Voiced velar approximant: Difference between revisions
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The '''voiced velar approximant''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound, used in some [[Speech communication|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɰ}}}}. It is the [[semivowel|semivocalic]] counterpart of the [[close back unrounded vowel]] {{IPA|[ɯ]}}. |
The '''voiced velar approximant''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound, used in some [[Speech communication|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɰ}}}}. It is the [[semivowel|semivocalic]] counterpart of the [[close back unrounded vowel]] {{IPA|[ɯ]}}. |
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The IPA symbol {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɣ}}}}, which otherwise signifies a [[voiced velar fricative]], is more commonly{{fact|date=May 2015}} used for the velar approximant than {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɰ}}}} |
The IPA symbol {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɣ}}}}, which otherwise signifies a [[voiced velar fricative]], is more commonly{{fact|date=May 2015}} used for the velar approximant than {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɰ}}}}, with a [[lowered (phonetics)|lowering diacritic]] {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɣ̞}}}} (or {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɣ˕}}}}) when specificity is required. |
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==Features== |
==Features== |
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Revision as of 18:35, 17 May 2016
| Voiced velar approximant | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɰ | |||
| ɣ̞ | |||
| ɣ˕ | |||
IPA Number | 154 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɰ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0270 | ||
| X-SAMPA | M\ | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
.svg)
The voiced velar approximant is a type of
spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɰ⟩. It is the semivocalic counterpart of the close back unrounded vowel
[ɯ].
The IPA symbol ⟨ɣ⟩, which otherwise signifies a
lowering diacritic
⟨ɣ̞⟩ (or ⟨ɣ˕⟩) when specificity is required.
Features
Features of the velar approximant:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
- Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the soft palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cherokee | ᏩᏥ [wa-tsi] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɰatsi] | 'watch' | Also represented by Ꮺ, Ꮻ, Ꮼ, Ꮽ, and Ꮾ | |
| Danish | Older speakers[1] | [ talg] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help ) |
[ˈtˢalˀɰ] | 'tallow' | Still used by some older speakers in high register, much more commonly than a fricative [ɣ].[1] Depending on the environment, it corresponds to [ʊ̯], [ɪ̯] or [j] in young speakers of contemporary Standard Danish.[2] See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Randstad[3] | [ example needed ] |
A very rare pronunciation of /r/,[4] distribution unclear. Realization of /r/ varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology | ||
| Southern Netherlandic[3] | [ example needed ] |
||||
| French | Belgian[5] | [ara] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [aɰa] | 'macaw' | Intervocalic allophone of /ʀ/ for some speakers,[6] unless /ʀ/ is realized as a liaison consonant – then it's most often pronounced [ʀ].[7] See French phonology |
| Greek | Cypriot[8] | μαγαζί | [maɰaˈzi] | 'shop' | Allophone of /ɣ/ |
| Guarani | [[[Guaraní alphabet|gotyo]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɰoˈtɨo] | 'near, close to' | Contrasts with [w] | |
| Ibibio[9] | [úfʌ̟̀ɰɔ̞] | [translation needed] | Intervocalic allophone of /k/; may be a uvular tap [ɢ̆] instead.[9] | ||
| Icelandic | [[[Icelandic orthography|saga]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈsaɰa] | 'saga' | See Icelandic phonology | |
| Irish | [[[Irish orthography|naoi]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [n̪ˠɰiː] | 'nine' | Occurs only between broad consonants and front vowels. See Irish phonology | |
| Korean | 의사/[[[Revised Romanization of Korean|uisa]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɰi.sä] | 'doctor' | Occurs only before /i/. See Korean phonology | |
| Ripuarian | Colognian[citation needed ] |
[wing] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɰɪŋ] | 'wine' | Allophone of syllable-initial /v/ for some speakers; can be [β ~ ʋ ~ w] instead.[citation needed] See Colognian phonology |
| Shipibo[10] | [igi] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [i̞ɰi̞] | [translation needed] | Allophone of /k/ in certain high-frequency morphemes; can be realized as a fricative [ɣ] instead.[10] | |
| Spanish[11] | [[[Spanish orthography|pagar]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [päˈɰäɾ] | 'to pay' | Also described as a fricative. Intervocalic allophone of /ɡ/. See Spanish phonology | |
| Swedish | Central Standard[12] | [agronom] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [äɰɾʊˈn̪oːm] | 'agronomist' | Allophone of /g/ in casual speech. See Swedish phonology |
| Tagalog | igriega |
[iːɡɾɪˈje̞ɰɐ] | 'y (letter)' | See Tagalog phonology | |
| Tiwi | [ngaga] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈŋaɰa] | 'we (inclusive)' | ||
| Turkish | [[[Turkish alphabet|ağır]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [a'ɰɯɾ] | 'heavy' | Only occurs before back vowels, in careful pronunciation. Represented by the letter ğ. See Turkish phonology | |
The sound in
labio-velar, albeit with acoustic differences from other labio-velar consonants
.
See also
- Index of phonetics articles
- Voiceless velar approximant
Notes
- ^ a b Grønnum (2005:123)
- ^ Basbøll (2005:211–212)
- ^ a b Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:54)
- ^ Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:50–51 and 54)
- ^ Demolin (2001:65 and 71)
- ^ Demolin (2001:65)
- ^ Demolin (2001:71)
- ^ Arvaniti (1999:174)
- ^ a b Urua (2004:106)
- ^ a b Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001:282)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:257)
- ^ Engstrand (2004:167)
References
- Arvaniti, Amalia (1999), "Cypriot Greek" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29 (2): 173–178,
- ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Demolin, Didier (2001), "Some phonetic and phonological observations concerning /ʀ/ in Belgian French", in van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.), 'r-atics, Brussels: Etudes & Travaux, pp. 61–73, ISSN 0777-3692
- Engstrand, Olle (2004), Fonetikens grunder (in Swedish), Lund: Studenlitteratur, ISBN 91-44-04238-8
- Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259,
- Urua, Eno-Abasi E. (2004), "Ibibio", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 105–109,
- Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Márquez Pinedo, Luis; Maddieson, Ian (2001), "Shipibo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 31 (2): 281–285,
- Verstraten, Bart; van de Velde, Hans (2001), "Socio-geographical variation of /r/ in standard Dutch", in van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.), 'r-atics, Brussels: Etudes & Travaux, pp. 45–61, ISSN 0777-3692
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