Immigration to Chile
Immigration to Chile has contributed to the demographics and the history of this South American nation. Chile is a country whose inhabitants are mainly of Iberian, mostly of Andalusian and Basque origin,[1] and Native American, mostly descended from Mapuche peoples.[2] A moderate numbers of European immigrants settled in Chile during the 19th and 20th centuries, mainly Spanish, as well as Germans, British, French, Southern Slavs, and Italians who have made additional contributions to the racial complex of Chile.[2] However, this immigration was never in a large scale, contrasting with mass migrations that characterized Argentina, Uruguay and southern Brazil, and therefore, anthropologically, its impact with lesser consequence.[2] At the same time, some separate cultural aspects, such as German cakes, British afternoon tea, and Italian pasta, were preserved. The fusion is also visible in the architecture of Chilean cities. This intermarriage and mixture of cultures and races have shaped the present society and culture of Chile.
Most of the immigrants to Chile during the 19th and 20th centuries came from abroad. Settlers from Europe came from France,[3] Great Britain,[4] Italy,[3] Germany,[5] and Croatia,[6] among others. Although significant numbers of Palestinians, Syrians, and Lebanese also arrived.[7] Today, most immigrants come from other American countries. The largest immigrant group comes from Venezuela, followed by Peru, Haiti, and Colombia.[8] One of the main factors that has driven this migration has been the country's relatively stable political history, compared with the rest of Latin America and the significant growth of the Chilean economy in recent decades.[9]
Immigration and diasporas in Chile
Country of origin | Recent immigrants, (INE-DEM, 2019)[8] |
Descendants of old immigrants |
Time of greatest immigration |
Reference: Immigrants or descendants |
---|---|---|---|---|
Venezuela | 455,494 | — | S.21 | Departamento de Extranjería y Migración, (INE-DEM, 2019), & Gestión Journal.[10] |
Peru | 235,165 | — | S.20—S.21 | Departamento de Extranjería y Migración, (INE-DEM, 2019). |
Haiti | 185,865 | — | S.21 | Departamento de Extranjería y Migración, (INE-DEM, 2019). |
Colombia | 161,153 | — | S.21 | Departamento de Extranjería y Migración, (INE-DEM, 2019). |
Bolivia | 120,103 | — | S.20—S.21 | Departamento de Extranjería y Migración, (INE-DEM, 2019). |
Argentina | 79,474 | — | S.19—S.21 | Departamento de Extranjería y Migración, (INE-DEM, 2019). |
Ecuador | 41,403 | — | S.20—S.21 | Departamento de Extranjería y Migración, (INE-DEM, 2019). |
Spain | 22,524 | — | S.16—S.18 | Departamento de Extranjería y Migración, (INE-DEM, 2019). |
Dominican Republic | 20,080 | — | S.21 | Departamento de Extranjería y Migración, (INE-DEM, 2019). |
Brazil | 19,980 | — | — | Departamento de Extranjería y Migración, (INE-DEM, 2019). |
United States | 18,477 | — | — | Departamento de Extranjería y Migración, (INE-DEM, 2019). |
Cuba | 16,253 | — | S.20 | Departamento de Extranjería y Migración, (INE-DEM, 2019). |
Mexico | 10,380 | — | — | Departamento de Extranjería y Migración, (INE-DEM, 2019). |
Paraguay | 5,987 | 6,500 | — | Departamento de Extranjería y Migración, (INE-DEM, 2019), y Secretaría de Repatriados de Paraguay.[11] |
Other countries | 51,918 | — | — | Departamento de Extranjería y Migración, (INE-DEM, 2019). |
France | 10,520 | 800,000 | S.19—S.20 | R. Parvex, Hommes and Migrations, 2014.[3] |
United Kingdom | — | 700,000 | S.19—S.20 | Embajada Británica en Chile, según Proyecto Biografía de Chile, 2012.[4] |
Italy | 6,075 | 600,000 | S.19—S.20 | R. Parvex, Hommes and Migrations, 2014.[3] |
Germany | 9,689 | 500,000 | S.19—S.20 | Cámara Chileno-Alemana de Comercio, según DW.[5] |
Palestine | — | 500,000 | S.19—S.20 | Up to 61% of chilean-arabs. International Business Times, 2013.[7] |
Croatia | — | 400,000 | S.19—S.20 | Corporación Cultural Chileno-Croata Domovina, 2015.[6] |
Syria | — | 200,000 | S.19—S.20 | 25% of chilean-arabs. Datos cruzados de EPOA, 2001; en J. Córdoba-Toro, 2015; e International Business Times, 2013.[7][12] |
Israel | — | 175,000 | S.19—S.20 | Presidencia de la Comunidad Judía en Chile, según EFE, 2010; H. Harvey, 2012.[13][14] |
Portugal | — | 174,000 | S.16—S.18 | 1% of chilean surnames. L. Thayer, 1989.[15] |
Ireland | — | 120,000 | S.19—S.20 | O'Higgins Tours, 2010.[16] |
Greece | — | 100,000 | S.19—S.20 | R. Parvex, Hommes and Migrations, 2014.[3] |
