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[[File:Sture Sten Svantesson d.y. 1492-1520, och Kristina Gyllenstierna, 1494-1559 - Nationalmuseum - 15066.tif|upright=1.35|thumb|16th century Swedish regent [[Sten Sture the Younger|Stenonis Sture]] and wife [[Christina Gyllenstierna]] who both operated in strong resistance to Danish rule during the [[Kalmar Union]]]] |
[[File:Sture Sten Svantesson d.y. 1492-1520, och Kristina Gyllenstierna, 1494-1559 - Nationalmuseum - 15066.tif|upright=1.35|thumb|16th century Swedish regent [[Sten Sture the Younger|Stenonis Sture]] and wife [[Christina Gyllenstierna]] who both operated in strong resistance to Danish rule during the [[Kalmar Union]]]] |
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In a [[monarchy]], a '''regent''' ({{etymology|la|{{wikt-lang|la|regens}}<ref>{{OEtymD|regency|access-date=2014-08-18}} "early 15c., "government by regents," from Medieval Latin {{lang|la|regentia}}, from Latin {{lang|la|regens}} (see regent). Notable instances were: France 1715–1723 (under Philip, Duke of Orleans), Britain 1811–1820 (under George, Prince of Wales, Prince Regent)..."</ref>|ruling, governing}})<ref name="TCUDASL">{{Cite book|title=The cyclopaedia; or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature|url=https://archive.org/details/cyclopaediaorun29rees|first=Abraham|last=Rees|publisher=Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown|location=London|date=1819|at=REGENT|volume=29}}</ref><ref name="ADOEL">{{Cite book|title=A Dictionary of the English Language ... Abstracted from the folio edition of the author ... Fourteenth edition, corrected, etc|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O7P8wS-pau4C|first=Samuel|last=Johnson|publisher=A & H Spottiswoode|location=London|date=1828|at=REGENT|access-date=2020-09-26|archive-date=2021-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723172407/https://books.google.com/books?id=O7P8wS-pau4C|url-status=live}}</ref> is a person appointed to govern a state {{langnf|la|[[pro tempore]]|for the time being}} because the actual monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge their powers and duties, or the [[Interregnum|throne is vacant]] and a new monarch has not yet been determined.<ref name="TCUDASL" /><ref>''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]''</ref> One variation is in the [[Monarchy of |
In a [[monarchy]], a '''regent''' ({{etymology|la|{{wikt-lang|la|regens}}<ref>{{OEtymD|regency|access-date=2014-08-18}} "early 15c., "government by regents," from Medieval Latin {{lang|la|regentia}}, from Latin {{lang|la|regens}} (see regent). Notable instances were: France 1715–1723 (under Philip, Duke of Orleans), Britain 1811–1820 (under George, Prince of Wales, Prince Regent)..."</ref>|ruling, governing}})<ref name="TCUDASL">{{Cite book|title=The cyclopaedia; or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature|url=https://archive.org/details/cyclopaediaorun29rees|first=Abraham|last=Rees|publisher=Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown|location=London|date=1819|at=REGENT|volume=29}}</ref><ref name="ADOEL">{{Cite book|title=A Dictionary of the English Language ... Abstracted from the folio edition of the author ... Fourteenth edition, corrected, etc|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O7P8wS-pau4C|first=Samuel|last=Johnson|publisher=A & H Spottiswoode|location=London|date=1828|at=REGENT|access-date=2020-09-26|archive-date=2021-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723172407/https://books.google.com/books?id=O7P8wS-pau4C|url-status=live}}</ref> is a person appointed to govern a state {{langnf|la|[[pro tempore]]|for the time being}} because the actual monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge their powers and duties, or the [[Interregnum|throne is vacant]] and a new monarch has not yet been determined.<ref name="TCUDASL" /><ref>''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]''</ref> One variation is in the [[Monarchy of Saudi Arabia]], where the competent Prince may choose to assign regency to their of-age heir, handing over the majority of their responsibilities to prepare the heir for succession.<ref>{{cite web |title=Luxarazzi 101: Regency and Accession in Liechtenstein |date=2013-11-13 |website=www.luxarazzi.com |url=http://www.luxarazzi.com/2013/11/luxarazzi-101-regency-and-accession-in.html |access-date=2022-10-16 |archive-date=2022-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017021017/http://www.luxarazzi.com/2013/11/luxarazzi-101-regency-and-accession-in.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The rule of a regent or regents is called a '''regency'''. A regent or regency council may be formed ''ad hoc'' or in accordance with a constitutional rule. ''Regent'' is sometimes a formal title granted to a monarch's most trusted advisor or [[personal assistant]]. If the regent is holding the position due to their being in the [[Order of succession|line of succession]], the compound term ''[[prince regent]]'' is often used; if the regent of a minor is their mother, and she is wife or [[Queen dowager|widow]] of the king, she would be referred to as ''queen regent''. |
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If the formally appointed regent is unavailable or cannot serve on a temporary basis, a {{lang|la|regent ad interim}} may be appointed to fill the gap. |
If the formally appointed regent is unavailable or cannot serve on a temporary basis, a {{lang|la|regent ad interim}} may be appointed to fill the gap. |
Revision as of 11:32, 13 May 2024
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In a
If the formally appointed regent is unavailable or cannot serve on a temporary basis, a regent ad interim may be appointed to fill the gap.
