Antisemitic trope
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Antisemitic tropes or antisemitic canards are "
Antisemitic tropes have often taken the form of popular libels,[3][4][5] conspiracy theories,[6] or the denial or minimization of past atrocities against Jews.[7][8] Antisemitic tropes generally construct Jews and Jewish communities as sinister, cruel, powerful, or controlling.[9][10] These libels, conspiracies and accusations often led to violence, vandalism, lynchings, or mass killings such as pogroms.[11][12] Many antisemitic tropes or false accusations developed in societies practicing monotheistic religions which were themselves derived from Judaism, and date back to the birth of Christianity, such as the allegation that the Jews are collectively responsible for the crucifixion of Jesus. These tropes are paralleled in later 7th century descriptions of Jews in the Quran which state that they were visited with wrath from Allah because they disbelieved in Allah's revelations, for taking usury, and condemned to punishment.[13] In Medieval Europe, the scope of antisemitic tropes expanded and became the basis for regular persecutions and formal expulsions of Jews in England, France, Germany, Spain and Portugal. It was widely believed that Jews caused epidemics like the Black Death, or other illness[14] by poisoning wells. Jews were also accused of ritually consuming the blood of Christians.
Starting in the 19th century, the notion first emerged that Jews were plotting to establish control over the world and dominate it by promoting capitalism and engaging in banking and finance. In the 20th century, other antisemitic tropes alleged that Jews were responsible for the propagation of Communism and trying to dominate the news media. Those antisemitic tropes, which had political and economic contexts, became political myths central to the worldview of Adolf Hitler, and persist to the present day.[10][15][16][17] In the 20th and 21st centuries, the propagation of antisemitic tropes and libels have been documented in the anti-Zionist movement.[18][19][20]
The denial and minimization of atrocities committed against Jews is also a classical antisemitic trope of its own, for example by
Economic and political tropes
World domination
The publication of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion in 1903 is usually considered the beginning of contemporary conspiracy theory literature.[29]
This trope is often manifested in both writings and graphic imagery in which Jews (or their supporters) are accused of trying to control the world through nefarious means. Examples of this type of imagery include Nazi cartoons that depict Jews as octopuses which are encircling the globe.[30] A more recent example is the 2001 re-printing in Egypt of Henry Ford's antisemitic text The International Jew, with the same octopus imagery on the front cover.[31]
Among the earliest refutations of The Protocols as a forgery were a series of articles printed in The Times of London in 1921. This series revealed that much of the material in The Protocols was plagiarized from The Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu, an earlier political satire that did not have an antisemitic theme. Since 1903, when The Protocols first appeared in print, its earliest publishers have offered vague and often contradictory testimony detailing how they obtained their copies of the rumored original manuscript.[32]
The text was popularized by supporters of the Tsarist regime. Such supporters, in an effort to discredit the Bolshevik movement that succeeded their regime, claimed that the Jews were the conspirators behind the Russian revolution and held power within the Bolshevik regime, a claim later picked up by the Nazis.[33] The protocols falsely conclude that Communism was fabricated by the Jews for the purpose of stirring up a political revolution to destabilize society, ultimately gaining control and instituting a repressive transnational political system amid the chaos.[34] By framing the Jews as a central conniving power, the protocols developed and popularized the theory of Jewish domination for the sake of preserving monarchic systems, blaming Jews for attempting to undermine Christianity. In this way, the antisemitic world domination trope weaponized the long-standing tendency to use Jews as scapegoats, turning it into a conspiracy theory. This distinctive brand of Jewish scapegoating sought to release anxiety at instability and political change in society—especially rupture that threatened groups and governments that had historically been in power and in the majority—by casting social change as the scheming of Jews eager to undermine the status quo.[35]
These allegations quickly spread Westward from 1920 onward. The Great Depression and the rise of Nazism were important developments in the history of The Protocols, and the hoax continued to be published and circulated despite its debunking. Despite the fact that numerous independent investigations have repeatedly proven The Protocols to be a plagiarism and a literary forgery, the hoax is still frequently quoted and reprinted by antisemites, and is sometimes used as evidence of an alleged Jewish cabal by antisemitic groups in the United States and in the Middle East.[36][37]
Nazi propagandists, accusing "international Jewry" of plotting and extending World War II through its supposed control of Allied governments, threatened to annihilate the Jews as justified retaliation.[38]
Another world-domination conspiracy goes by the name
On 16 October 2003, the Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammed drew a standing ovation at the 57-member Organisation of the Islamic Conference for his speech, in which he said: "today the Jews rule this world by proxy. They get others to fight and die for them ... They invented socialism, communism, human rights and democracy so that persecuting them would appear to be wrong so that they can enjoy equal rights with others. With these, they have gained control of the most powerful countries and they, this tiny community, have become a world power."[51] He further urged Muslims to emulate Jews in this regard in order to achieve similar results.
In April 2017,
In December 2023, at a Palestine Justice Movement forum in Bankstown, New South Wales, Australian politician Jenny Leong echoed Mahathir Mohammed's 2003 speech with her accusation that "the Jewish lobby and the Zionist lobby are infiltrating into every single aspect of what is ethnic community groups ... they rock up to every community event because their tentacles reach into the areas that try and influence power". She later apologized.[54]
The trope of Jewish governmental and international domination often appears in the twenty-first century in coded terms that cast Jewish domination plots as the exploits of elite individuals, and like with the history of the protocols, this often seeks to scapegoat Jews for orchestrating broader political changes or perpetuating great social ills. For example, it has been linked with the conspiracy theory QAnon, a conspiracy theory which purports that a secret, evil cabal of global elites is harvesting children for world power.[55] The trope of the "globalist" slur is another example of the coded deployment of this antisemitic idea of Jewish world domination.[56]
Two-time
According to Gustavo Perednik, unlike any other group hatred, antisemitism tries to disguise brutal instincts as a struggle against "the powerful" embodied in the Jew, no matter how defenceless the actual victim.[58]
Controlling the media
One antisemitic cliché is that "the Jews control the media" and
Attorney and scholar Alan Dershowitz said of the subject:
Many of these individuals are Jewish only in the sense that their parents or grandparents happen to be Jews. They do not live Jewish lives or support Jewish causes. They certainly do not conspire to exercise any sort of "Jewish control" over the areas in which they work. Indeed, many individual Jews who are in positions of authority are
American dream.[73]
Controlling the global financial system
The
In an article about tropes which accuse Jews of controlling the global financial system, the anti-racist activist Tim Wise wrote:
Of course, in keeping with the logic of anti-Jewish bigots, perhaps one should ask the following: If media or financial wrongdoing is Jewish inspired, since Jews are prominent in media and finance, should the depredations of white Christian-dominated industries (like the tobacco or automobile industries) be viewed as examples of white Christian
malfeasance? After all, 400,000 people per year die because of smoking-related illnesses, and tobacco companies withheld information on the cancerous properties of their products. Likewise, should executives at Ford and Firestone be thought of as specifically white Christian criminals, due to recent disclosures that defective tires were installed on SUVs, resulting in the deaths of over 150 people worldwide? Is their race, religion or ethnic culture relevant to their misdeeds? If not, why is it suddenly relevant when the executives in question are Jewish?[76]
Usury and profiteering
In the
Financial oppression of Jews tended to occur in areas where they were most disliked, and if Jews reacted by concentrating on moneylending to gentiles, the unpopularity – and so, of course, the pressure – would increase. Thus, Jews became an element in a vicious circle. The Christians, on the basis of the Biblical rulings, condemned interest-taking absolutely, and from 1179 those who practised it were excommunicated. But Christians also imposed the harshest financial burdens on Jews. Jews reacted by engaging in the one business where Christian laws actually discriminated in their favour, and so became identified with the hated trade of moneylending.[77]
Peasants who were forced to pay their taxes to Jews could personify them as the people taking their earnings while remaining loyal to the lords on whose behalf Jews worked. Gentile debtors may have been quick to lay charges of usury against Jewish moneylenders charging even nominal interest or fees. Thus, historically attacks on usury have often been linked to antisemitism.
In England, the departing
The issue at stake was not really whether the Jews had entered it out of greed (as antisemites claimed) or because most other professions were barred to them. ... In countries where other professions were open to them, such as Al-Andalus and the Ottoman Empire, one finds more Jewish blacksmiths than Jewish money lenders. The high tide of Jewish usury was before the fifteenth century; as cities grew in power and affluence, the Jews were squeezed out from money lending with the development of banking.[78]
During World War I, Alfred Roth claimed, without evidence, that Jews in the German Army were profiteers, spies and defeatists.[79]
"Kosher tax"
The "Kosher tax" (or "Jewish tax") trope claims that food producers are forced to pay an exorbitant amount to obtain the right to display a
Refuters of this trope state that if it were not profitable to obtain such certification, then food producers would not engage in the certification process, and that the increased sales resulting from kosher certification actually lower the overall cost per item.[84] Obtaining certification that an item is kosher is a voluntary business decision made by companies desiring additional sales from consumers (both Jewish and non-Jewish) who look for kosher certification when shopping,[85] and is sought by marketing departments of food production companies.[84]
Propagation of communism
In the 20th century allegations started to surface that Jews were responsible for the propagation of Communism, the most notorious example being The Protocols of the Elders of Zion (1903).[86]
The term "Judeo-Bolshevism" was adopted and used in Nazi Germany to refer to Jews and communists together, implying that the communist movement served Jewish interests.[87][page needed]
Religious tropes
Guilt for the death of Jesus
The blame for the death of Jesus has often been falsely placed on Jews. Matthew 27:24–25 has been invoked to blame Jews "throughout generations":[88]
When Pilate saw that he could prevail nothing, but that rather a tumult was made, he took water, and washed his hands before the multitude, saying, I am innocent of the blood of this just person: see ye to it. Then answered all the people, and said, His blood be on us, and on our children.
