaufen's were also Holy Roman Emperors during this period.[1]
Angevin dynasty
Following the rebellion in 1282, King
Charles and his
Queen Joan I also played a part in the ultimate demise of the first Kingdom of Naples. As she was childless, she adopted
The two competing Angevin lines contested each other for the possession of the Kingdom of Naples over the following decades. In 1389
René of Anjou temporarily united the claims of junior and senior Angevin lines. In 1442, however, Alfonso V conquered the Kingdom of Naples and unified Sicily and Naples once again as dependencies of Aragon. At his death in 1458, the War of the Neapolitan Succession (1458–1462) erupted, after which the kingdom was again separated and Naples was inherited by Ferrante, Alfonso's illegitimate son.
Aragonese dynasty
When Ferrante died in 1494, Charles VIII of France invaded Italy, using as a pretext the Angevin claim to the throne of Naples, which his father had inherited on the death of King René's nephew in 1481. This began the Italian Wars.
Charles VIII expelled
Charles VIII's successor,
The Spanish troops occupying
The kingdom continued as a focus of dispute between France and Spain for the next several decades, but French efforts to gain control of it became feebler as the decades went on, and never genuinely endangered Spanish control.
The French finally abandoned their claims to Naples by the
In the Treaty of London (1557), five cities on coast of Tuscany were designated the Stato dei Presidi (State of the Presidi), and part of the Kingdom of Naples.
Spanish rule under the Habsburgs and Bourbons
After the
Being a member of the
Napoleonic kingdom
Ferdinand's decision to ally with the
Meanwhile, Ferdinand had fled to Sicily, where he retained his throne, despite successive attempts by Murat to invade the island. The British would defend Sicily for the remainder of the war but despite the Kingdom of Sicily nominally being part of the
After Napoleon's defeat in 1814, Murat reached an agreement with Austria and was allowed to retain the throne of Naples, despite the lobbying efforts of Ferdinand and his supporters. However, with most of the other powers, particularly Britain, hostile towards him and dependent on the uncertain support of Austria, Murat's position became less and less secure. Therefore, when Napoleon returned to France for the Hundred Days in 1815, Murat once again sided with him. Realising the Austrians would soon attempt to remove him, Murat gave the Rimini Proclamation in a hope to save his kingdom by allying himself with Italian nationalists.
The ensuing Neapolitan War between Murat and the Austrians was short, ending with a decisive victory for the Austrian forces at the Battle of Tolentino. Murat was forced to flee, and Ferdinand IV of Sicily was restored to the throne of Naples. Murat would attempt to regain his throne but was quickly captured and executed by firing squad in Pizzo, Calabria. The next year, 1816, finally saw the formal union of the Kingdom of Naples with the Kingdom of Sicily into the new Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
Flags
-
1282–1442
Angevin flag of Naples -
The kingdom adopted the flag of theHabsburg Charles Vbecame King of Naples in 1516.
-
1714–1738
Flag changed after Charles VI became King. -
1738–1806; 1815–1816
Flag changed after Charles VII became King of Naples. Flag was reinstated as the flag of Naples after the Napoleonic Wars. -
1806–1808
Flag of Naples changed after Joseph Bonaparte became king. -
1808–1811
Flag of Naples changed after Joachim Murat became king. -
1811–1815
Flag of Naples changed
See also
References
- ^ ISBN 978-0-313-33446-7.
- ^ a b Eleni Sakellariou, Southern Italy in the Late Middle Ages: Demographic, Institutional and Economic Change in the Kingdom of Naples, c.1440–c.1530 (Brill, 2012), pp. 63–64.
Sources
- Colletta, Pietro (13 October 2009), The History of the Kingdom of Naples: From the Accession of Charles of Bourbon to the Death of Ferdinand I, I. B. Tauris, ISBN 978-1-84511-881-5, retrieved 20 February 2011
- Musto, Ronald G. (2013). Medieval Naples: A Documentary History 400–1400. New York: Italica Press. OCLC 810773043.
- Porter, Jeanne Chenault (2000). Baroque Naples: A Documentary History 1600–1800. New York: Italica Press. OCLC 43167960.
- Santore, John (2001). Modern Naples: A Documentary History 1799–1999. New York: Italica Press. pp. 1–186. OCLC 45087196.