In a monarchy, a regent usually governs due to one of these reasons, but may also be elected to rule during the period when the royal line has died out. This was the case in the
Famous regency periods include that of the Prince Regent, later George IV of the United Kingdom, giving rise to many terms such as Regency era and Regency architecture. Strictly, this period lasted from 1811 to 1820, when his father George III was insane, though when used as a period label it generally covers a wider period. Philippe II, Duke of Orléans was Regent of France from the death of Louis XIV in 1715 until Louis XV came of age in 1723; this is also used as a period label for many aspects of French history, as Régence in French, again tending to cover a rather wider period than the actual regency. For a period of a month and a half, the Second French Empire was a regency. The Emperor departed with his army, giving his political powers to his wife who essentially carried out all his roles and even sent him orders. He would never be able to return to France, and the empire ended as a regency two days after his defeat and imprisonment at the Battle of Sedan. The equivalent Greek term is epitropos (επίτροπος), meaning overseer.[citation needed]
As of 2022,[update] Liechtenstein (under Alois, Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein) is the only country with an active regency. In 2016, at the age of 96, Prem Tinsulanonda became the oldest regent of any nation, when he became the regent for Rama X of Thailand, who chose not to formally accede the throne until the end of the mourning period for his father. Previously this record was held by Prince Regent Luitpold of Bavaria, who was 91 at the end of his regency.
Other uses
The term “regent” may also refer to positions lower than that of a state’s ruler. The term may be used in the governance of organisations, typically as an equivalent of "director", and held by all members of a governing board rather than just the equivalent of the chief executive.
In the Society of Jesus, a regent is an individual training to be a Jesuit and who has completed his novitiate and philosophy studies but has not yet progressed to theology studies. A regent among the Jesuits is often assigned to teach in schools or some other academic institution.
Some
Europe
The term "regent" is also used for members of governing bodies of institutions such as the national banks of France and Belgium.
In the Dutch Republic, the members of the ruling class, not formally hereditary but forming a de facto patrician class, were informally known collectively as regenten (the Dutch plural for regent) because they typically held positions as "regent" on the boards of town councils, as well as charitable and civic institutions. The regents group portrait, regentenstuk or regentessenstuk for female boards in Dutch, literally "regents' piece", is a group portrait of the board of trustees, called regents or regentesses, of a charitable organization or guild. This type of group portrait was popular in Dutch Golden Age painting during the 17th and 18th centuries.
Again in Belgium and France[
Southeast Asia
In the former Dutch East Indies, a regent was a native prince allowed to rule de facto colonized 'state' as a regentschap. Consequently, in the successor state of Indonesia, the term regent is used in English to mean a bupati, the head of a kabupaten (second level local government).
In
In the Philippines – specifically, the University of Santo Tomas – the Father Regent, who must be a Dominican priest and is often also a teacher, serves as the institution's spiritual head. They also form the Council of Regents that serves as the highest administrative body of the university.
Africa
In Eswatini, where succession to the throne is not immediate, the Ndlovukati (similar to a queen mother) rules as regent until the new king is determined.[7]
In
See also
- Empress dowager
- Governor-General
- List of regents
- Queen dowager
- Queen mother
- Regency Acts
- Shikken
- Viceroy
References
- ^ Harper, Douglas. "regency". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-08-18. "early 15c., "government by regents," from Medieval Latin regentia, from Latin regens (see regent). Notable instances were: France 1715–1723 (under Philip, Duke of Orleans), Britain 1811–1820 (under George, Prince of Wales, Prince Regent)..."
- ^ a b Rees, Abraham (1819). The cyclopaedia; or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature. Vol. 29. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown. REGENT.
- ^ Johnson, Samuel (1828). A Dictionary of the English Language ... Abstracted from the folio edition of the author ... Fourteenth edition, corrected, etc. London: A & H Spottiswoode. REGENT. Archived from the original on 2021-07-23. Retrieved 2020-09-26.
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary
- ^ "Luxarazzi 101: Regency and Accession in Liechtenstein". www.luxarazzi.com. 2013-11-13. Archived from the original on 2022-10-17. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
- ^ "Board of Regents". The Free Dictionary. Archived from the original on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
- ^ A. D. C. (2019-02-09). "All About Eswatini/Swaziland – Africa.com". www.africa.com. Archived from the original on 2022-02-22. Retrieved 2022-02-22.