These verses appear in a narrative in which there was a custom of releasing "a prisoner".[89] This content appears nowhere in the Bible except in Matthew.[88] According to The New Oxford Annotated Bible there is no independent evidence of the custom, and the word "children" refers to the generation that lived to see the destruction of "Jerusalem in 70 CE" and "not all subsequent Jews".[90]
During the Second Vatican Council which was held from 1962 to 1965, the Roman Catholic Church under Pope Paul VI issued the document Nostra aetate, which repudiated the belief that Jews are collectively guilty for the Crucifixion of Jesus.[91]
Host desecration
During the
The first recorded accusation of host desecration by Jews was made in 1243 at Beelitz, near Berlin, and in consequence of it all the Jews of Beelitz were burned on the spot, subsequently called Judenberg.[93] Jeremy Cohen states that the first host desecration accusation occurred in 1290 in Paris[94] and continues:
The story exerted its influence even in the absence of Jews ...
Virgin Mary; in the art of illuminated manuscripts used for Christian prayer and meditation; and on stage, as in popular Croxton Play of the Sacrament, which itself evoked memories of an alleged ritual murder committed by Jews in East Anglia in 1191.[94]
In the following centuries, similar accusations circulated throughout Europe, often accompanied by massacres. The accusation of host desecration gradually ceased after the
Ritual murder and blood libel
"The blood libel accusation, another famous anti-Semitic canard, is also a twelfth-century creation."[97] The first recorded ritual murder accusation against Jews was that of William of Norwich, reported by a monk Thomas of Monmouth.[98]
The descriptions of
When "Church and secular leaders sharply denounced these defamations ... people refused to abandon this myth ... Popes, kings and emperors declared that Jews, if for no other reason than their strict dietary laws banning even the smallest drop of blood in meat or poultry, were incapable of the crime. The Christian populace was not impressed. In 1385,
Among those who refuted the blood libel against Jews were Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II in 1236: "we pronounce the Jews of the aforementioned place [Fulda] and the rest of the Jews in Germany completely absolved of this imputed crime";[100] Pope Gregory IX in a papal bull dated 7 October 1272: "We decree ... that Christians need not be obeyed against Jews in a case or situation of this type, and we order that Jews seized upon such a silly pretext be freed from imprisonment and that they shall not be arrested henceforth on such a miserable pretext, unless – which we do not believe – they be caught in the commission of the crime";[101] Pope Clement VI on 26 September 1348: "Jews are not responsible for the Plague."[102]
Another blood libel was described in Damascus in 1840: "An Italian monk and his servant disappeared in Damascus. Many Jews in that city were charged with ritual murder and tortured until they confessed."[103]
Blood libel stories have appeared in modern times on many occasions in the state-sponsored media of a number of Arab and Muslim nations, their television shows and websites, and books alleging instances of the Jewish blood libels are not uncommon there.[104]
Some Arab writers have condemned blood libel. The Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram published a series of articles by Osama Al-Baz, a senior advisor to Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. He explained the origins of the anti-Jewish blood libel and said that Arabs and Muslims have never been antisemitic as a group and urged people not to succumb to "myths" such as the blood libel.[105]
Anti-Christian bias
Throughout the years, some antisemites within the Christian community have claimed that Jews either dislike
The Anti-Defamation League has written the following statement on the subject:
This is not to say that Jews have historically borne no animus (hostility) towards Jesus and the Apostles, or towards Christianity as a whole. In the two-thousand year relationship between Judaism and Christianity, many of them marred by anti-Jewish polemic and Christian persecution of Jews, some rabbis have fulminated against the church, and in some places Jews developed a folk literature that demeaned Christianity. But contemporary anti-Semitic polemicists are not interested in learning or reporting about the historical development of Jewish-Christian relations. Their goal is to incite hatred against Judaism and Jews by portraying them as bigoted and hateful.[107]
Demonization, accusations of impurity
Jeremy Cohen writes:
Yet the very impulse that propelled the Christian imagination from the Jew as a deliberate killer of Christ to the Jew as a perpetrator of the most heinous crimes against humanity also led to the portrayal of the Jew as inhuman, satanic, animal-like, and monstrous. ... Popular traditions of the later Middle Ages, for example, characterize Jews as having a distinctive foul odor. ... By all accounts, the bestiality of the Jew climaxed in the image of the Judensau ...[108]
Judensau (German for "Jew-sow") was a derogatory and dehumanizing image of Jews that appeared around the 13th century. Its popularity lasted for over 600 years and was revived by the Nazis. Jews, who were typically portrayed as having obscene contact with unclean animals such as pigs or owls or representing a devil, appeared on cathedral or church ceilings, pillars, utensils, etchings, etc.
Often, the images combined several antisemitic motifs and they also included derisive prose or poetry. Cohen continues:
Dozens of Judensaus ... intersect with the portrayal of the Jew as a Christ killer. Various illustrations of the murder of Simon of Trent blended images of Judensau, the devil, the murder of little Simon himself, and the Crucifixion. In the seventeenth-century engraving from Frankfurt[110] ... a well-dressed, very contemporary-looking Jew has mounted the sow backward and holds her tail, while a second Jew sucks at her milk and a third eats her feces. The horned devil, himself wearing a Jewish badge, looks on and the butchered Simon, splayed as if on a cross, appears on a panel above.[109]
More recently, "[t]he main recurrent motif in Arab cartoons concerning Israel is 'the devilish Jew'"[111] and "[t]he core anti-Semitic motif of the Jew as the paradigm of absolute evil has a set of submotifs. These, in turn, recur over the centuries but are differently cloaked according to the predominant narrative of the period."[112]
Male menstruation
The Christian belief that Jewish men menstruated, which appeared in the 16th century, was part of the overall antisemitic concept that all Jews were of feminine
In 17th-century Spain the old notion was recycled with the help of physicians, including the king's own, and combining the accusation of menstruation with that of hemorrhoids, at a time when there were efforts underway of establishing a legal concept of "impure blood" connected to family or caste.[114] These have been interpreted as attempts at creating the legal notion of racial impurity.[114]
Well poisoning
During the Black Death (often identified as
A
The first massacres directly related to the plague took place in April 1348 in
Other tropes
Causing wars, revolutions, and calamities
German politician Heinrich von Treitschke in the 19th century coined a phrase "Die Juden sind unser Unglück!" ("The Jews are our misfortune!") adopted as a motto by Der Stürmer several decades later.[119]
Efraim Karsh notes that "Jews have traditionally been accused of lacking true patriotism to their countries of citizenship, and instead seeking to embroil their non-Jewish compatriots in endless conflicts and wars on behalf of such cosmopolitan movements and ideals as 'world imperialism', 'international bolshevism', or 'world Zionism'". According to Karsh, in the United States Jews were blamed for allegedly dragging the country into World War II and the Iraq War. He sees this as being related to exaggerated claims about the influence of the "Israel lobby".[120]
The Franklin Prophecy was unknown before its appearance in 1934 in the pages of
The Franklin "Prophecy" is a classic anti-Semitic canard that falsely claims that American statesman Benjamin Franklin made anti-Jewish statements during the
Constitutional Convention of 1787. It has found widening acceptance in Muslim and Arab media, where it has been used to criticize Israel and Jews ...[121]
Making people LGBT
In 2016,
In 2018, Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan claimed that Jews are "turning men into women and women into men" and using a specially concocted strain of marijuana which is designed to make Black men gay and effeminate.[123]
In 2020, conspiracy theorist
Controlling the weather, causing natural disasters
On March 16, 2018, Council of the District of Columbia member Trayon White posted a video on his Facebook page showing snow flurries falling, alluding to the conspiracy theory of the Rothschild family conspiring to manipulate the weather. In his post, he stated, "Y'all better pay attention to this climate control, man, this climate manipulation ... And that's a model based off the Rothschilds controlling the climate to create natural disasters they can pay for to own the cities, man. Be careful."[126][127] The comment was widely reported in Washington and worldwide[128][129] media as an endorsement of an antisemitic conspiracy theory.[130] The Washington City Paper reported on March 19 that this was not the first time White alluded to a Jewish conspiracy to control global weather.[131]
