Death and state funeral of Josip Broz Tito
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Part of the breakup of Yugoslavia | |
Date | 8 May 1980 |
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Location | Dedinje, Belgrade, Serbia, Yugoslavia |
Participants | Yugoslav officials and dignitaries from 128 foreign countries |
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President of SKJ (1939–1980) Federal Secretary of Defence (1945–1953) Secretary-General of NAM (1961–1964) Premiership Elections President of Yugoslavia
Elections Family Legacy |
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The funeral of
Tito had become increasingly ill throughout 1979. On 7 January and again on 11 January 1980, Tito was admitted to the
As Tito had been viewed as the central unifying figure of culturally, religiously diverse and throughout times ethnically antagonistic nations of Yugoslavia, his death is considered to be one of key catalysts for the dissolution and destruction of the Yugoslav state a mere decade later.
Illness
By 1979, Tito's health had declined rapidly, mainly due to an arterial embolism in his left leg. This embolism was a complication of his diabetes, which he had had for many years. In that year, he participated in the Havana Conference of the Non-Aligned Movement and spent New Year's Eve in his residence in Karađorđevo. Throughout the televised event, Tito remained seated while exchanging greetings, causing concern to the watching audience. During this time Vila Srna was built for his use near Morović in the event of his recovery.[4]
The first circulation problems in his left leg begun in the second half of December 1979. Tito refused to undergo any diagnostic procedure prior to the new year celebration. On January 3, 1980, Tito was admitted to the Ljubljana University Medical Centre for tests on blood vessels in his leg. Two days later, after the angiography, he was discharged to his residence in Brdo Castle near Kranj, with a recommendation for further intensive treatment. Angiography revealed that Tito's superficial femoral artery and Achilles tendon artery were clogged. The medical council consisted of eight Yugoslav doctors, Michael DeBakey from the United States and Marat Knyazev from the Soviet Union.[5]
Following the advice of DeBakey and Knyazev, the medical team attempted an
By the beginning of January 1980, however, it became clear that Tito's life was in grave danger and Yugoslav political leadership secretly began preparations for his funeral.[
In late February, Tito's health suddenly took a turn to the worst. He suffered from kidney failure and in March, his heart and lungs began to fail and in late April, he suffered a stroke, whilst he was still in the hospital.
Death
Josip Broz Tito died in the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery at the University Medical Centre, Ljubljana on May 4, 1980, at 3:05 pm, due to complications of gangrene, three days before his 88th birthday. He died on the seventh floor, in a small room on the southeast corner. A commemorative inscription in the main hall later read "Pot do osvoboditve človeka bo še dolga, a bila bi daljša da ni živel Tito" ("The fight for peoples liberation will be a long one, but would have been longer if Tito never lived"). That inscription was later removed. Immediately upon learning of Tito's death, a full extraordinary session of both the Presidency of Yugoslavia and the Presidency of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia was held in Belgrade starting at 6:00 pm, at which Tito's death was formally declared via a joint statement:
To the working class, all the working people and citizens, and all the nations and nationalities of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia:
Comrade Tito has died.
On May 4th, 1980, at 15:05 in Ljubljana, the great heart of the President of our Socialist Yugoslavia, the President of the Presidency of Yugoslavia, the
President of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, Marshal of Yugoslavia, and the Commander-in-chief of the Yugoslav armed forces, Josip Broz Tito, has stopped beating.Great sorrow and pain are shaking up the working class, nations and nationalities of our country, every citizen, worker, soldier, war veteran, farmer, intellectual, every creator, pioneer and youth, and every girl and mother.
Tito is our dearest friend. For his entire life, Tito was a fighter for the interests and goals of the working class, for the most humane ideals and desires of our nations and nationalities. Seven decades he was burning up in a workers' movement. For six decades, he strengthened Yugoslav Communists. For more than four decades, he was the leader of our Party. He was a heroic leader in World War II and the Socialist revolution. For three and a half decades, he led our Socialist country. He moved our country and our fight for fairer human society into world history, proving that way to be our most crucial historic world personality.
During the most fateful times of our survival and development, Tito was bold and worthy of carrying the proletarian flag of our revolution, persistently and consistently linked to the fate of nations and man. He fought throughout his life and work and lived revolutionary humanism and fervour with enthusiasm and love for the country.
