Timothy Snyder
Timothy Snyder | |
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Born | Timothy David Snyder August 18, 1969 Ohio, U.S. |
Spouse |
London School of Economics and Political Science |
Timothy David Snyder (born August 18, 1969) is an American historian specializing in the history of
He has written several books, including
Snyder serves on the Committee on Conscience of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. He is also a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.
Early life and education
Snyder was born on August 18, 1969,
Career
Snyder held fellowships at the
He has been an instructor at the College of Europe Natolin Campus, the Baron Velge Chair at the Université libre de Bruxelles, the Cleveringa Chair at the Leiden University, Philippe Romain Chair at the London School of Economics, and the 2013 René Girard Lecturer at Stanford University.[9][10][11] Prior to assuming the Richard C. Levin Professorship of History, Snyder was the Bird White Housum Professor of History at Yale University.
He is a member of the Committee on Conscience of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.[12] On September 25, 2020, he was named as one of the 25 members of the "Real Facebook Oversight Board", an independent group monitoring Facebook.[13] He serves on the editorial boards of the Journal of Modern European History and East European Politics and Societies.[14]
For the academic year 2013–2014, he held the Philippe Roman Chair of International History at the London School of Economics and Political Science.[15]
Works
Snyder has written fifteen books and co-edited two. Snyder reads five European languages and speaks ten, enabling easier use of primary and archival sources in Germany and Central Europe during his research.[16] Snyder has stressed that knowing other languages is very important for his field, saying "If you don't know Russian, you don't really know what you're missing."[17]
Early works
Snyder's first book was the 1998
In 2003, he published
In 2005, he published
In 2008, he published
Bloodlands
In 2010, Snyder published Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. Bloodlands was a best seller[23] and has been translated into 30 languages.[24][14] In an interview with Slovene historian Luka Lisjak Gabrijelčič in 2016, Snyder described the book as an attempt to overcome the limitations of national history in explaining the political crimes perpetrated in Eastern Europe in the 1930s and 1940s:
The point of Bloodlands was that we hadn't noticed a major event in European history: the fact 13 million civilians were murdered for political reasons in a rather confined space over a short period of time. The question of the book was: 'How this could have happened?' We have some history of Soviet terror, of the Holocaust, of the Ukrainian famine, of the German reprisals against the civilians. But all of these crimes happened in the same places in a short time span, so why not treat them as a single event and see if they can be unified under a meaningful narrative.[25]
Bloodlands received reviews ranging from highly critical to "rapturous".
Later works
Snyder's 2012 book
Snyder published
In 2017, he published
In 2018, he published
In 2020, he published a book on the American health care system, Our Malady.[46]
Snyder has published essays in publications such as the
Views
Although primarily a scholar of twentieth century Eastern European history, in the mid-2010s Snyder became interested in U.S. history, contemporary politics, international relations, digital politics, health, and education. He has said that the defunding of departments of history and the
Views on Putin's Russia
External videos | |
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Ukraine: From Propaganda to Reality, Chicago Humanities Festival, 57:35, November 14, 2014 |
Since
Snyder launched a $1.25m crowdfunding to upgrade Ukraine's air defense.[57][58] According to Snyder, the only way to end the war is for Putin's Russia to "win by losing", because only if Ukraine wins will it be possible for the dictator to leave the scene, and for the country to start a democratic process that will benefit Russia itself. Snyder is on the list of 200 Americans barred from entering Russian territory, under sanctions announced by the Russian government in November 2022.[59]
In 2015, Snyder delivered a series of lectures in Kyiv, Dnipro, and Kharkiv. The lectures, which were delivered in Ukrainian, were open to the public and focused on Snyder's historical research as well as the contemporary political situation in Ukraine.[60]
In fascist ideas have come to Russia at a historical moment, three generations after the Second World War, when it's impossible for Russians to think of themselves as fascist. The entire meaning of the war in Soviet education was as an anti-fascist struggle, where the Russians are on the side of the good and the fascists are the enemy. So there's this odd business, which I call in the book "schizo-fascism", where people who are themselves unambiguously fascists refer to others as fascists.[62]
Snyder has drawn the parallel between Hitler's rationale for territorial expansion and that of Putin. He predicted Russia's invasion of Crimea, outlining specific threats of an invasion in the New York Times op-ed "Don't Let Putin Grab Ukraine" on February 3, 2014, and said that Putin's rhetoric resembles Hitler's to the point of plagiarism: both claimed that a neighboring democracy was somehow tyrannical, both appealed to imaginary violations of minority rights as a reason to invade, both argued that a neighboring nation did not really exist and that its state was illegitimate.[63]
