Kochi
Kochi
Cochim Cochin | ||
---|---|---|
UTC+5:30 (IST) | ||
PIN (code)s | 682xxx, 683xxx | |
Area code | +91484xxxxxxx | |
Vehicle registration |
| |
Judicial Capital | Precipitation 3,228.3 millimetres (127.10 in) | |
Website | cochinmunicipalcorporation |
Kochi (
Nicknamed the Queen of the Arabian Sea, Kochi was an important spice trading center on the west coast of India from antiquity. The port of Muziris traded with the Romans, Persians, Arabs, and Chinese.[13] From 1503 to 1663, the Portuguese established a colony in Fort Kochi (Fort Emmanuel), before being taken by the Dutch in 1663. The Dutch then ceded the area to the United Kingdom. Kochi remained under the control of the Kingdom of Cochin, which became a princely state of the British. Today, Kochi as been described as the financial,[14][15] commercial[16][17] and industrial[18][19] capital of Kerala. Kochi is the only city in the country to have a water metro system, which has been described as the world's largest electric boat metro transportation infrastructure.[20] The Cochin International Airport is the first in the world to operate solely on solar energy.[21] Kochi was one of the 28 Indian cities among the emerging 440 global cities that will contribute 50% of the world GDP by 2025, in a 2011 study done by the McKinsey Global Institute.[22] In July 2018, Kochi was ranked the topmost emerging future megacity in India by global professional services firm JLL.[23][24]
Kochi's rich cultural heritage has made it a popular tourist destination among both domestic and international travellers. It has been hosting India's first art biennale, the Kochi-Muziris Biennale, since 2012, which attracts international artists and tourists.[25] The Chinese fishing nets, introduced during the 14th century by the Chinese, are a symbol of the city and a popular tourist attraction in themselves.[26] Other landmarks include Mattanchery Palace, Marine Drive, Venduruthy Bridge, Church of Saint Francis and Mattanchery Bridge.[27] The city ranks first in the total number of international and domestic tourist arrivals in Kerala.[28][29] The city was ranked the sixth best tourist destination in India according to a survey conducted by the Nielsen Company on behalf of the Outlook Traveller magazine.[30] In October 2019, Kochi was ranked seventh in Lonely Planet's list of top 10 cities in the world to visit in 2020.[31][32] In November 2023, the British Luxury travel magazine Condé Nast Traveller rated Kochi as one of the best places to go in Asia in 2024.[33]
Etymology
Ancient travellers and tradesmen referred to Kochi, variously alluding to it as Cocym, Cochym, Cochin, and Kochi.
History
On the
According to many historians, the precursor state to
The port at
Meanwhile,[
In 1925, Kochi legislative assembly was constituted due to public pressure on the state. Towards the early 20th century, trade at the port had increased substantially, and the need to develop the port was greatly felt. Harbour engineer Robert Bristow was brought to Kochi in 1920 under the direction of Lord Willingdon, then the Governor of Madras. In a span of 21 years, he transformed Kochi as one of the safest harbours in the peninsula, where ships berthed alongside the newly reclaimed inner harbour equipped with a long array of steam cranes.[60]
In 1947, when India gained independence from the
The city's economic growth gathered momentum after
Geography and climate
Geography
Kochi is located on the southwest coast of India at 9°58′N 76°13′E / 9.967°N 76.217°E, with a corporation limit area of 94.88 km2 (36.63 sq mi).[63] Over the years, the city has expanded considerably outside the corporation limit set in 1967, although the official city limits hasn't yet been increased.[64][65] The city straddles the backwaters, encompassing the northern end of a peninsula, several islands and a portion of the mainland. To the west lies the Laccadive Sea, and to the east is the urbanised region in the rest of the mainland area. Much of Kochi lies at sea level, with a coastline of 48 km.[43]
The eastern part of Kochi is mainly known as
Soil consists of sediments such as alluvium, teris, brown sands, etc. Hydromorphic saline soils are also found in the areas surrounding the backwaters.[43]
Predominant rock types found here are Archaean-basic dykes, Charnockites and Gneisses. An ecologically sensitive area, the Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary is located in the central part of the city. It has a wide range of mangrove species and is a nesting ground for a vast variety of migratory birds.[69]
