Near-close near-front rounded vowel
Near-close near-front rounded vowel | |||
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ʏ | |||
IPA Number | 320 | ||
Audio sample | |||
help | |||
Encoding | |||
Entity (decimal) | ʏ | ||
Unicode (hex) | U+028F | ||
X-SAMPA | Y | ||
Braille | |||
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IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Legend: unrounded • rounded |
The near-close front rounded vowel, or near-high front rounded vowel,
The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʏ⟩, a small capital version of the Latin letter y, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is Y
.
Handbook of the International Phonetic Association defines [ʏ] as a
In some languages, however, ⟨ʏ⟩ is used to transcribe a vowel that is as low as close-mid but still fits the definition of a lowered and centralized (or just lowered) cardinal [y]. It occurs in German Standard German as well as some dialects of English (such as Estuary),[10][11][12] and it can be transcribed with the symbol ⟨ʏ̞⟩ (a lowered ⟨ʏ⟩) in narrow transcription. For the close-mid front rounded vowel that is not usually transcribed with the symbol ⟨ʏ⟩ (or ⟨y⟩), see close-mid front rounded vowel.
In most languages, the rounded vowel is pronounced with
Transcription
The near-close front rounded vowel is transcribed with ⟨y⟩, ⟨ʏ⟩ and ⟨ø⟩ in world's languages. However, when the Latin ⟨y⟩ or ⟨ø⟩ are used for this vowel, ⟨ʏ⟩ may still be used for phonological reasons for a vowel that is lower than near-close, potentially leading to confusion. This is the case in several Germanic language varieties, as well as in some transcriptions of Shanghainese.
In the following table, the difference between compressed and protruded vowels is ignored, except in the case of Swedish. Short vowels transcribed with ⟨ʉ⟩, ⟨ʏ⟩, ⟨ɵ⟩ and ⟨œ⟩ in broad transcription are assumed to have a weak rounding in most cases.
Symbol | Phonetic values in various language varieties | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dutch | Dzongkha | Frisian languages | German | Limburgish | Shanghainese | Swedish | ||||||
Fering | Saterland | Northern Standard | Hamont-Achel
|
Maastricht | Weert | Central Standard | ||||||
⟨y⟩ | [y] ~ [ʏ] ~ [ʉ] | — | — | [y] | [y] | [ ʉ̞ ]
|
[ʉ] | [y] | — | same as ⟨ʏ⟩ | ||
⟨yː⟩ | [yː] ~ [ʏː] ~ [ʉː] | [yː] ~ [ʏː] | [yː] | [yː] | [yː] | [yː] | [ʉː] | [yː] | — | [ y̫ː ]
| ||
⟨ʉ⟩ | same as ⟨ʏ⟩ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | [ʉ̞ᵝ] | ||
⟨ʉː⟩ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | [ʏᵝː] ~ [yᵝː] | ||
⟨ʏ⟩ | [ɵ] | — | [ ʉ̞ ]
|
[ø] | [ø̜] | [ɵ] | [ɵ] | [ɵ] | [ø] | [ y̫ ]
| ||
⟨ø⟩ | same as ⟨øː⟩ | — | — | — | [ø̹] | same as ⟨øː⟩ | same as ⟨øː⟩ | same as ⟨øː⟩ | [ʏ] | same as ⟨œ⟩ | ||
⟨øː⟩ | [øʏ] ~ [øː] ~ [ɵː] | [øː] ~ [œː] | [ ʉ̞ː ]
|
[ʏː] | [ø̹ː] | [ɵː] | [ɵː] ~ [ɵʊ̈] | [øə] | — | [ ø̫ː ]
| ||
⟨ɵ⟩ | same as ⟨ʏ⟩ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | [ɵ̞ᵝ] | ||
⟨œ⟩ | same as ⟨ʏ⟩ | — | [ɵ] | [œ] | [œ] | [œ] | [œ̝] | [œ̝] | — | [ œ̫˔ ]
| ||
⟨œː⟩ | [œː] | — | — | [øː] | [œː] | [œː] | [ɞː] | [œ̝ː] | — | — |
Because of that, IPA transcriptions of Limburgish dialects on Wikipedia utilize the symbol ⟨ɵ⟩ instead of ⟨ʏ⟩, following the symbol chosen for the corresponding Standard Dutch vowel by Rietveld & Van Heuven (2009) .
Near-close front compressed vowel
The near-close front compressed vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ⟨ʏ⟩, and that is the convention used in this article. There is no dedicated
The close-mid front compressed vowel can be transcribed ⟨ɪ̞͡β̞⟩, ⟨ɪ̞ᵝ⟩ or ⟨ʏ͍˕⟩.
Features
- Its high vowel).
- Its near-front.