Switzerland | — | 100,000 | S.19—S.20 | Embajada Suiza e Inst. Cultural de Providencia, 2010; J. Córdoba-Toro, 2018; Swiss Federal Council, 2019.[17][18][19][20] |
Netherlands | — | 50,000 | S.19—S.20 | — |
Lebanon | — | 32,000 | S.19—S.20 | 4% of chilean-arabs. EPOA, 2001; e International Business Time, 2013.[7][12] |
Serbia | — | 21,000 | S.19—S.20 | 5% of Yugoslav immigration, in relation to the remaining 95% corresponding to Croatian immigration.[21] |
Romani | — | 20,000 | S.20 | H. Marsh, University of East Anglia, 2016.[22] |
China | 15,696 | 20,000 | S.20 | Departamento de Extranjería y Migración, (INE-DEM, 2019), y La Tercera.[23] |
Poland | — | 10,000 | S.19—S.20 | Stowarzyszenie Wspólnota Polska, 2007.[24] |
Japan | — | 3,000 | S.20 | Gobierno de Japón, 2017.[25] |
South Korea | — | 2,700 | S.20 | Diario La segunda, 2014.[26] |
Hungary | — | 2,000 | S.20 | Nemzetpolitikai Kutatóintézet, según Programa Kőrösi Csoma Sándor, 2015.[27] |
Total | 1,492,522 | — | — | — |
Immigration from Europe
-
Swiss Charitable Society of Victoria, year 1886.
-
One of the Italian settler families who founded Capitán Pastene, year 1910.
-
French family in Chile, year 1920.
-
Alessandri Family, with two future presidents of Chile, year 1920.
-
Meeting of Hungarian immigrants in Peñaflor, year 1931.
-
Family of German colonists, in the agricultural expansion in Aysén, year 1951.
-
Plaque of the Swiss Cemetery, located in Victoria, Araucanía Region.
-
Typical house of German settlers in southern Chile, in Los Ríos and Los Lagos regions.
-
German-style parish church in Puerto Varas, Los Lagos Region.
-
British Arch, located in the city of Valparaíso.
-
Plaque in the house of the French immigrant Morandais, origin of the Chilean surname Morandé.
-
Greek Orthodox Church of the Saints Constantine and Elena, located in the commune of Ñuñoa, Santiago.
Spaniards were the most relevant group among European immigration to Chile.[28] The largest ethnic group in Chile arrived from Spain during the colonial age, prior to 1810. Too, until the 18th century, the country experienced massive immigration from the Basque Country and Navarre, reaching 27% of the total Chilean colonial population,[29] as well as Portuguese and Italian immigrants who accompanied the Spanish Empire. The situation changed for the early 20th century Chile was not a particularly attractive destination for migrants simply because it was far from Europe, and reaching such a remote place was difficult.[28][30][31] A situation recognized in the census of 1907, census which recorded the percentage of Europeans versus the total population of Chile (2.2%).[32] In other counts, with only immigrants born in their countries of origin, and without counting their descendants, came to represent 4.1% of the national population,[33] with the exception of Magallanes Region, where 1/4 people had been born abroad, mostly on the European continent.[34]
However, some relevant groups arrived anyway, especially for the colonization of Araucanía, and in search of luck in mining activity in the north of the country. In any case, this immigration does not compare to that of the South American Atlantic countries. Between 1851 and 1924 Chile only received the 0,5% of the European immigration flow to Latin America, against 46% of Argentina, 33% of Brazil, 14% of Cuba, and 4% of Uruguay.[28] This was because most of the migration occurred across the Atlantic, not the Pacific, and that this migration occurred mostly before the construction of the Panama Canal.[28] Also, Europeans preferred to stay in countries closer to their homelands instead of taking that long tour across the Straits of Magellan or crossing the Andes.[28]
Although the majority of European immigrants during the first half of the 20th century came from Spain and Italy, others came in smaller numbers from other European countries including the
Spain
Clearly, Spanish immigration was the most important during the colonial period. Since Chile became an independent republic, Spanish immigration is estimated at 40,000 people settling between 1880 and 1940. The
Today, the Spanish colony continues to be the most significant in the country, having its own football (soccer) club, Unión Española and more than 80 institutions of varying purpose throughout Chile (charitable, sports, philanthropic, social, etc.). It is estimated that some 400,000 Chileans are descendants of Spanish immigrants who came to Chile during the 20th century, more than 100,000 descending from the Spanish who settled in Araucanía.