Marlène Laruelle commented [26] that "Contrary to [Snyder's] claims, the Kremlin does not live in an ideological world inspired by Nazi Germany, but in one in which the Yalta decades, the Gorbachev-Yeltsin years, and the collapse of the Soviet Union still constitute the main historical referents and traumas."[64]
On March 14, 2023, Snyder briefed the
Views on Ukraine
Snyder has written six books on Ukraine [66] and in 2022, to explain the origins and course of the Russo-Ukrainian war, he made his Yale lecture series The Making of Modern Ukraine available to the general public on YouTube [67] and as a podcast series [68] along with the syllabus and reading list.[69] The course had been viewed by millions by November 2022.[70] He has spoken[71] and written about the war in the press and he publishes history and commentary on his Substack platform as "Thinking About…"[72]
Olena Zelenska, First Lady of Ukraine, met with Snyder to discuss the mental health and resilience of Ukrainians at the Yalta European Strategy Annual Meeting in September 2023.[73]
Views on the Trump presidency
Asked in early 2017 how the agenda of the
In a May 2017 interview with
In January 2021 Snyder published an essay in
Views on threats to democracy and pursuit of freedom
Snyder likened NBC's pre-2024 election hiring of former Republican National Committee chair Ronna McDaniel to the anticipatory obedience he described in his book On Tyranny: "Most of the power of authoritarianism is freely given. In times like these, individuals think ahead about what a more repressive government will want, and then offer themselves without being asked." In an interview with NBC's sister station MSNBC, he cited McDaniel's role in trying to disassemble our democracy and said: “What NBC is doing is saying, ‘Well, [it] could be that in ’24 our entire system will break down. Could be we’ll have an authoritarian leader. Oh, but look, we’ve made this adjustment in advance because we’ve brought into the middle of NBC somebody who has already taken part in an attempt to take our system down,’" adding, "If you are going to be on American media, you should be somebody who believes there is something called truth, there are things called facts and you can pursue them."[83]
On April 10, 2024, Snyder joined with over 35 musicians, actors, thinkers, historians, entrepreneurs, and diplomats in an appeal[84] to Congress for aid to Ukraine in defense of democracy and in the fight “for our safety and for everyone’s freedom.” The open letter states that Ukrainian resistance to Russian dictatorship protects the international order, makes other wars in Europe impossible, and supports American interests, deterring China without provoking Beijing.
In response to a request from the United States House Committee on Oversight and Accountability, Timothy Snyder provided written and oral testimony[85][86] for the April 17, 2024 session: “Defending America from the Chinese Communist Party’s Political Warfare, Part I.” Snyder urged Congress to understand political warfare as "someone else trying to get you to do something you ought not to." He emphasized the role Americans play in the efforts of hostile foreign powers to exploit domestic weaknesses using divisive propaganda intended to show that democracy is impotent, hypocritical, and not worth defending. These messages are successful only when echoed by politicians, billionaires and other citizens, some unknowingly, but against their own self-interest. Financial vulnerability of politicians is an opening for psychological operations by hostile actors as it renders targets susceptible to manipulation by their foreign patrons. Political warfare conducted by authoritarian regimes where corruption is normal promotes messages that aim to normalize corruption externally in America and elsewhere.
Snyder asserted the centrality of the war in Ukraine to the general problem of political warfare. In this war, international order, the reputation of democracy and alliance structures are all at stake. While Americans may not see the connections, Beijing and Taiwan are clear that Ukraine’s self-defense deters Chinese aggression in the Pacific. He described the increasing conformity of Chinese propaganda methods and themes with those used by Russian disinformation campaigns designed to promote American inaction and interfere with elections, backing candidates most likely to support authoritarian regimes. Common tropes are: Ukrainians are Nazis, the Ukraine war is all about NATO enlargement, Ukraine is corrupt, democracy is powerless to do anything about Ukraine, Americans should pay attention to the border and not do anything about Ukraine, and Joseph Biden has accepted bribes.
In written testimony and during the oral hearings, Snyder and members of Congress gave examples of Marjorie Taylor Greene, J.D. Vance, and Donald Trump publicly promoting foreign propaganda tropes. Snyder responded directly to Greene’s oral testimony suggesting significant Nazi influence in Ukraine with the fact that no far-right party in Ukraine has ever gotten more than 3% of a national vote. Anyone sincerely looking for fascism should note openly Nazi formations in the Russian military, Russia’s explicit policy of destroying the Ukrainian state, deportation of tens of thousands of children, and mass torture.
Snyder explained that direct availability of propaganda memes and messages from outlets like X (Twitter) obviates the need for direct contact between the Americans who spread them and the foreign actors and their media outlets who source them originally. When government or self-policing of hostile foreign propaganda by social media has been attempted, it is successful, but X (Twitter), notably, has refused to self-regulate.