Tito was not only a visionary, critic and translator of the world. He reviewed the objective conditions and patterns of social movements, into the great ideas and thoughts into action with the million masses of the people with him at the helm, and made epochal progressive social transformations.
Thus, forever shall his revolutionary work be remembered for all time in the history of the people and nationalities of Yugoslavia and the history of the independence of all of humankind.
- —Signed, The Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia and the Presidency of Yugoslavia, Belgrade, May 4, 1980.
— [8]
After the declaration was read,
At the same meeting, by the
Grief in the nation
Tito's death was sudden and unexpected for Yugoslavian citizens who were minding their usual weekend activities. In the evening of the key day, TV stations were broadcasting normal programming on television until it was interrupted with a black screen for 30 seconds. After that,
Comrade Tito has died. That was announced tonight by the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia and the Presidency of Yugoslavia to the working class, all the working people and citizens and all the nations and nationalities of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.[8]
The same announcement was read out on the TV stations of each constituent republic in their respective languages.
On Sunday afternoons,
Grief for the statesman's death was largely based on his place in the Yugoslav political scene. He had led the resistance movement against
Dignitaries
Tito's blue train brought an empty coffin to the capital Belgrade, due to the bad condition of his deceased body. Tito's remains were instead transferred to Belgrade by a military helicopter.
Tito's funeral drew many statesmen to Belgrade. Two notably absent statesmen were
After learning that
The pomp and scale of the funeral had been widely documented and the event was a source of pride for the country for years to come. On the fifteenth anniversary of his death in 1995, the Croatian newspaper Arkzin noted that "turbulent times still do not allow for a truly historical assessment of his stature and achievements, but the appraisal which the world showed those days in May 1980, confirms that small nations and small states may produce world giants."[19]
During the funeral, Yasser Arafat tapped on the shoulder of Margaret Thatcher, after which she swung and shook his hand. She stated that she could never forgive herself for shaking his hand.[20]
Tito was interred twice on May 8. The first interment was for cameras and dignitaries. The grave was shallow with only a 200 kg (440 lb) replica of the sarcophagus. The second interment was held privately during the night.[citation needed] His coffin was removed, and the shallow grave was deepened. The coffin was enclosed with a copper mask and interred again into a much deeper grave which was sealed with cement and topped with a 9-ton sarcophagus.[citation needed] Communist officials were afraid that someone might steal the corpse, as had happened to Charlie Chaplin. However, the 9 ton sarcophagus had to be put in place with a crane, which would make the funeral unattractive.[citation needed]
In stark contrast to the pageantry of the funeral, Tito's tomb was constructed of marble with a simple inscription that states JOSIP BROZ - TITO 1892–1980. It did not incorporate a red star or any emblem linked to communism. Historians[who?] stated that the burial location, which was the garden of the place he lived during the post-war years more popularly known as the House of Flowers, was selected according to Tito's wishes.[21] The House of Flowers, together with the Museum of Yugoslavia, has since become a tourist destination and landmark of Belgrade visited by millions of people.[citation needed]
Foreign delegations
Source: Mirosavljev, Radoslav (1981). Titova poslednja bitka (Tito's Last Battle) (in Serbo-Croatian). Beograd: Narodna knjiga. pp. 262–264.