- Its roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed. The prototypical [ʏ] has a weak compressed rounding, more like [œ] than the neighboring cardinal vowels.
Occurrence
Because front rounded vowels are assumed to have compression, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have protrusion. Vowels transcribed with ⟨y˕⟩ and ⟨ø̝⟩ may have a stronger rounding than the prototypical value of ⟨ʏ⟩.
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albanian | Gheg | yll |
[ʏɫ] | 'star' | |
Bashkir | дүрт/dürt | ⓘ | 'four' | ||
Bavarian | Northern[13] | vill | [v̥ʏl] | 'much' | Allophone of /i/ before /l/.[13] |
Buwal[14] | [ɗɛ́ɗʏ̄wɛ̄k] | 'bitter' | Palatalized allophone of /ə/ when adjacent to a labialized consonant.[14] | ||
Chinese | Shanghainese[15] | 肝 / koe | [kø̝˩] | 'liver' | Realization of /ø/ in open syllables and /ʏ/ in closed syllables. Near-close [ø̝] in the former case, close-mid [ʏ̞] in the latter.[15] |
Danish | Standard[16] | købe |
[ˈkʰø̝ːpə] | 'buy' | Also described as close-mid [øː].[17] See Danish phonology |
Dutch | Standard[18] | nu | [ny˕] | 'now' | Also transcribed as close front [y][19][20] and, in the Standard Northern accent, as close central [ʉ].[21] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨y⟩. See Dutch phonology |
English | Estuary[22][23] | foot | [fʏʔt] | 'foot' | Possible realization of /ʊ/ and /uː/. In the former case, the height varies between near-close [ʏ] and close-mid [ʏ̞].[22][24] |
Multicultural London[25] | Possible realization of /ʊ/.[25] | ||||
Rural white Southern American[26] | [fʏt̚] | Can be central [ ʊ̈] instead.[26]
| |||
West Country[27] | [fʏt] | Possible realization of /ʊ/ and /uː/.[27] | |||
New Zealand[28][29] | nurse | [nʏːs] | 'nurse' | Possible realization of /ɵː/ (and also /ʉː/).[28][29][30] See New Zealand English phonology | |
Ulster[31] | mule | [mjʏl] | 'mule' | Short allophone of /u/; occurs only after /j/.[31] See English phonology | |
Multicultural London | food | ⓘ | 'food' | ||
Faroese[32] | krúss | [kɹʏsː] | 'mug' | See Faroese phonology | |
French | Parisian[33] | tu | [t̪y˕] | 'you' | Also described as close [y];[34][35] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨y⟩. See French phonology |
Quebec[36] | lune | [lʏn] | 'moon' | Allophone of /y/ in closed syllables.[36] See Quebec French phonology
| |
German | Standard[10][11] | schützen | [ˈʃʏ̞t͡sn̩] | 'protect' | Close-mid; it may be as high as [y] for some speakers.[10][11] See Standard German phonology |
Some speakers[37] | schwimmen | [ʃvʏmː] | 'to swim' | Allophone of /ɪ/ before labial consonants. Used by some speakers in Northern and Central Germany.[37] See Standard German phonology | |
Hungarian[4] | üt | ⓘ | 'hit' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨y⟩. See Hungarian phonology | |
Icelandic[38] | vinur | [ˈʋɪ̞ːnʏ̞ɾ] | 'friend' | Close-mid;[38] also described as central [ɵ].[39] See Icelandic phonology | |
Kazakh | жүр/jür | [ʑʏr] | 'go' | ||
Kurdish |
dwênê | [dʏneː] | 'yesterday' | Allophone of /weː/ before consonant. | |
Low German[40] | lütt / lut | [lʏt] | 'little' | ||
Norwegian[41] | nytt | [nʏtː] | 'new' | The example word is from ʏ̫].[42] Its height has been variously described as near-close [ʏ][41] and close [y].[43] See Norwegian phonology .
| |
Saterland Frisian[7] | röögje | [ˈʀø̝ːɡjə] | 'to rain' | Phonetic realization of /øː/ and /ʏ/. Near-close [ø̝ː] in the former case, close-mid [ʏ̞] in the latter. Phonetically, the latter is nearly identical to /œː/ ([øː]).[7] | |
Scots[44] | buit | [bʏt] | 'boot' | May be central [ʉ] instead.[44] | |
Swedish | Central Standard[5][45] | ut | [ʏːt̪] | 'out' | Often realized as a sequence [ʏβ̞] or [ʏβ][46][47] (hear the word: ⓘ). The height has been variously described as near-close [ʏː][5][45] and close [yː].[48] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʉː⟩; it is central [ʉː] in other dialects. See Swedish phonology |
Turkish[49] | atasözü | [ät̪äˈs̪ø̞z̪ʏ] | 'proverb' | Allophone of /y/ described variously as "word-final"[49] and "occurring in final open syllable of a phrase".[50] See Turkish phonology | |
Turkmen[51] | Türkmençe | [tʏɾkmøntʃø] | 'Turkmen' | ||
Wymysorys[52] | büwa | [ˈbʏvä] | 'boys' |
Near-close front protruded vowel
Near-close front protruded vowel | |
---|---|
ʏ̫ | |
ʏʷ | |
ɪʷ |
Catford notes[
As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, the old diacritic for labialization, ⟨◌̫⟩, will be used here as an ad hoc symbol for protruded front vowels. Another possible transcription is ⟨ʏʷ⟩ or ⟨ɪʷ⟩ (a near-close front vowel modified by endolabialization), but that could be misread as a diphthong.
