Palatal click
| Palatal click (plain velar) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| k͡ǂ | |||
| ǂ | |||
| ᵏ𝼋 | |||
IPA Number | 179 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
|
help | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ǂ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+01C2 | ||
| X-SAMPA | =\ | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
| Voiced palatal click | |
|---|---|
| ǂ̬ | |
| ᶢǂ |
| Palatal nasal click | |
|---|---|
| ǂ̃ | |
| ᵑǂ |
The palatal or palato-alveolar clicks are a family of
The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the place of articulation of these sounds is ⟨ǂ⟩, a double-barred vertical bar. An older variant, the double-barred esh, ⟨𝼋⟩ (approximately ⨎), is sometimes seen. This base letter is combined with a second element to indicate the manner of articulation, though that is commonly omitted for tenuis clicks.
Doke noted a palatal click with a slapped release, [ᵑǂ¡].[2]
In official IPA transcription, the click letter is combined with a ⟨k ɡ ŋ q ɢ ɴ⟩ via a tie bar, though ⟨k⟩ is frequently omitted. Many authors instead use a superscript ⟨k ɡ ŋ q ɢ ɴ⟩ without the tie bar, again often neglecting the ⟨k⟩. Either letter, whether baseline or superscript, is usually placed before the click letter, but may come after when the release of the velar or uvular occlusion is audible. A third convention is the click letter with diacritics for voicelessness, voicing and nasalization; it does not distinguish velar from uvular palatal clicks:
| Trans. I | Trans. II | Trans. III | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| (velar) | |||
| ⟨k͜ǂ⟩ | ⟨ᵏǂ⟩ | ⟨ǂ⟩ | tenuis palatal click |
| ⟨k͜ǂʰ⟩ | ⟨ᵏǂʰ⟩ | ⟨ǂʰ⟩ | aspirated palatal click |
| ⟨ɡ͜ǂ⟩ | ⟨ᶢǂ⟩ | ⟨ǂ̬⟩ | voiced palatal click |
| ⟨ŋ͜ǂ⟩ | ⟨ᵑǂ⟩ | ⟨ǂ̃⟩ | palatal nasal click
|
| ⟨ŋ͜ǂ̥ʰʰ⟩ | ⟨ᵑǂ̥ʰʰ⟩ | ⟨ǂ̥̃ʰʰ⟩ | aspirated palatal nasal click |
| ⟨ŋ͜ǂˀ⟩ | ⟨ᵑǂˀ⟩ | ⟨ǂ̃ˀ⟩ | glottalized palatal nasal click
|
| (uvular) | |||
| ⟨q͜ǂ⟩ | ⟨𐞥ǂ⟩ | tenuis palatal click | |
| ⟨q͜ǂʰ⟩ | ⟨𐞥ǂʰ⟩ | aspirated palatal click | |
| ⟨ɢ͜ǂ⟩ | ⟨𐞒ǂ⟩ | voiced palatal click | |
| ⟨ɴ͜ǂ⟩ | ⟨ᶰǂ⟩ | palatal nasal click | |
| ⟨ɴ͜ǂ̥ʰʰ⟩ | ⟨ᶰǂ̥ʰʰ⟩ | aspirated palatal nasal click | |
| ⟨ɴ͜ǂˀ⟩ | ⟨ᶰǂˀ⟩ | glottalized palatal nasal click | |
In the orthographies of individual languages, palatal clicks may be written either with digraphs based on the vertical-bar letter of the IPA, or using the Latin alphabet.
Features
Features of palato-alveolar clicks:
- The basic articulation may be voiced, nasal, aspirated, glottalized, etc.
- The forward alveolar ridgeto the palate. The release is a sharp, plosive sound.
- Clicks may be oral or nasal, which means that the airflow is either restricted to the mouth, or passes through the nose as well.
- They are central consonants, which means they are produced by releasing the airstream at the center of the tongue, rather than at the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is lingual ingressive (also known as velaric ingressive), which means a pocket of air trapped between two closures is rarefied by a "sucking" action of the tongue, rather than being moved by the glottis or the lungs/diaphragm. The release of the forward closure produces the "click" sound. Voiced and nasal clicks have a simultaneous pulmonic egressive airstream.
Occurrence
Palatal clicks only occur in the southern African
.| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| Khoekhoe | ǂKhoesaob | [ᵏǂ͡χòe̯̋sàȍ̯p] = [𝼋̊͜χòe̯̋sàȍ̯p] | July |
| Taa | ǂnûm | [ᵑǂûm] = [𝼋̃ûm] | two |
| ǂHaba | ǂHaba | [ᵏǂʰabá] = [𝼋̊ʰabá] | (endonym) |
| Naro | tcháó-kg'am (çháó-kg'am) |
[ᵏǂʰáó̯kχʼam] = [𝼋̊ʰáó̯kχʼam] | to be disappointed |
| Yeyi | [kuᵏǂapara] = [ku𝼋̊apara] | to smash up |
Fricated palatal clicks
| Fricated palatal click | |
|---|---|
| 𝼋 | |
| ǂᶴ | |
| ǂǂ | |
| ǃ͡s |
Percussive release
| Percussive alveolar click (plain) | |
|---|---|
| ᵑǂ͡¡ | |
| ŋ𝼋ꜞ |
Clement Doke noted a
See also
- Alveolar click
- Bilabial click
- Dental click
- Lateral click
- Retroflex click
- Index of phonetics articles
References
- ^ Kirshenbaum assigned ⟨c!⟩ to IPA ⟨ʗ⟩, which he used indifferently for both alveolar ⟨ǃ⟩ and palatal ⟨ǂ⟩ clicks.
- ^ Clement Doke (1925) An outline of the phonetics of the language of the ʗhũ̬꞉ Bushman of the North-West Kalahari. Bantu Studies 2: 129–166.
- ^ Heine and König (2010)
- ^ Miller (2010) Phonological patterns involving new types of complex and contour segments in endangered Khoesan languages, CUNY Conference on the Phonology of Endangered Languages
- ^ Miller, Holliday, Howcroft, Phillips, Smith, Tsui, & Scott. 2011. "The Phonetics of the Modern-day reflexes of the Proto-palatal click in Juu languages". In A concise dictionary of northwestern ǃXun (2008), König & Heine transcribe them ⟨‼⟩, which is elsewhere used for the retroflex clicks.
- ^ Clement Doke (1925) An outline of the phonetics of the language of the ʗhũ̬꞉ Bushman of the North-West Kalahari. Bantu Studies 2: 129–166.
External links
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