The idea that Jews use space lasers to manipulate the weather, or cause natural disasters, also dates back to 2018, when U.S. Representative Marjorie Taylor Greene suggested that the Camp Fire wildfires in Butte County, California were caused by lasers emitted from "space solar generators" in a scheme involving companies such as Rothschild & Co and Solaren.[132][133][134][135] Despite Greene denying antisemitic intent in this theory, supporters of Greene quickly blamed the wildfires on Jews.[136] Greene was condemned by the Republican Jewish Coalition, the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations, and Christians United for Israel.[137][138] Journalist and author Mike Rothschild, who is unrelated to the Rothschilds, also condemned these statements.[136]
Provoking or fabricating antisemitism
During a speech at the Reichstag on 30 January 1939, Adolf Hitler ascribed the blame for the future "annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe" on international Jewish financiers who were seeking to start a world war.[139]
In 2002, the Hamas leader Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi said, "People always talk about what the Germans did to the Jews, but the true question is, 'What did the Jews do to the Germans?'"[140] Gilad Atzmon stated, "Jewish texts tend to glaze over the fact that Hitler's 28 March 1933, ordering a boycott against Jewish stores and goods, was an escalation in direct response to the declaration of war on Germany by the worldwide Jewish leadership."[141]
In January 2005, 19 members of the Russian State Duma demanded that Judaism and Jewish organizations be banned in Russia. "Their seven-page letter ... accused Jews of carrying out ritual killings, controlling Russian and international capital, inciting ethnic strife in Russia, and staging hate crimes against themselves. 'The majority of antisemitic actions in the whole world are constantly carried out by Jews themselves with a goal of provocation', the letter claimed. After sharp protests were staged by Russian Jewish leaders, including Russia's Chief Rabbi Berel Lazar, human rights activists, and the Russian Foreign Ministry, Duma members retracted their appeal."[142]
Dual loyalty
A trope found in The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, but dating to before that document, is that Jews are more loyal to world Jewry than to their own country. Since the establishment of the state of Israel, this trope has taken the form of accusations that Jewish citizens of other countries are more loyal to Israel than to their country of residence.[143]
Cowardice and lack of patriotism
With the rise of racist theories in the 19th century, "[a]nother old anti-Semitic canard served to underline the putative 'femininity' of the Jewish race. Like women, Jews lacked an 'essence'".[144] In Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations, Kurt Jonassohn and Karin S. Björnson wrote:
Historically, Jews were not allowed to bear arms in most of the countries of the diaspora. Therefore, when they were attacked, they were not able to defend themselves. In some situations, their protector would defend them. If not, they only had a choice between hiding and fleeing. This is the origin of the anti-Semitic canard that Jews are cowards.[145]
Jews were frequently accused of being insufficiently patriotic. In late 19th-century France, a political scandal known as the Dreyfus affair involved the wrongful conviction for treason of a young Jewish French officer. The political and judicial scandal ended with his full rehabilitation.[146]
During World War I, the German Military High Command administered Judenzählung (German for "Jewish Census"). It was designed to confirm allegations of the lack of patriotism among German Jews, but the results of the census disproved the accusations and were not made public.[147][148] After the end of the war, the stab-in-the-back myth alleged that internal enemies, including Jews, were responsible for Germany's defeat.[149]
In
unbridled, evil-minded cosmopolitans, profiteers with no roots and no conscience ... Grown on rotten yeast of bourgeois cosmopolitanism, decadence and
proletarian culture.[150]
Racism
A number of books and websites which are run by Neo-Nazis, advocates of white supremacy, adherents of Christian Identity, and radical Islamist groups contain quotes which they claim are authoritative quotes from rabbinic literature, all in an attempt to prove their belief that Judaism is a racist religion which teaches its adherents to hate non-Jews by espousing the belief that they are not even human.
According to Rabbi
Even as the Jew is moved by his private Sinaitic Covenant with God to embody and preserve the teachings of the Torah, he is committed to the belief that all mankind, of whatever color or creed, is "in His image" and is possessed of an inherent human dignity and worthiness. Man's singularity is derived from the breath "He [God] breathed into his nostrils at the moment of creation" (Genesis 2:7). Thus, we do share in the universal historical experience, and God's providential concern does embrace all of humanity.[151]
According to the record of a 1984 hearing before the Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations in the US Congress concerning Soviet Jewry:
This vicious anti-Semitic canard, frequently repeated by other Soviet writers and officials, is based upon the malicious notion that the "Chosen People" of the
Protocols of the Elders of Zion.[152]
Inventing or exaggerating the Holocaust
Holocaust denial consists of claims that the genocide of Jews during World War II – usually referred to as the Holocaust[153] – did not occur at all, or it did not happen in the manner or to the extent which is historically recognized. Key elements of these claims are the rejection of the following facts: that the German Nazi government had a policy of deliberately targeting Jews for extermination as a people; that more than five million Jews[153] were systematically killed by the Nazis and their allies; that genocide was carried out at extermination camps using tools of mass murder, such as gas chambers.[154][21]
Most Holocaust denial claims imply, or they openly state, that the Holocaust is a hoax which was perpetrated out of a deliberate Jewish conspiracy to advance the interests of Jews at the expense of other peoples.[155] For this reason, Holocaust denial is generally considered to be an antisemitic[156] conspiracy theory.[157] The methodologies of Holocaust deniers are criticized as based on a predetermined conclusion that ignores extensive historical evidence to the contrary.[158]
Holocaust deniers include former
Controlling the Atlantic slave trade
Anti-Jewish propagandists have tried to exaggerate the role of Jews in the transatlantic slave trade.[162] In the 1490s, the Jews were expelled from Spain and Portugal at a time when trade with the New World was opening up, leading to their participation in the Columbian exchange in general, and participation in the Atlantic slave trade in particular. Jewish participation in the slave trade was significant in Brazil, Curaçao, Suriname, and Rhode Island, but it was otherwise modest or minimal, and Jews had virtually no participation in the triangular slave trade that involved Northern European nations. The Nation of Islam published The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews in 1991, which asserted that Jews played a major role in the Atlantic slave trade. The book was widely criticized as antisemitic and led to additional scholarly research on the subject, including books such as Jews and the American Slave Trade by Saul S. Friedman, which concluded that Jewish involvement in the slave trade was "minimal", and the accusations were an antisemitic trope.[163] In 1995 the American Historical Association (AHA) issued a statement condemning "any statement alleging that Jews played a disproportionate role in the Atlantic slave trade".[164]
Organ harvesting
Palestinians
In August 2009, an article in the Swedish tabloid
In December 2009, Israel's
Haiti
In the immediate aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, Israel sent 120 staff, doctors and troops of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) to Port-au-Prince.[176][177] The IDF set up a field hospital that performed 316 surgeries and delivered 16 babies.[178][179]
On 18 January, an American activist, who was only known as T. West, posted a video on YouTube in which he called for Haitians to be wary of "personalities who are out for money" and he also called for Haitians to be particularly wary of the IDF.[180][181][182] To explain his allegations, West stated that in the past "the IDF [had] participated in stealing organ transplants of Palestinians and others", thus echoing the Aftonbladet Israel controversy. West, who claimed to speak for a black-empowerment group called AfriSynergy Productions, stopped short of making more explicit accusations against the IDF's behaviour in Haiti but he noted that there was "little monitoring" of it in the quake's aftermath, insinuating that organ theft was at the very least a strong possibility. The Iranian state television station Press TV reported on the allegations[181] and in a speech on 22 January, Ayatollah Ahmad Khatami said "There have been news reports that the Zionist regime, in the case of the catastrophe of Haiti, and under the pretext of providing relief to the people of Haiti, is stealing the organs of these wretched people",[183] again without citing any evidence. On 27 January, a Syrian TV reporter described T. West's video as "document[ing] this heinous crime and ... show[ing] Israelis engaged in stealing organs from the earthquake victims" (despite the fact that the video quite evidently does no such thing).[184]
On 1 February 2010, the Gaza-based
Israeli media and Jewish groups immediately fought back against the claims.