Kochi's water needs are entirely dependent on ground water and the two rivers flowing through the district viz.,
Climate
Under the Köppen climate classification, Kochi features a tropical monsoon climate (Am). Kochi's proximity to the equator along with its coastal location results in little seasonal temperature variation, with moderate to high levels of humidity. Annual temperatures range between 23 and 31 °C (73 and 88 °F) with the record high being 36.5 °C (97.7 °F), and record low 16.3 °C (61.3 °F).[72] From June to September, the south-west monsoon brings in heavy rains as Kochi lies on the windward side of the Western Ghats. From October to December, Kochi receives lighter (yet significant) rain from the northeast monsoon, as it lies on the leeward side. Average annual rainfall is 3,014.9 mm (118.70 in), with an annual average of 124 rainy days.[73]
Climate data for Kochi (Kochi Naval Base) 1981–2010, extremes 1951–2012 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 36.4 (97.5) |
35.7 (96.3) |
36.0 (96.8) |
36.5 (97.7) |
35.2 (95.4) |
34.2 (93.6) |
33.1 (91.6) |
32.5 (90.5) |
34.2 (93.6) |
34.6 (94.3) |
35.0 (95.0) |
35.2 (95.4) |
36.5 (97.7) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.9 (89.4) |
32.0 (89.6) |
32.6 (90.7) |
33.0 (91.4) |
32.4 (90.3) |
30.3 (86.5) |
29.6 (85.3) |
29.5 (85.1) |
30.2 (86.4) |
30.7 (87.3) |
31.3 (88.3) |
31.9 (89.4) |
31.3 (88.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 23.0 (73.4) |
24.2 (75.6) |
25.5 (77.9) |
25.9 (78.6) |
25.7 (78.3) |
24.2 (75.6) |
23.8 (74.8) |
24.0 (75.2) |
24.2 (75.6) |
24.1 (75.4) |
24.1 (75.4) |
23.2 (73.8) |
24.3 (75.7) |
Record low °C (°F) | 16.5 (61.7) |
16.3 (61.3) |
21.6 (70.9) |
21.2 (70.2) |
21.1 (70.0) |
20.4 (68.7) |
17.6 (63.7) |
20.6 (69.1) |
21.1 (70.0) |
19.2 (66.6) |
19.2 (66.6) |
17.7 (63.9) |
16.3 (61.3) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 24.3 (0.96) |
27.1 (1.07) |
45.0 (1.77) |
113.1 (4.45) |
284.5 (11.20) |
700.3 (27.57) |
575.5 (22.66) |
378.8 (14.91) |
310.3 (12.22) |
366.6 (14.43) |
150.4 (5.92) |
39.0 (1.54) |
3,014.9 (118.70) |
Average rainy days | 1.1 | 1.2 | 2.6 | 6.9 | 11.0 | 23.0 | 22.8 | 19.0 | 13.4 | 14.2 | 7.2 | 1.8 | 124.2 |
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST )
|
61 | 65 | 68 | 70 | 73 | 82 | 83 | 82 | 79 | 77 | 72 | 64 | 73 |
Average ultraviolet index | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 12 |
Source 1: India Meteorological Department[73][72] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Weather Atlas[74] |
Civic administration
Kochi Municipal Corporation officials[75] | |
---|---|
Mayor | Anilkumar M |
Deputy Mayor
|
Ansiya K A |
Police Commissioner
|
M.P.Dinesh IPS |
The city is
Law and order
Kochi is the seat of
Politics
Kochi is part of the
Economy
Kochi is widely referred to as the financial
Availability of electricity, fresh water, long coastline, backwaters, good banking facilities, presence of a major port, container trans-shipment terminal, harbour terminal and an international air terminal are some of the factors which accelerated the industrial growth in the city and its adjoining district.
The district contributes 15.1% of the state GDP.[90] Construction and manufacturing industries combined contributes 37% of the district's total GDP, and trade, tourism and hospitality industries together provides another 20%. Major business sectors include construction, manufacturing, shipbuilding, transportation/shipping, seafood and spices exports, chemical industries, information technology (IT), tourism, health services, and banking. Kochi is recognised as one of the seventeen major industrial cities of India by the World Bank Group. However, in the 2009 rankings of ease to start and operate a business, among the 17 Indian cities selected, Kochi was rated as the second most difficult city to start business and was ranked 16th, above Kolkata.[91]
As in most of Kerala, remittances from
Kalamassery which is situated around 16.5 km from the City Center is one of the major Industrial areas. Leading factories like FACT, HMT and IT/Biotechnology park like KINFRA Hi-Tech Park are located here. The Cochin University of Science and Technology is located at Kalamassery. Irimpanam is another major industrial area in Kochi. The Seaport-Airport Road (SPAP Road) passes through this place and oil giants like Indian Oil Corporation, Bharat Petroleum and Hindustan Petroleum have plants here.[96][97][98]
Like elsewhere in Kerala, tourism is one of the major contributors of the local economy.