State delegations
Heads of state
State delegations of those countries were led by their respective
- Algeria: Chadli Bendjedid (President), Mohammed Seddik Benyahia (Minister of Foreign Affairs)
- Foreign Minister)
- Muhammad Shamsul Haque (Minister of Foreign Affairs)
- Minister of Foreign Affairs)
- Bulgaria: Todor Zhivkov (Chairman of the State Council)
- Canada: Edward Schreyer (Governor General), Jean Marchand (Speaker of the Senate)
- President), Miloš Jakeš (First Secretary of the Communist Party), Bohuslav Chňoupek (Ministers of Foreign Affairs)
- Chairman of the Derg)
- Finland: Urho Kekkonen (President), Paavo Väyrynen (Minister of Foreign Affairs)
- Greece: Konstantinos Tsatsos (President), Agamemnon Gratzios (Chief of the National Defence General Staff)
- President), Moussa Diakité(Foreign minister)
- President), Constantino Teixeira(Commissar of Internal Affairs)
- Hungary: János Kádár (General Secretary of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party)
- Iraq: Saddam Hussein (President), Sa'dun Hammadi (Foreign Minister)
- Ireland: Patrick Hillery (President), George Colley (Tánaiste)
- Minister of Culture)
- )
- Foreign Minister)
- North Korea: Kim Il Sung (General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea and President), Ho Dam (Foreign Minister), O Jin-u (Minister of Defence)
- Democratic Kampuchea: Khieu Samphan (President of the State Presidium and Prime Minister), Teng Sang (Vice President)
- Note: This delegation represented the UN-recognized government of Cambodia (Democratic Kampuchea), although in 1980 Cambodia was de facto ruled as the People's Republic of Kampuchea.[22]
- )
- President), Alioune Blondin Beye (Foreign Minister)
- Malta: Anton Buttigieg (President)
- Minister of Foreign Affairs), Manfred Flegel (Deputy Chairmen of the Council of Ministers)
- Foreign Minister)
- Olav V, Odvar Nordli (Prime Minister)
- Pakistan: Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (President), Riaz Piracha (Foreign Secretary)
- President), Carlos Osores (Foreign Minister)
- First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party), Wojciech Jaruzelski (Minister of National Defence)
- Francisco de Sá Carneiro (Prime Minister)
- Minister of Foreign Affairs)
- Captains Regent)
- Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet), Andrei Gromyko (Ministry of Foreign Affairs)
- Carl XVI Gustaf, Ola Ullsten (Minister for Foreign Affairs)
- Minister of Foreign Affairs and Deputy Prime Minister)
- Minister of Foreign Affairs)
- President)
- Zambia: Kenneth Kaunda (President), Wilson M. Chakulya (Minister of Foreign Affairs)
Heads of government or vice-heads of state
State delegations of those countries were headed by their
- Prime Minister)
- Prime Minister)
- Secretary General of the State Council)
- Vice President)
- Minister of Foreign Affairs)
- Joseph W.S. deGraft-Johnson (Vice-President), Isaac Chinebuah (Minister for Foreign Affairs), William Ofori Atta(Government Minister)
- India: Indira Gandhi (Prime Minister)
- Indonesia: Adam Malik (Vice President)
- Japan: Masayoshi Ōhira (Prime Minister), Yasure Katoi (Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs)
- Madagascar: Charles Ravoajanakhari (Vice President of the Supreme Revolutionary Council)
- Mongolia: Jambyn Batmönkh (Prime Minister)
- Minister of Foreign Affairs)
- Peru: Pedro Richter Prada (Prime Minister)
- Minister of Foreign Affairs)
- Foreign Minister)
- Foreign Secretary), Fitzroy Maclean(wartime British liaison to Yugoslav Partisans, personal friend of Tito)
- United States: Walter Mondale (Vice President), Lillian Gordy Carter (mother of President Jimmy Carter) and W. Averell Harriman (former Governor of New York)
- Yemen Arab Republic: Qadi Abdel (Vice President)
- Zimbabwe: Robert Mugabe (Prime Minister)
Deputies or foreign ministers
Delegations of those countries were headed by their deputy heads of state, deputy heads of government or their foreign ministers:
- Afghanistan: Sultan Ali Keshtmand (First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers), Shah Mohamad Dost (Foreign Minister)
- Australia: Andrew Peacock (Minister for Foreign Affairs)
