Ba–Shu Chinese
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Ba–Shu Chinese | |
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巴蜀語 | |
Native to | Sichuanese Mandarin, especially the Minjiang dialect. |
Early forms | |
Dialects | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | None (mis ) |
Glottolog | None |
Ba–Shu Chinese (Chinese: 巴蜀語; pinyin: Bāshǔyǔ; Wade–Giles: Ba1 Shu3 Yü3; Sichuanese Pinyin: Ba¹su²yu³; IPA: [pa˥su˨˩y˥˧]), or simply Shu Chinese (Chinese: 蜀語), also known as Old Sichuanese, is an extinct Chinese language formerly spoken in what is now Sichuan and Chongqing, China.
History and influences
Ba–Shu Chinese was first described in the book
Ba-Shu Chinese started to disappear during the late
Phonological aspects of Ba–Shu Chinese are preserved in the Minjiang dialect of Sichuanese Mandarin, which caused debate on whether the dialect is a variant of Southwestern Mandarin or a modern-day descendant of Ba–Shu.[4][5]
Phonology
Although the Ba–Shu language is extinct, some phonology features of rhymes can be found by researching the local literati and poets' use of rhymes in their works. Liu Xiaonan (2014) assumed that they wrote verses in Standard Chinese of the Song dynasty, but because their
Coda mergers
According to Liu's research, there is enough evidence to assume a significant number of coda mergers had taken place or were taking place in the Ba–Shu language during the Song dynasty:[3]
- *i(ə)m and *i(ə)n often merged as *-n (真侵部合併).
- *i(ə)n and *i(ə)ŋ often merged as *-n (真青部合併), this progress can be abbreviated as /*im/ > /*in/ < /*iŋ/.
- *an and *aŋ sometimes merged as *-n.
- *am and *an sometimes merged as *-n.
- Ditto, which can be abbreviated as /*am/ > /*an/ < /*aŋ/.
- *-t, *-k, and *-p probably all merged as *-ʔ, and sometimes are dropped entirely (especially in the west of the Sichuan Basin).
Vocabulary
Ba–Shu language had some unique words that scholars identified as possibly being influenced by the Old Shu language.
Word | Recorded period | Translation | Middle Chinese pronunciation (Zhengzhang) | Standard Chinese | Note |
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逼 | late Northern and Southern dynasties to early Sui dynasty, c. 600 | 'pellet' | *pɨkD | bī; 'to force'', 'a common name for the female genitalia' | The crowd was enlightened." |
姐 | Eastern Han
|
'mother' | *tsiaB | jiě; 'elder sister' | Xu Shen—Shuowen Jiezi
蜀人呼母曰姐。 |
師 | Tang | 'monk' | *ʃiɪA | shī; 'master' | Du Fu—Alone, Looking For Blossoms Along The River "#5"
蜀人呼僧为师,葬所为塔。 |
塔 | 'burying place' | *tʰɑpD | tǎ; 'tower' | ||
圍 | Northern Song
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'sky' | *ɦʉiA | weí; 'to siege' | Huang Tingjian—与大主簿三十三书
蜀人呼天为围。 |
葭萌 | Han | 'tea tree', also an ancient hydronym and a name of county | *kˠaA mˠɛŋA | jiāméng | Yang Xiong—Fangyan |
Notable speakers
Notable speakers of the Ba–Shu language include the "Three Sūs": (三蘇, sān sū):
- Sū Shì (蘇軾), who was from Meízhōu (眉州), Chéngdū circuit (成都府路).
- Sū Zhé (蘇轍), Sū Shì's younger brother.
- Sū Xún (蘇洵), Sū Shì and Sū Zhé's father.
See also
- Ba–Shu culture
- Ancient Kingdom of Ba
- Ancient Kingdom of Shu
- Second Kingdom of Shu
- Third Kingdom of Shu
- Fourth Kingdom of Shu
Notes
References
- ^ a b 汪启明 (2009). ""蜀语"名义阐微". 云南师范大学学报 (1).
- ^ ISBN 978-7-121-29110-4.
- ^ ISBN 9787301201350.
- ^ Xiang, Xuechun 向学春 (2008). "Sìchuān fāngyán zhōng de gǔ Bā-Shǔ tǔzhùyǔ yánjiū" 四川方言中的古巴蜀土著语研究 [A Study on Ba–Shu Indigenous Language in Sichuan Dialect]. Chóngqìng Sānxiá Xuéyuàn xuébào 重庆三峡学院学报 (in Chinese). 2008 (5): 103–106.
- ^ Liu, Xiaonan 刘晓南 (2009). "Shì lùn Sòngdài Bā-Shǔ fāngyán yǔ xiàndài Sìchuān fāngyán de guānxì - Jiān tán wénxiàn kǎozhèng de yīgè zhòngyào gōngyòng: Zhuīxún shīluò de fāngyán" 试论宋代巴蜀方言与现代四川方言的关系——兼谈文献考证的一个重要功用: 追寻失落的方言 [On the Relation between the Bashu Dialect in Song Dynasty and the Modern Sichuan Dialect]. Yǔyán kēxué 语言科学 (in Chinese). 8 (6): 586–596.