9/11 attacks conspiracy
Some conspiracy theories hold that Jews or Israel played a key role in carrying out the
In 2003, the ADL published a report which attacked "hateful conspiracy theories" that the 9/11 attacks were carried out by Israelis and Jews, saying that they had the potential to "rationalize and fuel global anti-Semitism". The ADL's report found that "The
Contradictory accusations
A number of researchers noted the contradictions and irrationality which exist across antisemitic myths. Leon Pinsker noted as early as 1882:
Friend and foe alike have tried to explain or to justify this hatred of the Jews by bringing all sorts of charges against them. They are said to have crucified Jesus, to have drunk the blood of Christians, to have poisoned wells, to have taken usury, to have exploited the peasant, and so on. These and a thousand and one other charges against an entire people have been proved groundless. They showed their own weakness in that they had to be trumped up wholesale in order to quiet the evil conscience of the Jew-baiters, to justify the condemnation of an entire nation, to demonstrate the necessity of burning the Jew, or rather the Jewish ghost, at the stake. He who tries to prove too much proves nothing at all. Though the Jews may justly be charged with many shortcomings, those shortcomings are, at all events, not such great vices, not such capital crimes, as to justify the condemnation of the entire people.[199]
In her 2003 book The Holocaust and Antisemitism: A Short History, Jocelyn Hellig wrote:[200]
Michael Curtis has pointed out that no other group of people in the world has been charged simultaneously with the following, among others:
Alienation from society and cosmopolitanism;- Being
isolationistsand intermingling with other people;- Being
international finance, as well as being revolutionary Marxists;- Having a materialistic mentality and being people of the Book;
- Acting as militant aggressors, and being cowardly
pacifists;- Adhering to a superstitious religion while also being agents of secularism;
- Upholding a rigid law while also being morally decadent;
- Being a chosen people, but having an inferior human nature;
- Being both arrogant and timid;
- Emphasizing individualism while upholding communal adherence;
- Being guilty of the crucifixion of Christ, and being blamed for the
invention of Christianity.Curtis points out that "this catalogue of contradictory accusations cannot possibly be true because no single group of people could feasibly have such a total monopoly on evil."[201]
Gustavo Perednik wrote in his book The Judeophobia:
The Jews were accused by the nationalists of being the creators of Communism; by the Communists of ruling Capitalism. If they live in non-Jewish countries, they are accused of double-loyalties; if they live in the Jewish country, of being racists. When they spend their money, they are reproached for being ostentatious; when they don't spend their money, of being avaricious. They are called rootless cosmopolitans or hardened chauvinists. If they assimilate, they are accused of being fifth-columnists, if they don't, of shutting themselves away.[202][203]
Comments about tropes
According to defense attorney Kenneth Stern, "Historically, Jews have not fared well around conspiracy theories. Such ideas fuel anti-Semitism. The myths that all Jews are responsible for the death of Christ, or poisoned wells, or killed Christian children to bake matzos, or 'made up' the Holocaust, or plot to control the world, do not succeed each other; rather, the list of anti-Semitic canards gets longer."[204]
See also
- Conspiracy theory
- Dehumanization
- Demonization
- Expulsions and exoduses of Jews
- False accusation
- Geography of antisemitism
- History of antisemitism
- History of Zionism
- Islamophobic tropes
- Jewish history
- Moral panic
- Persecution of Jews
- Pogrom
- QAnon
- Scapegoating
- Stereotypes of Jews
- Stochastic terrorism
- Timeline of antisemitism
- Timeline of anti-Zionism
- Timeline of Jewish history
References
- ^ Julius, Anthony (2010). Trials of the Diaspora: A History of Anti-Semitism in England. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 67.
- ISBN 978-90-04-10418-1.
- ^ "Analysis: The antisemitic libel is back again". www.thejc.com. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
- ISSN 2474-1817.
- ^ "A Convenient Hatred: The History of Antisemitism | Facing History & Ourselves". www.facinghistory.org. 26 September 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
- ^ https://www.ajc.org/sites/default/files/pdf/2021-10/AJC_TranslateHate-Glossary-October2021.pdf.
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(help) - ISBN 978-1-108-49440-3, retrieved 26 February 2024
- ^ a b c ""Denial": how to deal with a conspiracy theory in the era of 'post-truth'". Cambridge University Press. 16 February 2017.
- ^ "What is antisemitism?".
- ^ ISBN 1-85109-439-3.
- ^ a b Brasher, Brenda (2001). Encyclopedia of Fundamentalism. Abingdon, England: Routledge. p. 305.
With the racist and anti-Semitic theology of Christian Identity as their justification, they blame the Jewish Antichrist, or the Zionist Occupation Government (ZOG), which rules in Washington, taking its orders from internationalist Jews in Israel, the United Nations, and the Fortune 500. Attracting old-line hate groups like the Ku Klux Klan and inspiring newer ones like the Aryan Nation Alliance ..., the militia and Patriot movements have helped to legitimize racist and anti-Semitic hate groups
- ISBN 978-1-63149-599-1.
- ISBN 0827602677.
- ^ Algemeiner, The (14 March 2024). "In Classic Antisemitic Libel, Palestinian Press Accuses Israel of Poisoning Water - Algemeiner.com". www.algemeiner.com. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
- ISBN 978-0822346982.
- ISBN 978-1433104473.
- ^ "Who runs Hollywood? C'mon". Los Angeles Times. 19 December 2008.
- ISBN 978-0-253-04002-2.
- .
- ^ "Antisemitic Attitudes in America 2024 | Center on Extremism". extremismterms.adl.org. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
- ^ a b "The kinds of assertions made in Holocaust-denial material include the following:
- Several hundred thousand rather than approximately six million Jews died during the war.
- Scientific evidence proves that gas chambers could not have been used to kill large numbers of people.
- The Nazi command had a policy of deporting Jews, not exterminating them.
- Some deliberate killings of Jews did occur, but were carried out by the peoples of Eastern Europe rather than the Nazis.
- Jews died in camps of various kinds, but did so as the result of hunger and disease. The Holocaust is a myth created by the Allies for propaganda purposes, and subsequently nurtured by the Jews for their own ends.
- Errors and inconsistencies in survivors' testimonies point to their essential unreliability.
- Alleged documentary evidence of the Holocaust, from photographs of concentration camp victims to Anne Frank's diary, is fabricated.
- The confessions of former Nazis to war crimes were extracted through torture." "The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial?" Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, JPR report No. 3, 2000. Retrieved 18 December 2006.
- ISBN 978-1-108-49440-3, retrieved 26 February 2024
- ^ Doward, Jamie (22 January 2017). "New online generation takes up Holocaust denial". The Observer.
- ^ https://www.timesofisrael.com/are-conspiracy-theories-about-oct-7-a-new-form-of-holocaust-denial-experts-weigh-in/.
{{cite news}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
- ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
- ^ Boundless, Aviva Klompas co-founder of (26 January 2024). "Holocaust Remembrance Means Rooting Out Oct. 7 Denial". Newsweek. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
- ^ https://www.jns.org/djerba-attack-shines-a-light-on-arab-antisemitism-denial/.
{{cite news}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - JSTOR 1771244.
- ^ Nazi Propaganda Archived 4 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine as part of the Zichronam l'Vracha site. Retrieved 24 September 2006.
- ^ "Examples of antisemitism in both the Arab and Muslim world". intelligence.org.il. Israel: Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center, Center for Special Studies. Archived from the original on 3 July 2007. Retrieved 24 September 2006.
- ^ Spargo, John (1921). The Jew and American Ideals. New York: Harper. pp. 20–40.
- ^ Alderman, G. (1983). The Jewish Community in British Politics. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 102.
- ^ Mendes, Philip (2010). Debunking the myth of Jewish communism.
- ^ Richard Frankel, "One Crisis Behind? Rethinking Antisemitic Exceptionalism in the United States and Germany." American Jewish History 97.3 (July 2013): 235–258.
- ^ "Dissemination of racist and antisemitic hate material on television programs". domino.un.org. United Nations Economic and Social Council. Retrieved 30 September 2005.
- ISBN 1-58023-312-0.
One of the most widely distributed antisemitic tracts in history is The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, a book of canards which was authored in the nineteenth century and portrays Jews as conspiring to seek global dominance. Similarly, American-based racist groups frequently accused Jews of controlling both banks and public officials during the 20th century.
- S2CID 143944355.
- ^ "ZOG". Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
- ISBN 978-1-62365-065-0. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
- ISBN 9781420041040.
- ^ "Farrakhan compares Jews to termites, says Jews are 'stupid'". The Jerusalem Post. 17 October 2018.
- ISBN 0-415-91289-X.
- ^ Bronner, Stephen Eric (2000). A Rumor About the Jews: Reflections on Antisemitism and The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 136.
The National States Rights Party and the California Noontide Press distributed The Protocols during the 1970s and it is still hailed by representatives of right-wing militias: William Luther Pierce, author of the neofascist bestseller The Turner Diaries, for example, identifies the American state as a 'Zionist Occupation Government'.
- ^ Perry, Barbara (2003). Hate and Bias Crime. Abingdon, England: Routledge. p. 325.
vivid philosophy of White supremacy, including the belief that the United States is manipulated by foreign Jewish interests collectively known as the Zionist Occupation Government (ZOG). With this conspiracy theory, the strain is 'explained' (for example, the Jews are behind multicultural curricula), and the solution is presented: hate crimes and race war.
- ^ Pilch, Richard F; Zilinskas, Raymond A (2005). Encyclopedia of Bioterrorism Defense. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. p. 114.
The importance of Christian Identity (CI) in the context of bioterrorism is that it has been openly embraced by certain U.S. right-wing 'militia' and terrorist cells whose members have expressed interest in acquiring or utilizing pathogens and toxic chemical agents ... as weapons against their opponents, including representatives of the 'Zionist Occupation Government' (ZOG) that they feel is controlled by 'satanic' Jews.
- ^ Sauter, Mark; Carafano, James (2005). Homeland Security. New York City: McGraw Hill Education. p. 122.
The Order, a faction of the Aryan Nations, seized national attention during the 1980s. The tightly organized racist and anti-Semitic group opposed the federal government, calling it the 'ZOG', or Zionist Occupation Government.