Basque
Estimates of the number of Chileans with Basque ancestry currently range from 10% (1,600,000) to as high as 27% (4,700,000).[37][38]
[39]
[40]
The Basque presence in Chile began in the
During the 18th century, Chile saw a mass immigration coming from the Basque country. By the end of the 18th century, Chileans with Basque surnames comprised 27% of
In the second half of the 19th century came a new wave of Basque immigration, with as many from the French Basque country as from the Spanish Basque country. The migratory flood continued, with varying intensity, almost until the end of the Spanish Civil War.
To describe the Basque-Chilean relationship,
France
800,000 are the descendants of French in Chile today.
By 1854 there were 1654 Frenchmen in Chile, by 1895 it rose to 8266; about 80% of them arrived from Southwestern France, especially from
In World War II, a group of over 10,000 Chileans of French descent, the majority have French relatives joined the
Germany
According to the last census and estimations, year 2019, 9,689 German immigrants resided in Chile at that time,
The German immigrants succeeded in creating vigorous villages and communities in virtually uninhabited regions, completely changing the landscape of the southern zones. Carlos Anwandter left evidence of this great spirit of building, proclaiming to all the colonists: "We will be Chileans, as honorable and hardworking as ever there were, we will defend our adopted country united in the ranks of our new compatriots, against all foreign oppression and with the resolve and fortitude of the man that defends his country, his family, and his interests. This country that we have adopted as sons will never have reason to repent of its enlightened, humane, and generous gesture..." (18 November 1851).
Later years brought a new, great wave of German immigrants who settled throughout the country, especially in
Among many distinguished descendants of the Germans in Chile are counted the commander Fernando Matthei Aubel, the architect Mathias Klotz, tennis players Gabriel Silberstein and Hans Gildemeister, the athletes Sebastián Keitel and Marlene Ahrens Ostertag and her daughter, TV host and journalist Karin Ebensperger, the musicians Patricio Manns and Emilio Körner, the economist Ernesto Schiefelbein, the politicians Miguel Kast and Evelyn Matthei, the entrepreneurs Jürgen Paulmann and Carlos Heller, the painters Uwe Grumann and Rossy Ölckers, television presenters Karen Doggenweiler, Allison Göhler, Margot Kahl, and Jenny Pérez-Schmidt, writers César Müller and Mexican-born Beatriz Gutiérrez Müller, and the actors Gloria Münchmeyer and her daughter Catalina Guerra, Antonia Zegers, Aline Kuppenheim, and Bastian Bodenhofer.
It is now difficult to tabulate the full number of German descendants in Chile because of the large amount of time that has passed and because they have mixed with the Chilean population for more than 150 years. Because many areas of the Chilean South are sparsely populated, the traces of German immigration are rather obvious that the German culture is well preserved. In reality, the descendants of these first immigrants mostly live in the big cities.
Britain and Ireland
British descendants in Chile are estimated to number between 350,000 and 420,000 to 700,000; with 120,000 irish-chileans.[4][44] The English, Welsh, Scottish, and Irish population rose to more than 32,000 during the port of Valparaíso's boom period at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century during the saltpeter bonanza.[45] The role of British colonial influence is important to understanding the boom and bust of the port of Valparaíso.
The English immigration and influence was also important in the northern regions of the country during the saltpeter boom, in the ports of Iquique and Pisagua. The King of Saltpeter, John Thomas North, was the principal backer of nitrate mining. The British legacy is reflected in the street names of the historic district of the city of Iquique, and the foundation of various institutions, such as the Club Hípico (Racing Club). Nevertheless, British influence came to an end with the saltpeter crisis during the 1930s.
Today the descendants of British and Irish immigrants are found dispersed throughout the country. Well-known descendants of these colonists include
Croatia
One of the most important groups of European immigrants in Chile are the Croats, whose number of descendants today (2009) is estimated to be 400,000 persons,[6] the equivalent of 2,4% of the population.[46][47] Other authors claim, on the other hand, that close to 4.6% of the Chilean population must have some Croatian ancestry.[48] Chile is the second-ranked country in the world for number of Croatian descendants, after Croatia itself.
The first Croatian immigrants came from Dalmatia, arriving in the mid-19th century in escape from the wars unleashed in that region or from pestilence on the islands in the Adriatic Sea. The major concentrations of Croatians can be found in Santiago, Antofagasta, and Punta Arenas, but a large concentration also exists in Viña del Mar, Porvenir, and La Serena. Many descendants of Croatian immigrants who settled in the north and south of Chile later moved to the capital.