Exports and allied activities are also important contributors to the city's economy. The
The
Kochi has an established electronics hardware industry with companies such as V-Guard Industries, OEN India Limited, FCI OEN Connectors and SFO Technologies. The Government of Kerala has announced a project to build an industrial park named Electronic City[112] spanning an area of 340 acres (140 ha), to cater to the electronic hardware industries. The private operator NeST[113] is building a Special Economic Zone specifically for electronics hardware spanning an area of 30 acres (12 ha).
The Cochin International Airport is in the process of setting up an aerotropolis at Nedumbassery.[114][115]
Transport
Air
The air gateway to Kochi is the Cochin International Airport (CIAL) located at Nedumbassery, which is about 28 km (17 mi) north of Kochi city, and handles both domestic and international flights.[116] It is the first international airport in India to be built without Central Government funds[117] and is the world's first fully solar energy powered airport.
The Cochin airport provides direct connectivity to popular international destinations in the Middle East, Malaysia, Thailand and Singapore and to most major Indian cities apart from tourist destinations like Lakshadweep. Kochi is also the headquarters of the Air India Express service. With a terminal area of 840,000 sq ft (78,000 m2), and a passenger capacity of 2200 (international and domestic), it is the largest and busiest airport in the state.[118] It is also the fourth busiest airport in India in terms of international passenger traffic, and seventh busiest overall.[119][120]
Road
Kochi is well connected to neighbouring cities and states via several highways. It is a node in the North-South Corridor of the National Highway system.[121][122] The road infrastructure in Kochi has not been able to meet the growing traffic demand and hence traffic congestion is a major problem in the city.[123]
Kochi is served by National Highway 66, National Highway 544, National Highway 966A and National Highway 966B.[124][125][126]
Several
The main arterial roads of the city are the
Public transport
Road
The primary form of public transport within the city is largely dependent on privately owned bus networks. The state-run also operates its services in the city through the Thirukochi service. The major bus terminals in the city are Ernakulam Town, Ernakulam Jetty and the private bus terminal at Kaloor. An integrated transit terminal namely The
Kochi is one of the few cities to be granted the new-generation air-conditioned low-floor and non-air-conditioned semi-low-floor buses under the
(called autos) are available for hire throughout the day.Development of road infrastructure not keeping pace with the increase in traffic is a major problem faced by Kochi, like most other parts of Kerala.[130]
Rail
The city has four major railway stations –
There is also a historic station named as
Metro
The Kochi Metro is a metro rapid transit system serving the city of Kochi, intended to considerably ease traffic congestion in the city and its surrounding metropolitan area.[133] It is being set up at an overall estimated cost of ₹5,146 crore (US$640 million). The Phase-1 of the metro system will have 22 stations connecting the suburban towns of Aluva and Pettah while passing through downtown.[134] The first half of the Phase-1 of Kochi Metro was inaugurated on 17 June 2017 by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Currently Kochi Metro is operational from Aluva till Maharaja's College along the Kalamassery – Edappally – Kaloor – MG Road stretch, covering a total of 18.4 km with 16 operational metro stations.[135]
Water
Kochi ranks among India's major seaports, partly due to being one of the safest harbours in the Indian Ocean.
It also operates passenger ships to Colombo and Lakshadweep. Boat services are operated by Kerala Shipping and Inland Navigation Corporation, the State Water Transport Department and private firms from various boat jetties in the city. The junkar ferry for the transshipment of vehicles and passengers between the islands are operated between Ernakulam and Vypin, and between Vypin and Fort Kochi. However, with the construction of the Goshree bridges (which links Kochi's islands), ferry transport has become less essential. The main boat jetties are Ernakulam Main Boat Jetty near Park Avenue, High Court Jetty in Banerjee Road, Embarkation Jetty in Willingdon Island and Fort Kochi Jetty.[138] In April 2023, Kochi became India's first city to have a water metro project. The Kochi Water Metro is the first water metro project in India and the first integrated water transport system of this size in Asia connects 10 islands of Kochi through a network of 15 routes that span 76 km and 38 jetties.