- ISBN 978-1-40396659-9..
the neo-Nazis have proclaimed themselves a white/Aryan resistance movement fighting the Zionist Occupation Government (ZOG) and racial traitors
- ^ "Svoboda: The rise of Ukraine's ultra-nationalists". bbc.com. BBC News. 26 December 2012.
- ^ Hallinan, Conn (6 March 2014). "The Dark Side of the Ukraine Revolt". The Nation.
- ^ "Mahathir attack on Jews condemned" Archived 18 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine, CNN.com, 17 October 2003.
- Politico Magazine. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
- ^ Zalman, Jonathan (10 April 2017). "Politico's Dubious Chabad Story Receives Widespread Criticism". Tablet. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
- ^ "QAnon's Antisemitism and What Come's Next". Anti-Defamation League. 17 September 2021.
- ^ Zimmer, Ben. "The Origins of the 'Globalist' Slur." The Atlantic, March 14, 2018, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/03/the-origins-of-the-globalist-slur/555479/
- ^ Saul, Heather (13 May 2016). "Tyson Fury breaks into disturbing rant during bizarre interview". The Independent. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
- ^ Perednik, Gustavo D. (1 August 2013). "Typifying HD to explain Judeophobia". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
- ^ Palmer, Brian (5 October 2010). "Do Jews Really Control the Media?". Slate. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
- Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting "FAIR: The Jewish Media: The Lie That Won't Die".
- ISBN 978-1-137-31747-6.
Later on, Masaryk repeated the same story, only instead of using 'partly managed' he used the phrase 'a great influence on newspapers in all the Allied countries'. The great philosopher and humanist Masaryk was still using the same anti-Semitic trope found at the bottom of all anti-Jewish accusations.
- ISBN 0-201-32798-8.
- ISBN 0-201-32798-8.
- ISBN 1-85109-439-3.
- ISBN 1-57607-314-9.
- ISBN 0-8021-4158-7.
- ISBN 0-88920-216-8.
- ISBN 978-0-275-98795-4.
- ISBN 0-691-09684-8.
- ISBN 0-691-12105-2.
- ISBN 1888451688), Norman Kelly (Ed.), 2005, Akashic Books, pp 12–13.
- ISBN 0-87840-658-1.
- ^ Dershowitz, Alan (6 October 2010). "Do Jews Control the Media?". HuffPost. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
- ^ "ADL Report 'Blaming the Jews: The Financial Crisis and Anti-Semitism'". Anti-Defamation League.
- ^ "Jewish 'Control' of the Federal Reserve: A Classic Anti-Semitic Myth". Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
- ^ "When Paranoia Meets Prejudice: Debunking the Notion of a Jewish Conspiracy". 19 August 2003. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
- ISBN 0-06-091533-1. p. 174
- ISBN 0-19-530429-2. p. 154
- ISBN 1851094393.
- ^ ABC-CLIO, 2005, p. 178. "Antisemites have decried this certification as a 'kosher tax' that powerful Jews have enlisted governments to collect on their behalf; others have alleged that greedy rabbis threaten businesses with a Jewish boycott unless they accept their fee-based kosher certification."
- Kosher Nostrascam', in which 'major food companies throughout America actually pay a Jewish Tax amounting to hundreds of millions of dollars per year in order to receive protection' against Jewish boycotts. These 'elaborate extortion schemes' are coordinated, alleges writer Ernesto Cienfuegos, by 'Rabbinical Councils that are set up, not just in the U.S. but in other western countries as well'.
- ^ "The 'Kosher Tax' Hoax: Anti-Semitic Recipe for Hate". Anti-Defamation League. January 1991. Archived from the original on 23 October 2006.
- ^
- Lungen, Paul (20 February 2003). "Jewish, Muslim groups join forces join to protect ritual slaughter". Canadian Jewish News. Retrieved 24 October 2006.
Anti-Semites have advanced 'the libel of the kosher tax' to claim consumers are paying an extra tax on products that carry kosher certification.
- Kaplan, Jeffery; Leonard Weinberg (February 1999). The Emergence of a Euro-American Radical Right. LCCN 98023536.
- Levenson, Barry M. (2001). Habeas Codfish: Reflections on Food and the Law. ISBN 0-299-17510-3.
The dark side of this rather uneventful marketing fact is that some anti-Jewish hate groups have developed a bizarre and baseless theory that there is a 'kosher tax' levied on food, a kind of Jewish conspiracy to extort money from the population at large.
- Lungen, Paul (20 February 2003). "Jewish, Muslim groups join forces join to protect ritual slaughter". Canadian Jewish News. Retrieved 24 October 2006.
- ^ a b "Dispelling a rumor – there is no kosher tax or Jewish tax". Boycott Watch. 22 December 2003. Retrieved 24 October 2006.
- ^ Luban, Yaakov. "The 'Kosher Tax' Fraud". Orthodox Union. Archived from the original on 22 October 2006. Retrieved 23 October 2006.
- ^ "History's greatest conspiracy theories". The Daily Telegraph. 19 November 2008. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
- ^ Walter Laqueur (1965). Russia and Germany (Boston: Little, Brown and Company)
- ^ a b Levine, Amy-Jill, and Marc Zvi Brettler, editors. The Jewish Annotated New Testament. Oxford University Press, 2011.
- ^ Matthew 27:15
- ^ Coogan, Michael D, editor. The New Oxford Annotated Bible. Oxford University Press, 2001.
- ^ Fumagalli, Pier Francesco. "The Roots of Anti-Judaism in the Christian Environment". The Vatican. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
Finally, two points are repudiated which in the past were the roots of persecution: the accusation that the Jewish people were collectively and forever responsible for the death of Christ (the so-called deicide) and anti-Semitism.
- ISBN 978-0-8122-1880-0.
- ISBN 978-0-8122-3985-0.
- ^ a b Cohen (2007). p. 103
- ISBN 1-886223-11-4
- ISBN 978-0-671-55624-2.
- ^ John Kelly (2005): The Great Mortality: An Intimate History of the Black Death, the Most Devastating Plague of All Time p. 242
- ISBN 1-895131-10-3. The report is cited from: Robert Chazan (1980): Church, State and Jew in the Middle Ages. Behrman House, pp. 142–145
- ^ Alexis P. Rubin, ed. (1993) pp. 106–107
- ^ Alexis P. Rubin (1993) pp. 113–115, also in: Robert Chazan (1980) pp. 124–126
- ^ Alexis P. Rubin (1993) pp. 115–116, also in: Jacob R. Marcus (1938, 1961): The Jew in the Medieval World. World Publishing. pp. 153
- ^ Alexis P. Rubin (1993) pp. 116–117, also in: Edward A. Synan (1965): The Popes and the Jews in the Middle Ages. Macmillan. p. 133
- ISBN 978-0-521-48396-4.
- ^ Antisemitic blood libel in the modern world:
- In 1986, Defense Minister of ISBN 978-0-521-48396-4)
- In 2001 an Egyptian film company produced and aired a film called Horseman Without a Horse, partly based on Tlass's book.
- The Syrian TV series Ash-Shatat ("The Diaspora") depicts Jews engage in a conspiracy to rule the world, murder Christian children, and use their blood to bake matzah.
- Iranian TV Blood Libel Archived 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine 22 December 2005[full citation needed]
- ISBN 0827602677p. 88
- In 1986, Defense Minister of
- ^ Al-Ahram Weekly Online, 2–8 January 2003 (Issue No. 619) Archived 19 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "James Edwards: In His Own Words". Archived from the original on 20 February 2010. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
- ^ The Talmud in Anti-Semitic Polemics (PDF). Anti-Defamation League. 2003. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 August 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
- ^ Jeremy Cohen (2007). pp. 204–207
- ^ a b Jeremy Cohen (2007) p. 208
- ^ Cohen's book includes an earlier variation of the same image.
- ^ Major "Anti-Semitic Motifs in Arab Cartoons" Archived 17 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine. An Interview with Joël Kotek. JCPA. Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism. No. 21. 1 June 2004
- ^ Gerstenfeld, Manfred (1 November 2005). "The Twenty-first-century Total War Against Israel and the Jews". Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism (38). Jerusalem: Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs.
- ^ . Retrieved 12 December 2020.
- ^ S2CID 31067777. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
- OCLC 875752272.
- ^ Anna Foa (2003). The Jews of Europe After the Black Death. p. 13 "This was the context in which the Plague made its appearance in 1348. The Black Death The Plague was not unknown in ... The first massacres took place in April 1348 in Toulon, where the Jewish quarter was raided and forty Jews were murdered in their homes. Shortly afterward, violence broke out in Barcelona and in other Catalan cities."
- ^ Máttis Kantor (2005). Codex Judaica: Chronological Index of Jewish History. p. 203. "1349 The Black Death massacres swept across Europe. ... The Jews were savagely attacked and massacred, by sometimes hysterical mobs—normal social order had ..."
- ^ John Marshall (2006). John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture. p. 376. "The period of the Black Death saw the massacre of Jews across Germany, and in Aragon, and Flanders"
- ISBN 0-674-39730-4, p. 875
- S2CID 144144725.