Arturo Givovich is considered to be the first Croatian in Chile, having arrived in the 17th century on an English pirate ship belonging to
Without a doubt, most Croatian immigrants, approximately 58,000, arrived in Chile at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, up until World War I. Consequently, the Croatian colony in Chile was officially considered
The Croatian immigrants dedicated themselves to business. In
Italy
In 1989 the estimated number of people of Italian descent in Chile was 300,000 persons.[52] After independence, the Chilean government encouraged Italian emigration especially after the formation of the Kingdom of Italy in the 1860s and 1870s, but without getting the results from the nearby Argentina. [citation needed]
However, there was a substantial flow of migration from Liguria to the area of Valparaíso, which came to control 70% of the city. These immigrants founded the 'Body of Fire' (called Cristóforo Colombo) of the city and its Scuola Italiana, whose building has been declared by the Government of Chile "Monumento Histórico Nacional".[53]
In comparison, larger numbers of Italian immigrants to Chile were from the Northern Italian regions such as Liguria, Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont and Lombardy and to a much smaller number of Central or Southern. Italian Chileans along with
At the end of the 19th century many Italian merchants are rooted in the northern part of
.Although being just a fraction of the size of the migration to Argentina, Italian immigration to Chile has been present since the arrival of the first Spaniards into the country, like captain Giovanni Battista Pastene who helped Pedro de Valdivia's expedition. Thence, with akin Latin culture, Italians have helped forge the nation, with architects (Gioacchino Toesca), painters (Camilo Mori), businessmen (Anacleto Angelini), Economists (Vittorio Corbo) and statesmen (Arturo Alessandri) among others.
Greece
The Greek community in Chile are estimated to number from 90,000 to 120,000,
The Greek community has great importance in Chile. The first immigrants arrived during the 16th century from
The majority of Greek immigrants arrived in Chile at the beginning of the 20th century for his spirit adventurer. However, the chronicles of the time show that most attracted by the reputation he had acquired the north by the operation of nitrate. The country was plunging into an economic boom that lasted a very large period in which the Chileans did not pay taxes. Salitre fever attracted thousands of foreigners who came from Europe and some of the United States. The "nitrate" or city offices located close to the mineral operations were a glorious time. Furniture, curtains, carpets were imported from France or England and foreigners also imported European governesses to educate their shoots.
Amid this flood of foreigners who populated northern Chilean appeared Greece. Was an numerous Collectivité Hellenic whose records were listed in two sources. One of these was the extensive collaboration that gave the Chilean press through its pages in the newspaper El Mercurio. The other end of the fire under the rubble of the first home that housed the proto-Hellenes of Chile.
In 1926 the first women's association for excellence, filóptoxos (friends of the poor) which was chaired by Xrisí Almallotis. Since then to date there have been about four or five generations of descendants of Greeks. Some have moved south and are grouped mainly in
Switzerland
There are currently 5,000 Swiss citizens residing in Chile, and between 90,000[19] and 100,000 Swiss descendants,[17][18][20] of whom 60,000 are from colonizations sponsored by the State of Chile in 19th century, and another 30,000 are emigrants during World War I and II.[19]
The number of
In the 19th century, the opening up of new lands in the New World and the economic crisis in Europe motivated the most impoverished sectors of society to emigrate, mainly to United States in North America, to Australia, and to Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina and Chile in South America. It was an organized exodus of limited duration. As economic immigration increased, the State assumed a regulatory role by granting or denying requests for permission to settle there.
Formal reports of Swiss immigrants' experiences in southern Chile began in 1853. Official reports of the Swiss Consulate in
The procedure was as follows: the settlers were met by government authorities at Talca, held in quarantine, and then taken to Angol, where each family received farming tools and a cart with oxen to travel to the "promised land." In one documented case, in the town of Puren, each family was freely assigned 40 hectares, plus other 20 hectares for each son capable of working those lands. In addition, each family received a subsidy of 15 pesos per month and one milking cow. In turn, the family had to undertake to live in their allocated plot, fence it, build a home and work it directly.
