Phenacetin

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Phenacetin
Clinical data
ATC code
Identifiers
  • N-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)acetamide
JSmol)
Density1.24 g/cm3
Melting point134 to 137.5 °C (273.2 to 279.5 °F)
Solubility in water0.766 g/L (25 °C (77 °F))
  • O=C(Nc1ccc(OCC)cc1)C
  • InChI=1S/C10H13NO2/c1-3-13-10-6-4-9(5-7-10)11-8(2)12/h4-7H,3H2,1-2H3,(H,11,12) checkY
  • Key:CPJSUEIXXCENMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Phenacetin (acetophenetidin, N-(4-ethoxyphenyl)acetamide

U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1983[3]
).

History

Phenacetin was introduced in 1887 in Elberfeld, Germany by German company Bayer, and was used principally as an analgesic; it was one of the first synthetic fever reducers to go on the market. It is also known historically to be one of the first non-opioid analgesics without anti-inflammatory properties. Although paracetamol (acetaminophen) was produced earlier, a historical accident saw it ignored after Joseph von Mering's 1893 assessment.[4]

Prior to World War One, Britain imported phenacetin from Germany.[5] During the war, a team including Jocelyn Field Thorpe and Martha Annie Whiteley developed a synthesis in Britain.[5]

Known mechanism of action

Phenacetin's analgesic effects are due to its actions on the sensory tracts of the spinal cord. In addition, phenacetin has a depressant action on the heart, where it acts as a negative inotrope. It is an antipyretic, acting on the brain to decrease the temperature set point. It is also used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (subacute type) and intercostal neuralgia.

In vivo, one of two reactions occur. Usually phenacetin's ether is cleaved to leave paracetamol (acetaminophen), which is the clinically relevant analgesic. A minority of the time the acetyl group is removed from the amine, producing carcinogenic p-phenetidine. This reaction is quite rare, however, as evidenced by the fact that the drug was on the market for almost 100 years before a statistical link was established, when Canada, followed by the United States, withdrew it from the market.

Preparation

The first synthesis was reported in 1878 by Harmon Northrop Morse. Morse's cited article describes the synthesis of paracetamol from 4-aminophenol and acetic acid.[6]

Phenacetin may be synthesized as an example of the

2-butanone to give the crude product, which is recrystallized from water.[7]

Uses

aluminum hydroxide
complex (U.S. Pat. 2,446,981). That patent number is from 1948; these tablets would have been made shortly thereafter.

Medical

Phenacetin was widely used until the third quarter of the twentieth century, often in the form of an A.P.C., or "

Vincent's APC
in Australia.

In the United States, the

Saridon, which was reformulated in 1983 to contain propyphenazone, paracetamol and caffeine. Coricidin
was also reformulated without phenacetin. Paracetamol is a metabolite of phenacetin with similar analgesic and antipyretic effects, but the new formulation has not been found to have phenacetin's carcinogenicity.

Other

Phenacetin has been used as a

cutting agent to adulterate cocaine in the UK and Canada, due to the similar physical properties.[10]
There, it has been given the nickname "magic".

Due to its low cost, phenacetin is used for research into the physical and refractive properties of crystals. It is an ideal compound for this type of research.[why?][1][11]

In Canada, phenacetin is used as a laboratory reagent, and in a few hair dye preparations (as a stabilizer for hydrogen peroxide). While it is considered a prescription drug, no marketed drugs contain phenacetin.[12]

Safety

Phenacetin, and products containing phenacetin, have been shown in an

urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis. Phenacetin is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as carcinogenic to humans.[1] In one prospective series, phenacetin was associated with an increased risk of death due to urologic or renal diseases, death due to cancers, and death due to cardiovascular diseases.[13]
In addition, people with
erythrocytes in blood. The erythrocytes are then lysed when the complexes activate the complement system
.

Chronic use of phenacetin is known to lead to

renal papillae in the kidneys. It is believed that the metabolite p-phenetidine is at least partly responsible for these effects.[17]

One notable death that can possibly be attributed to the use of this drug was that of the aviation pioneer Howard Hughes. He had been using phenacetin extensively for the treatment of chronic pain; it was stated during his autopsy that phenacetin use may have been the cause of his kidney failure.[18]

In popular culture

A 1974 episode of the

Yorkshire Television series Justice, "Duty of Care", featured a court case that resulted from a woman dying of phenacetin poisoning, as a result of taking A.P.C. for five years. This explained that phenacetin caused renal papillary necrosis.[19]

In the book Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance chapter 4, "APCs for headaches" is included in a list of valuable things to take on motorcycle trips.[20]

See also

References

  1. ^
    PMID 10850471
    .
  2. ^ "Phenacetin". DrugBank. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  3. ^ "Drugs withdrawn from the market containing phenacetin" (PDF). Department of Health and Human Services - FDA. 5 October 1983. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2014.
  4. ISBN 978-0471899808. Archived from the original on 18 August 2016. The eminent clinical pharmacologist Joseph von Mering collaborated with the Bayer Company in a trial of paracetamol in 1893. He found it to be an effective antipyretic and analgesic, but claimed it had a slight tendency to produce methaemoglobinaemia
    . This could conceivably have been caused by the contamination of his paracetamol with the 4-aminophenol from which it was synthesised.
  5. ^ a b Creese MR (1997). "Martha Annie Whiteley (1866-1956): Chemist and Editor" (PDF). Bulletin for the History of Chemistry. 8: 42–45.
  6. doi:10.1002/cber.18780110151
    .
  7. California State University Stanislaus. Archived from the original
    on 2008-12-02.
  8. ^ Federal Register of October 5, 1983 (48 FR 45466)
  9. ^ "Drugs banned in India". Central Drugs Standard Control Organization, Dte.GHS, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Archived from the original on 2015-02-21. Retrieved 2013-09-17.
  10. ^ "Cancer chemical in street cocaine". BBC News. 23 November 2006.
  11. S2CID 250787020
    .
  12. ^ "Health - Product safety - Chemical substances - Phenacetin information sheet". Government of Canada -. 18 April 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  13. PMID 1984193
    .
  14. S2CID 33774826
    .
  15. PMID 14180501
    .
  16. PMID 12512867
    .
  17. PMID 14592552
    .
  18. ^ Tennant F (July–August 2007). "Howard Hughes & Pseudoaddiction" (PDF). Practical Pain Management. 7 (6): 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2015. The phenacetin in the codeine compound produced, over time, kidney failure and death.
  19. Yorkshire Television
    , 31 May 1974
  20. ^ Pirsig, Robert M. (1985). Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance (82nd printing ed.). Bantam. p. 35.

External links

Look up phenacetin in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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