- ^ Anti-Semitism in Europe: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on European Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations. United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Subcommittee on European Affairs. 2004. p. 69
- ^ "Kuwaiti Islamic Cleric Warns Jewish Conspiracy In Cartoons: SpongeBob SquarePants Is A Sissy, Sandy A Butch Lesbian..." Weasel Zippers.
- ^ Graham, Renee (13 March 2018). "Siding with Louis Farrakhan would be a misstep in black America's march ahead". The Boston Globe.
- ^ "TruNews: Zionism Is Using the Transgender Rights Movement to Make All of Humanity Androgynous". 14 February 2020.
- ^ Slisco, Alia (20 February 2020). "YouTube Bans Anti-Semitic Channel Trunews After Founder Calls Trump Impeachment 'Jew Coup'". Newsweek.
- ^ "D.C. Councilman blames snow on Jewish family 'controlling the climate,' later apologizes".
- ^ Jamison, Peter; Strauss, Valerie (18 March 2018). "D.C. lawmaker says recent snowfall caused by 'Rothschilds controlling the climate'". The Washington Post. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
- ^ "Lawmaker sorry for spreading anti-Semitic weather conspiracy". BBC. 19 March 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
- ^ Spiro, Amy (19 March 2018). "DC councilman apologizes for saying Jews control weather". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
- ^ "Watch: DC councilman promotes anti-Semitic conspiracy theory in Facebook video". WTOP. 18 March 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
- ^ Giambrone, Andrew (19 March 2018). "Ward 8's Trayon White Apologizes for Conspiratorial Comments". Washington City Paper. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
- ^ Hananoki, Eric (28 January 2021). "Marjorie Taylor Greene penned conspiracy theory that a laser beam from space started deadly 2018 California wildfire". Media Matters for America. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
- ^ Ting, Eric (28 January 2021). "Marjorie Taylor Greene's nonsense theory about the Camp Fire, Jerry Brown and space lasers". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
- ^ Steinberg, Rachel (29 January 2021). "Congresswoman's comments linking Rothschilds to California wildfires prompt mockery and outrage". The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
- ^ Chait, Jonathan (28 January 2021). "GOP Congresswoman Blamed Wildfires on Secret Jewish Space Laser". New York. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
- ^ a b "Jewish Space Lasers, Conspiracy Theories, and Antisemitism". American Jewish University. 19 September 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
- ^ Solender, Andrew (29 January 2021). "Right-Wing Groups Denounce Marjorie Taylor Greene As Democrats Move To Oust Her". Forbes. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
- ^ Samuels, Ben (29 January 2021). "'Jewish Space Lasers' Conspiracy: U.S. Jewish Groups Call for Republican Lawmaker's Removal". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
- ISBN 978-0452009530.
- ^ Goldberg, Jeffrey (4 August 2014). "What Would Hamas Do If It Could Do Whatever It Wanted?". The Atlantic. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
- ^ Goldberg, Jeffrey (23 September 2011). "John Mearsheimer Endorses a Hitler Apologist and Holocaust Revisionist". The Atlantic. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
- ^ Fenyvesi, Charles, ed. (28 January 2005). "Deputies Urge Ban on Jewish Organizations, Then Retract". Bigotry Monitor. Vol. 5, no. 4. UCSJ. Archived from the original on 30 May 2006.
- ^
- Rosenberg, Goran, "Israel and Diaspora: from Solution to Problem", in Turning the Kaleidoscope: Perspectives on European Jewry, S. H. Lustig, Ian Leveson, Berghahn Books, 2008, pp. 110–111 (discusses early manifestations, before Protocols)
- Britain, Israel and Anglo-Jewry: 1949–57, Natan Aridan, pp. 189–190, (in United Kingdom scenario)
- The Jews of Lebanon: Between Coexistence and Conflict, Kirsten E. Schulze, pp. 83–85 (in Lebanon)
- The Politics of Anti-Semitism, Alexander Cockburn, Jeffrey St. Clair, AK Press, 2003, pp. 128–129
- The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy, John J. Mearsheimer, Stephen M. Walt, 2008, pp. 146–148 (in United States; discusses Protocols)
- Terms of Survival: The Jewish World Since 1945, Robert S. Wistrich, Psychology Press, 1995, p. 99 (modern United States)
- Israel, the Diaspora, and Jewish identity, Danny Ben-Moshe, Zohar Segev – 2007, pp. 144–145, 154–155, 221 (Canada and New Zealand)
- Rein, Raanan, "Argentine Jews and the Accusation of 'Dual Loyalty'", in The Jewish Diaspora in Latin America and the Caribbean: Fragments of Memory, Sussex Academic Press, 2010, pp. 51–71 (Argentina)
- Israel: The First Decade of Independence, Selwyn Ilan Troen, Noah Lucas, SUNY Press, 1995, pp. 27, 163. (formation of Israel)
- Chutzpah, Alan M. Dershowitz, Simon and Schuster, 1992, Page 245
- American Policy Toward Israel: The Power and Limits of Beliefs, Michael Tracy Thomas, Taylor & Francis, 2007, pp. 2, 23, 102–103, 108, 152, 197
- An Uneasy Relationship: American Jewish Leadership and Israel, 1948–1957, Zvi Ganin, Syracuse University Press, 2005, pp. 3, 12, 20, 41, 61–62, 68, 84, 102
- ^ Gregory Moore (2002): Nietzsche, Biology and Metaphor p. 181
- ^ Kurt Jonassohn, Karin Solveig Björnson (1998): Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations. p. 89
- ISBN 978-1-4088-3057-4.
- ^ "Deutsche Jüdische Soldaten" Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Bavarian National Exhibition
- ^ "The results were not made public, ostensibly to 'spare Jewish feelings'. The truth was that the census disproved the accusations: 80% served on the front lines". Elon, Amos (2002). The Pity of It All. Metropolitan Books. p. 338
- ^ Wheeler-Bennett, John W. (Spring 1938). "Ludendorff: The Soldier and the Politician". Virginia Quarterly Review. 14 (2): 187–202.
- ^ "About one antipatriotic group of theater critics" Archived 7 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Pravda (transliterated Russian). 28 January 1949
- ^ Man of Faith in the Modern World, p. 74
- ^ Soviet Jewry: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations, United States Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. 1984 p. 56
- ^ a b Donald L. Niewyk, The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, Columbia University Press, 2000, p. 45: "The Holocaust is commonly defined as the murder of more than 5,000,000 Jews by the Germans in World War II." Estimates by scholars range from 5.1 million to 7.8 million. See the appropriate section of the Holocaust article.
- ^ Key elements of Holocaust denial:
- "Before discussing how Holocaust denial constitutes a conspiracy theory, and how the theory is distinctly American, it is important to understand what is meant by the term 'Holocaust denial'. Holocaust deniers, or 'revisionists', as they call themselves, question all three major points of definition of the Nazi Holocaust. First, they contend that, while mass murders of Jews did occur (although they dispute both the intentionality of such murders as well as the supposed deservedness of these killings), there was no official Nazi policy to murder Jews. Second, and perhaps most prominently, they contend that there were no homicidal gas chambers, particularly at Auschwitz-Birkenau, where mainstream historians believe over 1 million Jews were murdered, primarily in gas chambers. And third, Holocaust deniers contend that the death toll of European Jews during World War II was well below 6 million. Deniers float numbers anywhere between 300,000 and 1.5 million, as a general rule." Mathis, Andrew E. "Holocaust Denial, a Definition" Archived 9 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Holocaust History Project, 2 July 2004. Retrieved 18 December 2006.
- "In part III we directly address the three major foundations upon which Holocaust denial rests, including ... the claim that gas chambers and crematoria were used not for mass extermination but rather for delousing clothing and disposing of people who died of disease and overwork; ... the claim that the six million figure is an exaggeration by an order of magnitude—that about six hundred thousand, not six million, died at the hands of the Nazis; ... the claim that there was no intention on the part of the Nazis to exterminate European Jewry and that the Holocaust was nothing more than the unfortunate by-product of the vicissitudes of war." Michael Shermer and Alex Grobman. Denying History: Who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and Why Do They Say It?, University of California Press, 2000, ISBN 0-520-23469-3, p. 3.
- "Holocaust Denial: Claims that the mass extermination of the Jews by the Nazis never happened; that the number of Jewish losses has been greatly exaggerated; that the Holocaust was not systematic nor a result of an official policy; or simply that the Holocaust never took place." "What is Holocaust Denial", Yad Vashem website, 2004. Retrieved 18 December 2006.
- "Among the untruths routinely promoted are the claims that no gas chambers existed at Auschwitz, that only 600,000 Jews were killed rather than six million, and that Hitler had no murderous intentions toward Jews or other groups persecuted by his government." "Holocaust Denial" Archived 4 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved 28 June 2007.
- ^ A hoax designed to advance the interests of Jews:
- "The title of App's major work on the Holocaust, The Six Million Swindle, is informative because it implies on its very own the existence of a conspiracy of Jews to perpetrate a hoax against non-Jews for monetary gain." Mathis, Andrew E. "Holocaust Denial, a Definition" Archived 9 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Holocaust History Project, 2 July 2004. Retrieved 16 May 2007.