Demographics
Kochi has the highest population density in Kerala with 7139 people per km2.
As of 2011[update]
Kochi's major religions are Hinduism, Christianity and Islam. Jainism, Judaism, Sikhism and Buddhism, with smaller followings, are also practised in Kochi. Though 44% practice Hinduism, Christianity's large following (38%) makes Kochi a city with one of the largest Christian populations in India.[139] The majority of the city's residents are
Like other fast-growing cities in the developing world, Kochi suffers from major
The government has plans to make the city slum-free by 2016.
Culture
As a result of successive waves of migration over the course of several centuries, the population of the city is a mix of people from all parts of Kerala and most of India. The pan-Indian nature is highlighted by the substantial presence of various ethnic communities from different parts of the country.[151]
Kochi has a diverse, multicultural, and secular community consisting of Malayalis, Konkanis,.
Kochi was one among the seven diocese of Syrian Orthodox (
The residents of Kochi are known as Kochiites; they are an important part of the South Indian culture. However, the city's culture is rapidly evolving with Kochiites generally becoming more cosmopolitan in their outlook.[87] The people are also increasingly fashion-conscious, often deviating from the traditional Kerala wear to western clothing.
Kochiites generally partake of
Kochi also has a number of shopping malls including Oberon Mall, Gold Souk Grande, Bay Pride Mall, Centre Square Mall, Abad Nucleus Mall and LuLu Mall, which is one of the largest shopping malls in India in terms of total leasable area of 17 acres (7 ha).[161][162][163] Various shopping malls are expected to open in the city in the near future including Forum Thomsun Mall.[164]
Kochi is the official food capital of Kerala because of the highest number of restaurants and the varieties of foods available. Kochi serves every type of food available in Kerala. Its very famous for varieties of non-vegetarian food. etc.
Kochi was home to some of the most influential figures in Malayalam literature, including Changampuzha Krishna Pillai,[177] Kesari Balakrishna Pillai,[178] G. Sankara Kurup,[179] and Vyloppilli Sreedhara Menon.[180] Prominent social reformers such as Sahodaran Ayyappan[181] and Pandit Karuppan[182] also are from Kochi. The Kochi International Book Festival is an annual event.
The Maharajas of Kochi (then Cochin) were scholars who knew the epics and encouraged the arts. The paintings at the
Kochiites are known for their enthusiasm in sports, especially
TheHealthcare
With many advanced tertiary/quaternary care facilities, Kochi has one of the best healthcare facilities in India. It is the prime destination for people seeking advanced healthcare facilities from across Kerala.[186][187]
In recent times, it has attracted many patients from India, the Middle East, Africa, Europe and the United States looking for relatively inexpensive advanced medical care. Kochi is the only city from
In August 2019, a home daycare program in the district, Arike has started for extending the service of the home palliative care. Nurses who have undergone training in palliative care will be reaching out to patients at home every day on two-wheelers. The service will be available to those who have registered with the General Hospital's home palliative care programme.[192]
Education
Secondary education
The pattern of primary education is essentially the same all over the state. There are government owned schools and government aided schools, which are affiliated to the
There 34 government schools, 67 private aided schools and 31 unaided schools affiliated to the Kerala State Education Board in the city and suburbs.[196] There are 62 CBSE Schools, 2 IGCSE and 9 ICSE Schools as well.[197][198]
The notable schools in the government sector are
Higher education
The
Kochi has some of the leading B-Schools in the region. The
The city and outskirts are home to four medical schools—
Being the seat of the
Social service organisations
Some of the main orphanages and rehabilitation shelters in Cochin City are Palluruthy Relief Settlement in Palluruthy Veli, Don Bosco Sneha Bhavan, Don Bosco Big Boys, Crescent Girls Orphanage, YMCA Boys Home, Bal Bhavan, Valsalya Bhavan.[208]
Palluruthy Relief Settlement is under Kochi Municipal Corporation and managed in association with Peoples Council for Social Justice. There are about 300 inmates and many of them are mentally ill.[209] The night shelter for women run by Kochi Municipal Corporation near Kerala State Road Transport Corporation bus stand provides free and safe accommodation.[210] Peoples Council for Social Justice was found in 1985 under the patronage of Justice V. R. Krishna Iyer with the aim to work for human rights protection, free legal aid and to strive for social justice.[211][212]
The orphanages for children under Don Bosco Sneha Bhavan Cochi are Sneha Bhavan Annexe, SnehaBhavan, Valsalya Bhavan, Don Bosco and Bosco Nilayam. The Childline India project in Cochin is taken in collaboration with Don Bosco. Children in distress and in need of help can contact in '1098' (toll free number).[213] Sneha Bhavan Annexe is the first point of contact with children and children can stay as a safe night shelter.[214] Sneha Bhavan is a home for the children from the streets and for those from unhealthy and risky situations. The Valsalya Bhavan centre is solely for the girls who are rescued from the streets. Runaways, street children, children of sex workers, abused children and child labourers all live here. Along with primary and high school education at a local school, the centre provides shelter, food, clothing and educational support.[215]
There are also people doing independent social services within the city. The Italian Sister Fabiola conducts a home at Fort Kochi known as "Ashwasa Bhavan", for young orphaned children.[216] Br. Judson run his own "Mobile Bath Service" in his vehicle for the abandoned.[217][218]
Media
Major Malayalam newspapers published in Kochi include
A number of financial publications are also published in the city. These include The Economic Times, Business Line, The Business Standard and The Financial Express. Prominent magazines and religious publications like the Sathyadeepam, The Week and Vanitha are also published from the city.