- Chancellor)
- Foreign Minister)
- Cameroon: Jean Keutcha (Foreign Minister)
- Foreign Minister)
- Foreign Minister)
- Guyana: Ptolemy Reid (Deputy Prime Minister)
- Minister of Foreign Affairs)
- Mauritius: Harold Edward Water (Foreign Minister)
- Mexico: Enrique Olivares Santana (Secretary of the Interior), Luis M. Farías (President of the Chamber of Deputies)
- Nepal: Prince Gyanendra of Nepal and K. B. Shahi (Minister of Foreign Affairs)
- Minister of Foreign Affairs), Joseph Wayas (President of the Senate)
- Nicaragua: Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann (Foreign Minister)
- New Zealand: Brian Talboys (Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs)
- Seychelles: Jacques Hodoul (Minister for Foreign Affairs)
- Minister of External Affairs)
- Foreign Minister)
- Thailand: Thanat Khoman (Deputy Prime Minister)
- Uganda: Otema Allimadi (Foreign Minister)
- Minister of Foreign Affairs)
- Vietnam: Huỳnh Tấn Phát (Deputy Prime Minister)
Other state delegations
State delegations of those countries were headed by government ministers, ambassadors or royal house members:
- Albania: Sokrat Plaka (ambassador to Yugoslavia)
- Afonso Van-Dunem (Member of the Central Committee of MPLA)
- Argentina: Alberto Rodríguez Varela (Minister of Justice)
- Benin: Tonakpon Capo-Chichi (Minister of Culture) and Agbahe Gregoire (Minister of Tourism and Crafts)
- Botswana: A. V. Kgarebe (High Commissioner to the United Kingdom)
- Burundi: Reni Nkonkengurute (Member of the Politburo and Presidium of the Central Committee of the Union for National Progress, Minister for Presidency affairs)
- Central African Republic: General Mbale (Minister of Internal Affairs)
- Colombia Ambassador to the United Kingdom)
- Congo: Jean Ganga Zansou (President of the National Assembly)
- Costa Rica: Fernando Aldman (Minister of Economy)
- Ecuador: Mario Aleman (Sub-secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs)
- Equatorial Guinea: Abaga Julian Esono (Ambassador to France)
- Gabon: Jean Robert Fungu (Ambassador to Yugoslavia)
- Iceland: Ingvi Sigurður Ingvarsson (Ambassador to Sweden, non-resident Ambassador to Yugoslavia)
- Ivory Coast: K. Nalobamba (State Minister), Tousagnon Benoit (vice-president of the National Assembly)
- Jamaica: K. G. Hill (Ambassador to Geneva, non-resident Ambassador to Yugoslavia)
- Kenya: J. H. Okvanyo (Trade minister)
- Kuwait: Sheikh Abdullah al Jaber (Special emissary of Emir Jaber al Ahmad)
- Lebanon: Ali el Khalil (Minister of Finance)
- Liberia: Robert Kvele Kennedy (Ambassador to Rome, non-resident Ambassador to Yugoslavia)
- Libya: Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr(Minister of Defence, General of Army)
- Liechtenstein: Walter Oehry (Government Minister)
- Maldives: Ahmed Zaki (Permanent Representatives to the UN)
- Malaysia: Abdul Taib Mahmud (Minister of Defence)
- Mauritania: Mohamme Ulg el-Hussein (Minister)
- Morocco: Dej Ould Sidi (President of Parliament), Mohammed Doniri (Minister of Supplies)
- Mozambique: Marcelino dos Santos (Member of the Central Committee of FRELIMO, member of the Parliament Standing Committee)
- Niger: Mahamane Karmou (Ambassador to USSR, non-resident Ambassador to Yugoslavia)
- Oman: Fahad bin Mahmoud Al-Said (Under-secretary of judicial affairs)
- Leon Ma. Guerrero(Ambassador to Yugoslavia)
- Rwanda: Jules Kanadra (Ambassador to Moscow, non-resident Ambassador to Yugoslavia)
- MLSTP/PSD, Minister for Planning)
- Senegal: Maggat Lo (President of the Economic-social committee of the Parliament), Mohammed Li (Government Minister)
- Sierra Leone: Philip Faboe (Secretary of State)
- Singapore: David Marshall (Ambassador to France)
- President of the People's Assembly, and Member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party)
- South Yemen: M. S. Muti (Member of the Politburo and Secretary of the Central Committee of the Yemeni Socialist Party), A. R. Ratib (Member of the Politburo)
- Sudan: Sherif Ghasim (Member of the Politburo of the Sudanese Socialist Union)
- Trinidad and Tobago: James O'Neil (Ambassador to Belgium, non-resident Ambassador to Yugoslavia)
- Habib Bourguiba, Jr.