Only 28 years after the commencement of
Netherlands
In 1600, the Chilean city of
The second emigration from the Netherlands to Chile came in 1895. Under the so-called "Inspector General of Colonization and Chilean Immigration" a dozen Dutch families settled between 1895 and 1897 in Chiloé, particularly in Mechaico, Huillinco and Chacao. In the same period Hageman Egbert arrived in Chile.[62] with his family, 14 April 1896, settling in Rio Gato, near Puerto Montt. The Wennekool family came to Chile and inaugurated the Dutch colonization of Villarrica.[63]
In the early 20th century, a large group of Dutch people, known as
On 4 May 1903, a group of over 200 Dutch emigrants sailed on the steamship "Oropesa," of the "Pacific Steam Navigation Company," from La Rochelle (La Pallice) in France. The majority of migrants were born in the Netherlands: 35% were from North Holland and South Holland, 13% from North Brabant, 9% from Zealand and another 9% from Gelderland. Only a dozen children had been born in South Africa (in Pretoria, Johannesburg, Valkrust, Roode Koog, Muurfontein, Platrand, Watersaltoon and Cape Town/Kaapstad). Among the emigrants was a small group of singles, but most were married couples with children (some had as many as five children).
On 5 June, they traveled by train to their final destination, the city of Pitrufquén, located south of Temuco, near the hamlet of Donguil. Another group of Dutch emigres arrived shortly after in Talcahuano, aboard the "Oravi" and the "Orissa". The Dutch colony in Donguil was christened "Colonia Nueva Transvala" or "New Transvaal Colony". Between 7 February 1907 and 18 February 1909, more than 500 families eventually settled in Chile to start a new life.
It is currently estimated that there are about 50,000 Chileans of Dutch descent in Chile, mostly located in Malleco, Gorbea, Pitrufquén, Faja Maisan and around Temuco.[64][65]
Hungary
In South America, more Hungarians settled in Argentina and Brazil. But Chile was a major point of passage for Hungarians to other countries in North America (the United States or Canada) and Australia. Most Hungarian immigrants to Australia came from South America during the first half of the 20th century. According to 2001 census estimates, there are around 40,000 people of Hungarian descent living in Chile, the main concentration are in
Lithuania
After the
Poland
A small number of Poles came to Chile, with first of them coming during the
Russia
According to the 2001 Chilean Census, about 5,500 Russians live in the country, but other demographic estimates of Chileans with Russian descent climb to over 60,000.[citation needed] It included Poles due to Partitions of Poland.
The first Russians came to Chile in the early 19th century as part of naval expeditions circumnavigating the globe, among them captains Otto Kotsebu, Fyodor Litke, and Vasili Golovnin. However, they were just temporary visitors; the earliest Russian migrants came in 1854. The immigrants of that time belonged to different ethnic groups of the Russian Empire, particularly to minorities. Among them were seafarers and traders as well as medical professionals such as Alexei Sherbakov, who served as a surgeon in the Chilean Navy during the War of the Pacific.[67] In the period between World War I and World War II, political motivations for migration came to the forefront; the number of White Russian emigres in Chile grew to about 90%.[67] In the 1950s, their numbers were further bolstered by arrivals from among the Russian expatriate community in Harbin. The Russian Cemetery was founded in 1954 to provide a separate space for burials for the community.[citation needed]
Immigration from the Americas
Though during all its history, Chile has received immigrants from other American countries. The economic and political stability of the last decade has been one of the determinant factors in the growing entrance of immigrants of said origin to the country. Although the majority come from Argentina and Peru due to those countries' proximity, a good number of
Argentina
The Argentine colony resides primarily in the
Bolivia
Bolivian immigration is minor in comparison to the Argentine and Peruvian communities in Chile, but it is not unimportant with more than 20,000 immigrants in the year 2008. This is due primarily to the tense relations that have existed between the two countries, primarily since the War of the Pacific. The continuous diplomatic conflicts between Chile and Bolivia have resulted in the absence of diplomatic relations between them since the mid-1970s. In spite of this, thousands of Bolivians in search of better economic situations have entered Chile, settling primarily in Arica and Calama during the 1960s and since the end of the 1990s.
On the other hand, it is important to emphasize the immigration of the Bolivian elite, who have come primarily for academic reasons. Many of the principal political and economic figures in Bolivia have studied in Chile for a great part of their lives.
Ecuador
In reality, approximately 15,000 Ecuadorans live in Chilean territory, a number that has risen exponentially during the late 1990s. For many years,
Peru
Although Peruvian immigrants have been one of the principal groups of
At the end of the 20th century, Chile's economic prosperity began to produce a rapid growth in Peruvian immigration to the central zone of the country. Although many Peruvian immigrants were professionals and held important positions in companies, the majority were of low socioeconomic origin in search of new opportunities for their families. Consequently, they took low-paying positions in the beginning, such as laborers or domestics, and sent their small remittances to their families in their home countries. Many of these immigrants also entered the country illegally. Nevertheless, the Asian financial crisis that affected Chile beginning in 1998 provoked a rise in unemployment figures, surpassing 12%, while Peruvian immigration was increasing. These events caused the public to begin discussing the situation of the Peruvian colony in Chile, with many people claiming that the immigrants were "stealing" Chilean jobs.