Kochi houses several leading Malayalam television channels like
Kochi is considered to be the hub of the vibrant
The district has the largest number of telephone connections in Kerala.
Sports
Like elsewhere in Kerala,
India's fourth largest stadium and third largest cricket stadium, the
The Maharaja's Stadium located on MG Road in the heart of the city, is the major athletic facility in the state with synthetic tracks and turf grass as per international standards.
The
The FACT Grounds at Udyogamandal, Sacred Heart's College Grounds, HMT Grounds at Kalamassery and St. Albert's College Grounds are the other major training facilities for various games like volleyball, badminton, cricket etc.
Kochi has two
Being surrounded by water bodies, the city is ideal for
Club | Sport | League | Stadium | Established |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kerala Blasters FC[251] | Football | Indian Super League | Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi) | 2014 |
Kochi Blue Spikers[252] | Volleyball | Pro Volleyball League | Rajiv Gandhi Indoor Stadium | 2018 |
Godspeed Kochi[253] | Racing | Indian Racing League | 2022 | |
Kochi KD's | Arm Wrestling
|
Pro Panja League | 2023 | |
Golden Threads FC[254] | Football | Kerala Premier League | 2010 |
The Southern Naval Command, one of the three main formations of the Indian Navy has its headquarters in Kochi at INS Venduruthy. It is commanded by the Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief. The Southern Naval Command consists of Flag Officer Sea Training (FOST), a training squadron, training establishments and bases, and land forces and survey ships. It has a naval air station, and a ship repair yard.[255][256]
The Indian Navy Day is also celebrated here. It is a week-long event showcasing warships, planes, helicopters etc. of the Indian Navy at INS Venduruthy. It is a public event attended in large numbers.[257][258]
The close by located Cochin Shipyard Limited is the largest shipbuilding and maintenance facility in India.[259] Presently it is building the first indigenous aircraft carrier for the Indian Navy.
Sister cities
Kochi is
- Norfolk, Virginia, United States[260]
- Menlo Park, California, United States[261]
- Pyatigorsk, Russia[262]
See also
- Neighbourhoods of Kochi
- List of tallest buildings in Kochi
- Portuguese Cochin
- Cochin Jews
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Further reading
- ISBN 974-8496-78-3.
- Plunkett, R, Cannon, T, Davis, P, Greenway, P & Harding, P (2001), Lonely Planet South India, Lonely Planet, ISBN 1-86450-161-8.
- Manorama Yearbook 2003 (English Edition), ISBN 81-900461-8-7.
- Robert Charles Bristow. Cochin Saga, Paico Pub. House; 2d ed. edition (1967), OCLC 1659055.
- Unemployment in Kerala at the turn of the 20th century Insights from the CDS gulf migration studies by K. C. Zachariah, S. Irudaya Rajan.
- Kochi Rajyacharithram by KP Padmanabha Menon. P (1914)
- "Akhilavijnanakosam". Malayalam Encyclopedia. D C Books Multimedia Series.
External links
- Official website (Government of Kerala)
- Official website (Government of India)
- The Story of India: South India, Cochin, BBC