- Upper Volta: Tiemoko Marc Garango (Ambassador to West Germany, non-resident Ambassador to Yugoslavia)
- Uruguay: Walter Ravenna (Minister of National Defence)
- Council for Public Affairs of the Church)
- President of the National Assembly)
Delegations of parties and organizations
International organizations
- Secretary-General)
- European Parliament: Simone Veil (President)
- Council of Europe: Franz Karasek (Secretary General)
- European Commission: Wilhelm Haferkamp (Vice-President)
- Commonwealth: Shridath Ramphal (Secretary-General)
- OECD: Emiel van Lennep (Secretary-General)
- United Nations: Kurt Waldheim (Secretary-General), P. N. Dhar
- UNESCO: Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow (Director-General)
Liberation movements
- Palestine Liberation Organization: Yasser Arafat (Chairman)
- Polisario Front: Mohamed Abdelaziz (Chairman of the Revolutionary Council)
- SWAPO: David Meroro (President of the People's Assembly)
Political parties and Trade unions
- Communist Party of Australia: Bernie Taft (Secretary)
- Labour Party of Australia: Jane Taggart
- Communist Party of Austria: Franz Muhri (president) and Josef Nichel-Vizer (Member of the Central Committee)
- Bangladesh Awami League: Kamal Hosein
- Communist Party of Belgium: Louis Van Geyt (president), Jean Debruvere (Member of the Politbureau)
- Socialist Party (Belgium): André Cools (president), Irène Pétry (member of the National Bureau, Vice President of the Socialist International, President of the Socialist International Women)
- Communist Party of Chile: Milo Carres Orlando (Member of the Politbureau)
- Socialist Party of Chile: Carlos Altamirano (Secretary), Clodomiro Almeida (Secretary)
- Popular Unitary Action Movement: Ricardo Lopez
- Radical Party of Chile: Benjamin Tekliski (Executive Secretary)
- Communist Party of Denmark: Jørgen Jensen (president), Hans Kloster (member of the Central Committee)
- Socialist People's Party of Denmark: Gert Petersen(president)
- Dominican Revolutionary Party: Francisco Pena Gomez
- Labor Party of Egypt: Hamid Zidani
- Arab Trade Unions (Egypt): Fati Mohammad (Secretary-General)
- Communist Party of France: Georges Marchais(Secretary general)
- French Socialist Party: François Mitterrand (First secretary), Lionel Jospin (National Secretary)
- French Unified Socialist Party: Maurice Revenel (National secretary), Victor Ledik (National secretary)
- French Democratic Confederation of Labour: Edmond Maire (Secretary-General ), Jacques Chereque (Deputy Secretary-General)
- General Confederation of Labour (France): Gerard Gomez (National Secretary)
- French Radical Party of the Left: Francois Lissere
- People's National Party (Ghana): Nana Okutwer Beko (president)
- Communist Party of Greece (Interior): Babis Drakopoulos (Secretary General)
- Communist Party of Greece: Charilaos Florakis (Secretary General)
- United Democratic Left (Greece): Manolis Glezos
- Party of Democratic Socialism (Greece): Yagos Pesmazoglou, Georgios Milonas, Charalambos Protopapas
- PASOK: Andreas Papandreou (President)
- General Confederation of Greek Workers: Nicholas Papageorgiou (President)
- Communist Party of the Netherlands: Henk Hoekstra (chairman)
- Labour Party (Netherlands): Joop den Uyl (Parliamentary group leader)
- Communist Party of Ireland: Andy Barr (president)
- Communist Party of Italy: Enrico Berlinguer(Secretary General)
- Italian Socialist Party: Bettino Craxi (Secretary General)
- Italian Democratic Socialist Party: Ruggero Puletti (deputy Secretary-General), Giuseppe Amadei
- Proletarian Unity Party (Italy) and the Workers Movement for Socialism: Lucio Magri (Secretary-General), Luca Cafiero (Secretary)
- Vito Lattanzio
- Japanese Communist Party: Kamejiro Senaga, Sakundo Onuma
- Socialist Party of Japan: Tomio Kawahami, Eiji Yasai
- African National Congress: Thomas Nkobi
- Colombian Communist Party: Alvaro Delgado
- Lebanese Communist Party: Nicolas Shawi (Secretary General)
- Progressive Socialist Party: Walid Jumblatt (President)
- Socialist Union of Popular Forces: Abderahime Buabid (Secretary General)