- "Jews are thus depicted as manipulative and powerful conspirators who have fabricated myths of their own suffering for their own ends. According to the Holocaust deniers, by forging evidence and mounting a massive propaganda effort, the Jews have established their lies as 'truth' and reaped enormous rewards from doing so: for example, in making financial claims on Germany and acquiring international support for Israel." "The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial?" Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, JPR report No. 3, 2000. Retrieved 16 May 2007.
- "Why, we might ask the deniers, if the Holocaust did not happen would any group concoct such a horrific story? Because, some deniers claim, there was a conspiracy by Zionists to exaggerate the plight of Jews during the war in order to finance the state of Israel through war reparations." Michael Shermer & Alex Grobman. Denying History: Who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and Why Do They Say It?, University of California Press, 2000, ISBN 0-520-23469-3, p. 106.
- "Since its inception ... the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), a California-based Holocaust denial organization founded by Willis Carto of Liberty Lobby, has promoted the antisemitic conspiracy theory that Jews fabricated tales of their own genocide to manipulate the sympathies of the non-Jewish world." "Antisemitism and Racism Country Reports: United States" Archived 28 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Stephen Roth Institute, 2000. Retrieved 17 May 2007.
- "The central assertion for the deniers is that Jews are not victims but victimizers. They 'stole' billions in reparations, destroyed Germany's good name by spreading the 'myth' of the Holocaust, and won international sympathy because of what they claimed had been done to them. In the paramount miscarriage of injustice, they used the world's sympathy to 'displace' another people so that the state of Israel could be established. This contention relating to the establishment of Israel is a linchpin of their argument." ISBN 0-452-27274-2, p. 27.
- "They [Holocaust deniers] picture a vast shadowy conspiracy that controls and manipulates the institutions of education, culture, the media and government in order to disseminate a pernicious mythology. The purpose of this Holocaust mythology, they assert, is the inculcation of a sense of guilt in the white, Western Christian world. Those who can make others feel guilty have power over them and can make them do their bidding. This power is used to advance an international Jewish agenda centered in the Zionist enterprise of the State of Israel." "Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism" Archived 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, "Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda", Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
- "Deniers argue that the manufactured guilt and shame over a mythological Holocaust led to Western, specifically United States, support for the establishment and sustenance of the Israeli state – a sustenance that costs the American taxpayer over three billion dollars per year. They assert that American taxpayers have been and continue to be swindled ..." "Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism" Archived 1 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda, Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
- "The stress on Holocaust revisionism underscored the new anti-Semitic agenda gaining ground within the Klan movement. Holocaust denial refurbished conspiratorial anti-Semitism. Who else but the Jews had the media power to hoodwink unsuspecting masses with one of the greatest hoaxes in history? And for what motive? To promote the claims of the illegitimate state of Israel by making non-Jews feel guilty, of course." Lawrence N. Powell, Troubled Memory: Anne Levy, the Holocaust, and David Duke's Louisiana, University of North Carolina Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8078-5374-7, p. 445.
- ^ Antisemitic:
- "Contemporary examples of antisemitism in public life, the media, schools, the workplace, and in the religious sphere could, taking into account the overall context, include ... denying the fact, scope, mechanisms (e.g. gas chambers) or intentionality of the genocide of the Jewish people at the hands of National Socialist Germany and its supporters and accomplices during World War II (the Holocaust)." "Working Definition of Antisemitism" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 June 2011. (33.8 KB), Fundamental Rights Agency
- "It would elevate their antisemitic ideology – which is what Holocaust denial is – to the level of responsible historiography – which it is not." ISBN 0-14-024157-4, p. 11.
- "The denial of the Holocaust is among the most insidious forms of anti-Semitism ..." Roth, Stephen J. "Denial of the Holocaust as an Issue of Law" in the Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, Volume 23, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1993, ISBN 0-7923-2581-8, p. 215.
- "Contemporary Holocaust deniers are not revisionists – not even neo-revisionists. They are Deniers. Their motivations stem from their neo-nazi political goals and their rampant antisemitism." Austin, Ben S. "Deniers in Revisionists' Clothing" Archived 21 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine, The Holocaust/Shoah Page, Middle Tennessee State University. Retrieved 29 March 2007.
- "Holocaust denial can be a particularly insidious form of antisemitism precisely because it often tries to disguise itself as something quite different: as genuine scholarly debate (in the pages, for example, of the innocuous-sounding Journal for Historical Review)." "The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial?" Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, JPR report No. 3, 2000. Retrieved 16 May 2007.
- "This books treats several of the myths that have made antisemitism so lethal ... In addition to these historic myths, we also treat the new, maliciously manufactured myth of Holocaust denial, another groundless belief that is used to stir up Jew-hatred." Schweitzer, Frederick M. & Perry, Marvin. Anti-Semitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present, Palgrave Macmillan, 2002, ISBN 0-312-16561-7, p. 3.
- "One predictable strand of Arab Islamic antisemitism is Holocaust denial ..." Schweitzer, Frederick M. & Perry, Marvin. Anti-Semitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present, Palgrave Macmillan, 2002, ISBN 0-312-16561-7, p. 10.
- "Anti-Semitism, in the form of Holocaust denial, had been experienced by just one teacher when working in a Catholic school with large numbers of Polish and Croatian students." Geoffrey Short, Carole Ann Reed. Issues in Holocaust Education, Ashgate Publishing, 2004, ISBN 0-7546-4211-9, p. 71.
- "Indeed, the task of organized antisemitism in the last decade of the century has been the establishment of Holocaust Revisionism – the denial that the Holocaust occurred." Stephen Trombley, "antisemitism", The Norton Dictionary of Modern Thought, W. W. Norton & Company, 1999, ISBN 0-393-04696-6, p. 40.
- "After the Yom Kippur War an apparent reappearance of antisemitism in France troubled the tranquility of the community; there were several notorious terrorist attacks on synagogues, Holocaust revisionism appeared, and a new antisemitic political right tried to achieve respectability." Howard K. Wettstein, Diasporas and Exiles: Varieties of Jewish Identity, University of California Press, 2002, ISBN 0-520-22864-2, p. 169.
- "Holocaust denial is a convenient polemical substitute for anti-semitism." Valérie Igounet. "Holocaust denial is part of a strategy" Archived 13 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Le Monde diplomatique, May 1998.
- "Holocaust denial is a contemporary form of the classic anti-Semitic doctrine of the evil, manipulative and threatening world Jewish conspiracy." "Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism" Archived 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda, Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
- "In a number of countries, in Europe as well as in the United States, the negation or gross minimization of the Nazi genocide of Jews has been the subject of books, essay and articles. Should their authors be protected by freedom of speech? The European answer has been in the negative: such writings are not only a perverse form of anti-semitism but also an aggression against the dead, their families, the survivors and society at large." Roger Errera, "Freedom of speech in Europe", in Georg Nolte, European and US Constitutionalism, Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-521-85401-6, pp. 39–40.
- "Particularly popular in Syria is Holocaust denial, another staple of Arab anti-Semitism that is sometimes coupled with overt sympathy for Nazi Germany." ISBN 0-7146-5418-3, p. 104.
- "Holocaust denial is a new form of anti-Semitism, but one that hinges on age-old motifs." Dinah Shelton, Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity, Macmillan Reference, 2005, p. 45.
- "The stress on Holocaust revisionism underscored the new anti-Semitic agenda gaining ground within the Klan movement. Holocaust denial refurbished conspiratorial anti-Semitism. Who else but the Jews had the media power to hoodwink unsuspecting masses with one of the greatest hoaxes in history? And for what motive? To promote the claims of the illegitimate state of Israel by making non-Jews feel guilty, of course." Lawrence N. Powell, Troubled Memory: Anne Levy, the Holocaust, and David Duke's Louisiana, University of North Carolina Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8078-5374-7, p. 445.
- "Since its inception ... the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), a California-based Holocaust denial organization founded by Willis Carto of Liberty Lobby, has promoted the antisemitic conspiracy theory that Jews fabricated tales of their own genocide to manipulate the sympathies of the non-Jewish world." "Antisemitism and Racism Country Reports: United States" Archived 28 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Stephen Roth Institute, 2000. Retrieved 17 May 2007.
- "The primary motivation for most deniers is anti-Semitism, and for them the Holocaust is an infuriatingly inconvenient fact of history. After all, the Holocaust has generally been recognized as one of the most terrible crimes that ever took place, and surely the very emblem of evil in the modern age. If that crime was a direct result of anti-Semitism taken to its logical end, then anti-Semitism itself, even when expressed in private conversation, is inevitably discredited among most people. What better way to rehabilitate anti-Semitism, make anti-Semitic arguments seem once again respectable in civilized discourse and even make it acceptable for governments to pursue anti-Semitic policies than by convincing the world that the great crime for which anti-Semitism was blamed simply never happened – indeed, that it was nothing more than a frame-up invented by the Jews, and propagated by them through their control of the media? What better way, in short, to make the world safe again for anti-Semitism than by denying the Holocaust?" Reich, Walter. "Erasing the Holocaust", The New York Times, 11 July 1993.