Personal life
In 1994, Snyder married fellow academic Milada Vachudova, with whom he also collaborated on scholarly work.[87][88] Snyder's second marriage was in 2005 to Marci Shore, a professor of European cultural and intellectual history at Yale University. The couple have two children together and reside in New Haven, Connecticut.[89][90]
In December 2019, Snyder fell seriously ill following a series of medical misdiagnoses. While recuperating through the coronavirus pandemic he wrote Our Malady: Lessons in Liberty from a Hospital Diary, about the problems of the for-profit health care system in the USA, and the coronavirus response so far.[52][91]
Charity
On November 2, 2022, Timothy Snyder became the tenth ambassador of UNITED24.[92] He has set up a fundraiser to collect donations for a system to counter Russian unmanned aerial vehicles in Ukraine, and thereby to protect Ukraine's critical infrastructure.[37][93] He also launched the "Documenting Ukraine" project to support journalists, scholars, artists, public intellectuals, and archivists based in Ukraine in their efforts to create a factual record of the war.[94]
Starting in November 2023, Snyder will lead 90 scholars in the "Ukrainian History Global Initiative" to study Ukraine and its history. The initiative is a charitable foundation that will include disciplines beyond history and sponsor three major academic conferences, various publications, and archaeological excavations.[95][96]
Awards
- 2023 The Robert B. Silvers Prize for Journalism (Silvers-Dudley Prize)[97]
- 2022 All European Academies Madame de Staël Prize [98]
- 2017 Prize of the Foundation for Polish Science,[99] the highest scientific honor in Poland
- 2015 The VIZE 97 Prize from the Václav Havel Foundation [100]
- 2015 Carnegie Fellowship[101]
- 2014 Antonovych prize[101]
- 2013 Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin(Basic Books, 2010)
- 2012 Prakhin International Literary Award for the Truth about Holocaust and Stalinist Repression Honorary Mention for Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin (Basic Books, 2010)[103]
- 2012 Kazimierz Moczarski Historic Award for Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin [104]
- 2012 Leipzig Book Award for European Understanding
- 2012 Literature Award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters[105]
- 2011 Phi Beta Kappa Society
- 2003 George Louis Beer Prize for The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999 [106]
- 1998 The Oskar Halecki Polish History Award from the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America[107]
- Lithuanian Diplomacy Star [101]
- Polish Bene Merito honorary badge[101]
- Officer's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland[101]
- Estonian Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana Class III [101]
- Honorary Doctor at the Faculty of Humanities, Lund University.[108]
Selected works
- ISBN 978-0-19-084608-4
- Wall Around the West: State Power and Immigration Controls in Europe and North America (Rowman and Littlefield, 2000). Co-edited with ISBN 978-0-7425-0178-2
- ISBN 978-0-300-09569-2
- ISBN 978-0-300-12599-3
- ISBN 978-0-465-01897-0
- ISBN 978-0-465-03147-4
- ISBN 978-0-14-312304-0
- Stalin and Europe: Imitation and Domination, 1928–1953 (Oxford University Press, 2014). Co-edited with Ray Brandon. ISBN 978-0199945580
- ISBN 978-1-101-90347-6
- ISBN 978-0-8041-9011-4
- On Tyranny Graphic Edition: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century (Ten Speed Press) ISBN 978-1-9848-5915-0
- On Tyranny Graphic Edition: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century (Ten Speed Press)
- ISBN 978-0-525-57447-7
- ISBN 978-0-593-23889-9
References
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- ^ "Timothy Snyder | Department of History". history.yale.edu. Retrieved May 24, 2022.
- ^ Ian Kershaw and Timothy Snyder to be honoured with Leipzig Book Prize for European Understanding 2012 Leipzig.de, January 16, 2012 Archived March 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
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- ^ "Timothy Snyder Receives 2011 Ralph Waldo Emerson Award" Archived December 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, The Phi Beta Kappa Society, December 5, 2011
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- JSTOR 2501061.
- S2CID 164557521.
- JSTOR 10.1086/530310.
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- ^ Rucker, Philip; Costa, Robert (October 2, 2019). "'A presidency of one': Key federal agencies increasingly compelled to benefit Trump". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
- ^ a b c Baird, Robert P (March 30, 2023). "Putin, Trump, Ukraine: how Timothy Snyder became the leading interpreter of our dark times". The Guardian. Retrieved April 4, 2023.
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- ^ "Understand Putin by understanding his favourite thinkers". The Economist. April 5, 2018. Retrieved May 16, 2018.
- ^ Adams, Tim (April 15, 2018). "The Road to Unfreedom by Timothy Snyder review – chilling and unignorable". The Guardian. Retrieved May 16, 2018.
- ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved April 22, 2023.
- ^ Timothy Snyder (September 6, 2022). "Ukraine Holds the Future – The War Between Democracy and Nihilism". No. September/October 2022. Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on March 30, 2023.