The close-mid front protruded vowel can be transcribed ⟨ʏ̫˕⟩, ⟨ʏ̞ʷ⟩ or ⟨ɪ̞ʷ⟩.
For the close-mid front protruded vowel that is not usually transcribed with the symbol ⟨ʏ⟩ (or ⟨y⟩), see
Acoustically, this sound is "between" the more typical compressed near-close front vowel [ʏ] and the unrounded near-close front vowel [ɪ].
Features
- Its high vowel).
- Its near-front.
- Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed. The prototypical [ʏ] has a weak rounding (though it is compressed, rather than protruded), more like [œ] than the neighboring cardinal vowels.
Occurrence
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Norwegian[41] | nytt | [nʏ̫tː] | 'new' | The example word is from ʏ].[42] Its height has been variously described as near-close [ʏ][41] and close [y].[43] See Norwegian phonology .
| |
Swedish | Central Standard[5][45] | ylle | ⓘ | 'wool' | The height has been variously described as close-mid [ʏ̫˕], y̫].[54] See Swedish phonology
|
References
- vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^ International Phonetic Association (1999), pp. 13, 171, 180.
- ^ Geoff Lindsey (2013) The vowel space, Speech Talk
- ^ a b Szende (1994), p. 92.
- ^ a b c d e Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
- ^ Lodge (2009), p. 87.
- ^ a b c Peters (2017), p. ?.
- ^ For example, by Collins & Mees (2013:225) and Szende (1994:92).
- ^ For example by Chen & Gussenhoven (2015:328); Basbøll & Wagner (1985:40), cited in Basbøll (2005:48) and Peters (2017:?).
- ^ a b c Hall (2003), pp. 93–94, 107.
- ^ a b c Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 34, 64.
- ^ Altendorf & Watt (2004), pp. 188, 191.
- ^ a b Rowley (1990), p. 422.
- ^ a b Viljoen (2013), p. 50.
- ^ a b Chen & Gussenhoven (2015), p. 328.
- ^ Basbøll & Wagner (1985:40), cited in Basbøll (2005:48).
- ^ Basbøll (2005), p. 46.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003), p. 132.
- ^ Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
- ^ Gussenhoven (2007), p. 30.
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 47.
- ^ a b Przedlacka (2001), pp. 42–43.
- ^ Altendorf & Watt (2004), pp. 188, 190–191.
- ^ Altendorf & Watt (2004), pp. 188, 190.
- ^ a b Cruttenden (2014), p. 91.
- ^ a b Thomas (2004), pp. 303, 308.
- ^ a b Altendorf & Watt (2004), p. 200.
- ^ a b Bauer et al. (2007), p. 98.
- ^ a b Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
- ^ Bauer & Warren (2004), p. 582.
- ^ a b Jilka, Matthias. "Irish English and Ulster English" (PDF). Stuttgart: Institut für Linguistik/Anglistik, University of Stuttgart. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2014.
- ^ Peterson (2000), cited in Árnason (2011:76)
- ^ Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
- ^ Lodge (2009), p. 84.
- ^ a b Walker (1984), pp. 51–60.
- ^ a b Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 65.
- ^ a b Árnason (2011), p. 60.
- ^ Einarsson (1945:10), cited in Gussmann (2011:73)
- ^ Prehn (2012), p. 157.
- ^ a b c d Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 20.
- ^ a b Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 15–16.
- ^ a b Kvifte & Gude-Husken (2005), p. 2.
- ^ a b Stuart-Smith (2004), p. 54.
- ^ a b c d Bolander (2001), p. 55.
- ^ Engstrand (1999), p. 141.
- ^ Riad (2014), p. 28.
- ^ Riad (2014), pp. 27–28.
- ^ a b Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 11.
- ^ Zimmer & Organ (1999), p. 155.
- ^ Hoey (2013), p. 6.
- ^ Jarosław Weckwerth. "The pure vowels (monophthongs) of Wilamowicean – spectral characteristics" (PDF). pp. 1–2, 5.
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. ?.
- ^ Dahlstedt (1967), p. 16.
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