- "There is now a creeping, nasty wave of anti-Semitism ... insinuating itself into our political thought and rhetoric ... The history of the Arab world ... is disfigured ... by a whole series of outmoded and discredited ideas, of which the notion that the Jews never suffered and that the Holocaust is an obfuscatory confection created by the elders of Zion is one that is acquiring too much, far too much, currency." Edward Said, "A Desolation, and They Called it Peace" in Those Who Forget the Past, Ron Rosenbaum (ed), Random House 2004, p. 518.
- ^ Conspiracy theory:
- "While appearing on the surface as a rather arcane pseudo-scholarly challenge to the well-established record of Nazi genocide during the Second World War, Holocaust denial serves as a powerful conspiracy theory uniting otherwise disparate fringe groups ..." "Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism" Archived 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, "Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda", Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
- "Before discussing how Holocaust denial constitutes a conspiracy theory, and how the theory is distinctly American, it is important to understand what is meant by the term 'Holocaust denial'." Mathis, Andrew E. "Holocaust Denial, a Definition" Archived 9 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Holocaust History Project, 2 July 2004. Retrieved 18 December 2006.
- "Since its inception ... the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), a California-based Holocaust denial organization founded by Willis Carto of Liberty Lobby, has promoted the antisemitic conspiracy theory that Jews fabricated tales of their own genocide to manipulate the sympathies of the non-Jewish world." "Antisemitism and Racism Country Reports: United States" Archived 28 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Stephen Roth Institute, 2000. Retrieved 17 May 2007.
- ^ Predetermined conclusion:
- "'Revisionism' is obliged to deviate from the standard methodology of historical pursuit because it seeks to mold facts to fit a preconceived result, it denies events that have been objectively and empirically proved to have occurred, and because it works backward from the conclusion to the facts, thus necessitating the distortion and manipulation of those facts where they differ from the preordained conclusion (which they almost always do). In short, 'revisionism' denies something that demonstrably happened, through methodological dishonesty." McFee, Gordon. "Why 'Revisionism' Isn't" Archived 28 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine, The Holocaust History Project, 15 May 1999. Retrieved 22 December 2006.
- Alan L. Berger, "Holocaust Denial: Tempest in a Teapot, or Storm on the Horizon?", in Zev Garber and Richard Libowitz (eds), Peace, in Deed: Essays in Honor of Harry James Cargas, Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1998, p. 154.
- ^ "Holocaust Revisionism". Time. 2009.
- ^ "A German court sentenced Holocaust denier Germar Rudolf to two and a half years in prison for inciting racial hatred in publications and Web sites which 'systematically' called into question the Nazi genocide." "German Holocaust Denier Imprisoned for Inciting Racial Hatred" Archived 2 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Deutsche Welle, 16 February 2007.
- ISBN 978-0199601790.
- The Nizkor Project. Archived from the originalon 2 February 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
- ^ Saul S. Friedman (1999). Jews and the American Slave Trade. Transaction Publishers. pp. 2, 40
- ^ Encyclopedia of American Jewish history, Volume 1, pp. 199
- ^ "ADL report: 'Anti-Semitic Canard About "Organ Harvesting" Spreads Globally'". 16 September 2009. Archived from the original on 11 January 2010. Retrieved 23 February 2010.
- ^ "ADL press release about Haiti: 'The Big Lie of Israeli "Organ Harvesting" Resurfaces As YouTube Video on Haiti Earthquake Goes Global'". 2 January 2010. Archived from the original on 25 January 2010. Retrieved 23 February 2010.
- ^ "ADL report: 'Arab Cartoons Suggest Israel Harvests Organs'". Archived from the original on 12 January 2010. Retrieved 23 February 2010.
- ^ "ADL press release: 'Swedish Newspaper's Charge of Organ Harvesting By Israeli Soldiers "Irresponsible And Shocking"'". 19 August 2009. Archived from the original on 8 April 2010. Retrieved 23 February 2010.
- ^ "Stop the Spread of the Swedish Blood Libel". HonestReporting. 2 December 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
- ^ "Israeli and Swedish on organ row" Archived 4 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine. BBC News, 24 August 2009
- ^ a b "Time Magazine Accuses IDF of Stealing Palestinia Organs". HonestReporting. 24 August 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
- ^ JTA (25 August 2014). "Time retracts IDF organ harvesting allegation". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
- ^ "Time Magazine Retracts IDF Organ Theft Claim Following Criticism (Update)". Algemeiner Journal. 24 August 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
- ^ "Israel admits to organ thefts" Archived 7 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Al Jazeera, 21 December 2009.
- ^ a b "Israel harvested organs without permission, officials say" Archived 13 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine. CNN, 21 December 2009.
- ^ "Israel help in Haiti" (in Hebrew).
- ^ "Israeli aid to Haiti, field hospital set up". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 28 January 2010. Retrieved 5 February 2010.
- ^ "Survivors still being pulled from Haiti rubble". CNN. 19 January 2010. Archived from the original on 9 February 2010. Retrieved 5 February 2010.
- YnetNews. Archivedfrom the original on 28 January 2010. Retrieved 5 February 2010.
- YouTube
- ^ a b "The Big Lie of Israeli 'Organ Harvesting' Resurfaces As YouTube Video on Haiti Earthquake Goes Global". Anti-defamation League. 21 January 2010. Archived from the original on 25 January 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
- ^ a b c Benhorin, Yitzhak (19 January 2010). "Anti-Semitic video against Israel team in Haiti". Ynetnews. Archived from the original on 22 January 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
- ^ "Iranian Ayatollah Ahmad Khatami: US Occupied Haiti; Reports That Israeli Relief Delegation Is Stealing Organs", MEMRITV, Clip No. 2361 – Transcript, 22 January 2010.
- ^ "Syrian TV and Organ Transplant Experts: Israel Reminiscent of Shylock, Engages in Organ Trafficking in Haiti and Worldwide", MEMRITV, Clip No. 2370, 20 January 2010.
- ^ Stephen Lendman, "Focus on Israel: Harvesting Haitian organs?" Archived 23 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine, The Palestine Telegraph, 1 February 2010.
- ^ Simon Rocker and Martin Bright (11 February 2010), "Tonge: Investigate IDF stealing organs in Haiti", The Jewish Chronicle.
- ^ "Former British MP Tonge: Probe claims of IDF organ theft in Haiti", Ynet, 12 February 2010.
- ^ Jonny Paul (14 February 2010), "Haiti organ harvesting claims false", The Jerusalem Post.
- ^ "Lib Dem health spokeswoman sacked". BBC News. 12 February 2010.
- ^ a b "Israel in Haiti: Internet critics have their say". Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2010.
- ^ "Unraveling Anti-Semitic 9/11 Conspiracy Theories" Archived 29 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine New York: Anti-Defamation League, 2003. p. 1
- ^ "The 4,000 Jews Rumor: Rumor surrounding Sept. 11th proved untrue". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 8 April 2005. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
The 4,000 figure apparently came from an article entitled 'Hundreds of Israelis missing in WTC attack' which appeared in the September 12th internet edition of the Jerusalem Post. It stated, 'The Foreign Ministry in Jerusalem has so far received the names of 4,000 Israelis believed to have been in the areas of the World Trade Center and the Pentagon at the time of the attacks.'
- ^ A survey[by whom?] of the 1,700 victims whose religion was listed found approximately 10% were Jewish indicating around 270 in total. A survey[by whom?] based on the last names of victims found that around 400 (15+1⁄2%) were possibly Jewish. A survey[by whom?] of 390 Cantor Fitzgerald employees who had public memorials (out of the 658 who died) found 49 were Jewish (12+1⁄2%). According to the 2002 American Jewish Year Book, New York State's population was 9% Jewish. Sixty-four percent of the WTC victims lived in New York State.[according to whom?]
- ^ "The Resuscitation of Anti-Semitism: An American Perspective: An Interview with Abraham Foxman". Jcpa.org. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
- ^ Cashman, Greer Fay (12 September 2002). "Five Israeli victims remembered in capital". The Jerusalem Post. p. 3. Archived from the original on 4 November 2002. Retrieved 17 October 2006.
- ^ "Conspiracy Theories About Jews and 9/11 Cause Dangerous Mutations in Global Anti-Semitism". Anti-Defamation League. 2 September 2003. Archived from the original on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
- ^ Abraham H. Foxman (8 September 2006). "9/11 Conspiracy Theories Take Root in Arab/Muslim World". Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
- ^ "Rense Web Site Promotes Anti-Semitic Views". Anti-Defamation League. 17 March 2009 Archived 27 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Leon Pinsker (1882): Autoemancipation
- ISBN 1-85168-313-5. pp. 75–76
- ^ Michael Curtis (1986): Antisemitism in the Contemporary World. Westview Press. p. 4
- ISBN 978-8489644588.
- ISBN 978-8496364042.
- ISBN 9780684819167
Further reading
- Ostow, Mortimer (1996). Myth and Madness: The Psychodynamics of Anti-Semitism (1st ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9781351293167.