In reality, the Peruvian immigrants formed one of the principal foreign colonies in Chile. Some groups of Peruvians have named one of the principal locations of the Peruvian colony "Little Lima" (Pequeña Lima). It is located in the vicinity of the
Immigration from the United States and Canada
This article needs additional citations for verification. (June 2011) |
Americans and Canadians have long come to Chile and other South American countries. Many Chilean miners, ranchers and businessmen immigrated to the United States (see also
Other immigrants from the Americas
Although they do not have the importance of the aforementioned colonies, there exist an important number of immigrants coming from other countries in the Americas. According to the 2002 report of the International Organization for Migration, more than 10,000 people from the United States have immigrated to Chile, most of whom initially arrived to work for multinational corporations and possess professional degrees and are well situated economically.
According to the same report (2002), more than 9,000 Colombians, 8,900 Brazilians, and 5,000 Venezuelans had settled in Chile. These communities had arrived in the country seeking better economic and academic opportunities, but in general had assimilated into general society. They are, in the majority, well received by the Chileans and are employed in diverse labor activities and have established local businesses.
Along the same lines, more than 3,000 Cubans have settled in Chile, the majority holding professional degrees. The number of medical centers operated by Cubans has increased in the past few years and they have proven to be great successes as a result of their low costs.
As of November 2021, numbers of people entering Chile from elsewhere in Latin America have grown swiftly in the last decade, tripling in the last three years to 1.5 million, with arrivals stemming from humanitarian crises in Haiti (ca. 180,000) and Venezuela (ca 460,000).[68]
Immigration from Asia
-
Mosque Mohammed VI Center for Dialogue of Civilizations, in Coquimbo.
-
Jewish Hanukkah in La Moneda Palace, Santiago.
-
Nomadic settlement of Romani people in Antofagasta.
-
Frontis of Arabian Club in Viña del Mar.
It is estimated that near the 4% of the Chilean population is of Asian origin, who are Asian immigrants and descendants, chiefly of the Middle East. There are a large community of Arab Chileans (i.e. Palestinians, Syrians, Lebanese and Middle East Armenians), and the total number are around 800,000.[69] Note that Israelis, both Jewish and non-Jewish citizens of the nation of Israel may be included.
Chile is home to a large population of immigrants, mostly Christian, from the
In recent years, Chile had enlarged East Asian populations: considerably from China and Taiwan (See
Immigration from Sub-Saharan Africa
From the beginning, small numbers of African slaves arrived with the
Number of Immigrants
Year | Total Population | Immigrant Population[80] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | % | European | Latin American | Others | ||
1865 | 1,819,223 | 21,982 | 1.21% | 53.7% | 41.4% | 4.9% |
1875 | 2,075,971 | 25,199 | 1.21% | 62.3% | 33.0% | 4.7% |
1885 | 2,057,005 | 87,077 | 4.23% | 30.1% | 67.2% | 2.7% |
1907 | 3,249,279 | 134,524 | 4.5% | 53.3% | 42.7% | 4.0% |
1920 | 3,731,593 | 114,114 | 3.06% | 60.0% | 31.2% | 8.9% |
1930 | 4,287,445 | 105,463 | 2.46% | 60.0% | 24.6% | 15.4% |
1940 | 5,023,539 | 107,273 | 2.14% | 67.2% | 21.7% | 11.1% |
1952 | 5,932,995 | 103,878 | 1.75% | 55.9% | 23.4% | 20.7% |
1960 | 7,374,115 | 104,853 | 1.42% | 60.9% | 26.1% | 13.0% |
1970 | 8,884,768 | 90,441 | 1.02% | 53.3% | 34.4% | 12.3% |
1982 | 11,275,440 | 84,345 | 0.75% | 31.8% | 54.5% | 13.7% |
1992 | 13,348,401 | 114,597 | 0.86% | 20.1% | 65.1% | 14.8% |
2002 | 15,116,435 | 184,464 | 1.22% | 17.2% | 71.8% | 11.0% |
2012 | 16,634,603 | 339,536 | 2.04% | 10.5% | 85.6% | 3.8% |
2017 | 17,574,003 | 1,119,267 | 6.1% | 12.4% | 83.8% | 3.8% |
References
- ^ Pedro Oyanguren (2000): De los vascos en Chile y sus instituciones. Centro Vasco Euzko Etxea. Vasco Euskonews & Media, año 2000. Consultado el 20 de diciembre de 2019.
- ^ a b c Federico Guillermo Gil (1969). El Sistema político de Chile (in Spanish). Santiago de Chile: Editorial Andrés Bello. pp. 32–33.