- Party of Progress and Socialism (Morocco): Ali Yata (Secretary General)
- Communist Party of Mauritius: Chandramun (President)
- Mexican Communist Party: Marcos Leonel Pasades (Member of the executive committee)
- German Communist Party: Herbert Mies, Carlos Schroder
- Social Democratic Party of Germany: Willy Brandt (President, President of the Socialist International)
- National Party of Nigeria: Augustus Akinloye (President)
- Portuguese Communist Party: Álvaro Cunhal (Secretary General)
- Socialist Party (Portugal): Mário Soares (Secretary General)
- Left-wing Union for the Socialist Democracy (Portugal): António Lopes Cardoso (Secretary General)
- Sammarinese Communist Party: Umberto Barulli (Secretary General)
- Sammarinese Socialist Party: Giuseppe della Balda
- Syrian Communist Party: Daniel Neme
- Communist Party of Spain: Santiago Carrillo (Secretary General)
- Spanish Socialist Workers' Party: Felipe González (Secretary General)
- Unión General de Trabajadores (Spain): Anton Valentin
- Sri Lanka Freedom Party: Sirimavo Bandaranaike (President)
- Swiss Party of Labour: Jean Vincent (honorary President)
- Progressive Organizations of Switzerland: Georg Degen
- Left Party – the Communists (Sweden): Lars Werner (President), Bo Hammar (member of the Politbureau)
- Swedish Social Democratic Party: Sten Andersson (Secretary)
- Republican People's Party (Turkey): Bülent Ecevit (President)
- Communist Party of Britain: Gordon McLennan (Secretary General)
- Labour Party (UK): James Callaghan (Leader)
Media coverage
The funeral was broadcast live by many countries on their state television channels. In West Germany, it was aired on the first program. Austrian television featured the film "Memories of President Tito" for an hour, followed by a 3-hour broadcast of the funeral. In the U.S., all three major television networks covered the funeral. Both French main channels directly broadcast the burial. The same situation occurred in Belgium, and British television aired almost 4 hours of the ceremony. The Australian network covered the entire ceremony. In total, 44 countries broadcast Tito's funeral.[23]
References
- ^ Carter, Jimmy (4 May 1980). "Josip Broz Tito Statement on the Death of the President of Yugoslavia". Retrieved 26 April 2010.
- ^ Vidmar, Josip; Rajko Bobot; Miodrag Vartabedijan; Branibor Debeljaković; Živojin Janković; Ksenija Dolinar (1981). Josip Broz Tito – Ilustrirani življenjepis. Jugoslovenska revija. p. 166.
- ISBN 0-09-475610-4.
- ^ "Raj u koji Broz nije stigao". Blic. 2 May 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
- ^ "Specialist consults on Tito". Lodi News. 7 January 1980.
- ^ "Tito surgery succesuful". Beaver County Times. 14 January 1980.
- ^ "8 DOCTORS SAY TITO IS IN GOOD CONDITION; First Official Response to Surgery Strengthens Hope He Will Return to Duties 'Within Limits of Normal' Control Would Likely Continue Concentration on Foreign Affairs". New York Times. 22 January 1980.
- ^ a b c d "Anniversary of Marshal Tito's death". yugoslavian.blogspot.com/. 4 May 2009. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
- ^ "Anniversary of Marshal Tito's death". Retrieved 3 September 2023.
- ^ "Yugoslav President Tito Dies" (PDF). stanford.edu. 9 May 1980. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
- ISBN 9780739148648.
- ^ a b "Yugoslav News Bulletin". 1980.
- ^ a b c "Titomanija". Retrieved 18 April 2022.
- ISBN 9781571811110.
- ISBN 1860648428.
- ^ "Bush Blasts Carter For Not Attending Tito Funeral". Lakeland Ledger. 9 May 1980.
- ^ "Jimmy Carter Visits President Tito's Grave, 1980". Yugoslavia – Virtual Museum. 12 November 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
- ^ Jimmy Carter: "Yugoslavia: Conclusion of State Visit Joint Statement. ", June 29, 1980. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=44655.
- ISBN 1571811117.
- )
- ISBN 1860641261.
- ISBN 0520070526.
- ^ Jugoslavija o Titu — Svet o Titu 1980 (2nd ed.). 1981.
External links
- Media related to Death and state funeral of Josip Broz Tito at Wikimedia Commons