- ^ a b c d e f g Parvex R. (2014). Le Chili et les mouvements migratoires, Hommes & migrations, Nº 1305, 2014. doi:10.4000/hommesmigrations.2720.
- ^ a b c Jorge Sanhueza Aviléz. "Historia de Chile: Otros Artículos. Británicos y Anglosajones en Chile durante el siglo XIX". Biografía de Chile. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
- ^ a b c Victoria Dannemann. "Alemanes en Chile: entre el pasado colono y el presente empresarial". Deustche-Welle.
- ^ a b c "Inmigración a Chile". Domivina. Archived from the original on 2 July 2015.
- ^ a b c d Ghosh P. (31 October 2013). "Arabs In The Andes? Chile, The Unlikely Long-Term Home Of A Large Palestinian Community". International Business Times. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
- ^ a b c Estimación de Población Extranjera en Chile, al 31 de diciembre de 2019, del Departamento de Extranjería y Migración (DEM) del Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas de Chile (INE), pp. 21. Retrieved 29 Juny 2020.
- ISBN 978-956-8449-20-9.
- ^ Chile abre sus puertas a la ONU para ahuyentar al fantasma de la represión. Gestión Journal, 25 October 2019.
- ^ ABC Color. "¿Alguien sabe cuántos paraguayos están fuera del país? Artículos ABC Color". Retrieved 2 September 2016.
- ^ a b J. Códoba-Toro (2015). "Árabes en Chile". Iberoamérica Social. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
- ISBN 978-956-284-812-1.
- ^ Los judíos residentes en Chile. Agencia EFE, 23 December 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
- ^ Thayer Ojeda, Luis (1989). Orígenes de Chile: Elementos étnicos, apellidos, familias]. Codex: PTYS-GQZ-6UOZ. Editorial Andrés Bello. p. 161.
- ^ O'Higgins Tours. "Los irlandeses en Chile". Retrieved 10 January 2010.
- ^ a b Relaciones diplomáticas de Suiza con América Latina, Embajada Suiza en Perú. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
- ^ a b (in Spanish)La inmigración suiza a Chile se desarrolló entre los años 1883 y 1900 y sus protagonistas se situaron particularmente en las emergentes ciudades sureñas de Victoria y Traiguén, estimándose en 8.000 familias las que recibieron concesiones de tierras en dicha zona donde constituyeron 31 colonias que alcanzaron inicialmente a sumar 22 700 personas y cuya descendencia actual supera los 100.000 ciudadanos, la mayor de América Latina". Archived 2014-10-16 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c J. Códoba-Toro (2018). "Suizos en Chile". Iberoamérica Social. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
- ^ a b Cassis en Uruguay, Chile y Brasil, Swiss Federal Council (Le Conseil Fédéral, Portail du Gouvernement Suisse), 18 April 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
- ^ ¿Por qué los croatas son una colonia numerosa en Chile?. Diario As, 15 July 2018. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
- ^ Hazel Marsh. "The Roma Gypsies of Latin America". latinolife.co.uk. Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
- ^ Álvaro Peralta Sáinz. "Resistiré: El lema de la comida china". La Tercera.
- ^ Polska Diaspora na świecie, Stowarzyszenie Wspólnota Polska, 2007. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
- ^ Government of Japón (2017). "Emigrantes japoneses y sus descendientes, los nikkei, un puente de Japón con el mundo" (PDF). Retrieved 19 December 2019.
- ^ Cómo vive la creciente colonia coreana en Chile. La Segunda, 2 May 2014. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
- ^ Nemzetpolitikai Kutatóintézet (3 July 2015). "A diaszpóra tudományos megközelítése". Kőrösi Csoma Sándor program. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
- ^ a b c d e De los Vascos, Oñati y los Elorza Archived 19 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine "DE LOS VASCOS, OÑATI Y LOS ELORZA" Waldo Ayarza Elorza. Page 59, 65, 66
- ^ Ainara Madariaga: Imaginarios vascos desde Chile La construcción de imaginarios vascos en Chile durante el siglo XX. Administración General de la Comunidad Autónoma de Euskadi y Gobierno Vasco (euskadi.eus).
- ISBN 956-282-174-9.
- ^ ,
La inmigración europea en Chile, a diferencia de Argentina o Uruguay, nunca fue masiva. Esta inmigración se limita a ciertos flujos migratorios irregulares y numéricamente reducidos. (...) Sin embargo, a pesar de la puesta en marcha de una política favorable a la inmigración del Gobierno de Balmaceda (1886-1891) y de Pedro Montt (1906-1910), contrariamente a los países vecinos de América del Sur, Chile no es elegido entre los grupos de emigrantes como uno de sus principales destinos. (...) El 80% de los colonos que llegan a Chile provienen del País Vasco, del Bordelais, de Charentes y de las regiones situadas entre Gers y Périgord.
- ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas: 1907 Population Census, Page XVII (Page 14/1277 in the PDF document) (in Spanish)
- ^ Síntesis histórica de la migración internacional en Chile. OEA-SICREMI. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
- ^ Sergio Lausic Glasinovic (2005): Migraciones del Archipiélago de Chiloé hacia la Patagonia (Chile-Argentina), y participación en el sindicalismo obrero. Centro de Estudios Miguel Enríquez (CEME). Retrieved 25 December 2019.
- ^ Etapa de la emigración alemana en Chile. Archived 14 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Archipiélago noticias. Canarios en Chile (in Spanish: Canarians in Chile). Posted Luis León Barreto. Retrieved December 21, 2011, to 23:52 pm.
- ^ Diariovasco.
- ^ entrevista al Presidente de la Cámara vasca. Archived 11 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ vascos Ainara Madariaga: Autora del estudio "Imaginarios vascos desde Chile La construcción de imaginarios vascos en Chile durante el siglo XX".
- ^ Basques au Chili.
- ^ Contacto Interlingüístico e intercultural en el mundo hispano.instituto valenciano de lenguas y culturas. Universitat de València Cita: "Un 20% de la población chilena tiene su origen en el País Vasco".
- ^ Vascos en Chile.
- ^ Discurso del presidente alemán Johannes Rau con ocasión de la concesión del doctorado honoris causa en la Universidad Austral de Chile Archived 11 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine, 25 de noviembre de 2003.
- ^ "Inmigración britanica en Chile". 10 January 2009. Archived from the original on 10 January 2009. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
- ^ "Inmigración británica en Valparaíso". Archived from the original on 22 August 2009. Retrieved 28 January 2009.
- ^ Diaspora Croata..
- ^ Splitski osnovnoškolci rođeni u Čileu. Archived 17 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ hrvatski. Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Croacia y Chile: DUBROVNIK, EL ÚLTIMO BALUARTE, hrvatskimigracije.es.tl, 10 April 2008, retrieved 3 April 2009
- ^ Dalmacia.
- ^ Congreso Mundial Croata: Los croatas de Chile.
- ISBN 956-13-0743-9.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link - ^ Italian immigration Archived 7 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Directorio de Dominios". Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2008.
- ^ Griegos de Chile Archived 16 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Immigration in Chile.
- ^ Dufey, Alberto (13 February 2004). "Chile: Los suizos del fin del mundo". Swissinfo. Archived from the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 25 January 2009.
- ^ Swiss in Chile. Archived 25 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ (in Spanish). Holandeses en Valdivia.
- ^ (in Spanish) Valdivia. Archived 24 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ (in Spanish) Navegantes holandeses en Chile.
- ^ Egbert Hageman.
- ^ Netherlands in Chile.
- ^ Dutch immigration. Archived 18 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Holando-bóers al sur de Chile.
- ^ Poles in Chile Archived 24 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Embajada de la Federación de Rusia en la República de Chile. Los primeros rusos en Chile. Archived 26 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Chilean Election Unlikely to Halt New Barriers to Immigration". 20 November 2021.
- ^ Arab Chileans.
- ^ Arab.
- ^ "Chile: Palestinian refugees arrive to warm welcome". Archived from the original on 24 November 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2009.
- ^ "La Ventana - Littin: "Quiero que esta película sea una contribución a la paz"". Archived from the original on 22 July 2009. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
- ISSN 0379-0975, archived from the originalon 5 May 2012, retrieved 29 July 2009
- ^ "Un chileno "da la pelea por Palestina"". BBC News. 13 August 2007. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
- ^ "Los palestinos miran con esperanza su futuro en Chile sin olvidar Gaza e Irak", El Economista, 11 February 2009, retrieved 29 July 2009
- ^ Henríquez, Andrea (31 March 2008), "Chile recibirá a refugiados palestinos", BBC World; BBC News, retrieved 29 July 2009
- ^ Aguirre, Leslie; Prieto, M. Francisca (29 December 2008), "Palestinos e israelíes en Chile: La situación en Gaza es una "pena"", El Mercurio, retrieved 29 July 2009
- ^ Rolando Mellafe (1959): "La introducción de la esclavitud negra en Chile. Tráfico y rutas", Universidad de Chile (Departamento Historia Instituto Pedagógico). Santiago.
- ^ "Estudio genético en chilenos muestra desconocida herencia africana | El Dínamo" (in Spanish). Eldinamo.cl. 19 August 2013. Archived from the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
- ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas. "Censos digitalizados". Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (Chile). Retrieved 1 March 2013.