- ^ "List of articles by Snyder in The New York Review of Books". Archived from the original on May 28, 2014. Retrieved December 21, 2010.
- ^ Timothy Snyder (May 19, 2022). "We should say it. Russia is fascist". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
- ^ "Has the threat of Trump really gone? – Timothy Snyder". Channel 4 News, January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021
- ^ Timothy Snyder (January 9, 2021). "The American Abyss". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
- ^ a b Timothy Snyder (November 11, 2020). "Trump's big election lie pushes America toward autocracy". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on January 29, 2023. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
- ^ MSNBC, Rachel Maddow (January 7, 2022). "'Lies lead to violence': Snyder on the Big Lie's toxic cycle". Archived from the original on January 28, 2022. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
- ^ Charles Pierce (July 9, 2021). "Timothy Snyder Is Exactly Right: American Conservatives Are Seeking Their Own 'Memory Laws'". Esquire. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
- ^ Timothy Snyder (June 29, 2021). "The War on History Is a War on Democracy". The New York Times Magazine. Archived from the original on March 27, 2023. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
- ^ Sean Illing. "Ukraine and the problem of "futurelessness". Historian Timothy Snyder on the war in Ukraine and the future of democracy". Vox Conversatons. Archived from the original on November 28, 2022. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
- ^ "A fundraiser that will make history". u24.gov.ua. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
- ^ "American historian Timothy Snyder becomes an ambassador for the UNITED24 platform, launching the 'Shahed Hunter' fundraiser". President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy Official Website. Archived from the original on April 1, 2023. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
- ^ Rankin, Jennifer (November 28, 2022). "'Russia wins by losing': Timothy Snyder on raising funds for Ukrainian drone defence". The Guardian. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
- ^ Котвіцька (Kotvitska), Катерина (Каterina). "Історія для майбутнього" [History for the future]. Україна Молода (Ukraine Young) (in Ukrainian). Retrieved December 22, 2021.
- ^ "The Road to Unfreedom by Timothy Snyder | PenguinRandomHouse.com: Books". PenguinRandomhouse.com. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
- ^ "Public Thinker: Timothy Snyder on Russia and "Dark Globalization"". Public Books. December 7, 2018. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
- ^ Timothy Snyder (September 6, 2022). "Ukraine holds the future – the war between democracy and nihilism". No. September/October 2022. Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on March 30, 2023. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
- ^ "Is Russia Really "Fascist"? A Comment on Timothy Snyder". PONARS Eurasia. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
- ^ "'Russophobia' Term Used to Justify Moscow's War Crimes in Ukraine, Historian Tells Security Council". United Nations. March 14, 2023. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
- ^ Timothy Snyder. "My books about Ukraine". Thinking about... Archived from the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved April 8, 2023.
- ^ "Timothy Snyder: The Making of Modern Ukraine Yale Courses on Youtube". YouTube. Archived from the original on April 3, 2023. Retrieved April 8, 2023.
- ^ Timothy Snyder. "The Making of Modern Ukraine". Apple Podcasts. Archived from the original on March 19, 2023. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
- ^ Timothy Snyder. "Syllabus of my Ukraine lecture class". Thinking about... Substack. Archived from the original on March 19, 2023. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
- ^ "Opinion | Why a Yale prof's Ukrainian history course posted online has earned millions of views". thestar.com. November 23, 2022.
- ^ On Point, WBUR. "Historian Timothy Snyder on how war ends in Ukraine". Archived from the original on November 30, 2022. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
- ^ Timothy Snyder. "Thinking about..." Substack. Archived from the original on March 19, 2023. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
- ^ @olena_zelenska (September 10, 2023). "Olena Zalenska on Healing Ukraine: Rehabilitation and Mental Health at YES 2023" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ Snyder, Timothy (February 7, 2017). "We have at most a year to defend American democracy, perhaps less" (Interview). Matthias Kolb. Süddeutsche Zeitung. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
- ^ Zakaria, Fareed (January 16, 2021). "What "big lies" lead to". CNN. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
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- Salon. Archivedfrom the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
- ^ Timothy Snyder. "Not a Normal Election". Commonweal. Archived from the original on December 21, 2022. Retrieved April 10, 2023.
- ^ a b "Historian Timothy Snyder: Trump's lies are creeping tyranny" Archived January 9, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. Vox. May 22, 2017.
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- ^ "The American Abyss: A historian of fascism and political atrocity on Trump, the mob and what comes next." Archived January 9, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. The New York Times. January 9, 2021.
- ^ Stelter, Brian (January 11, 2021). "Experts warn that Trump's 'big lie' will outlast his presidency". CNN Business.
- ^ Pengelly, Martin (March 27, 2024). "'Pretty bad': NBC condemned by top US historian over role for Ronna McDaniel". The Guardian. Retrieved March 27, 2024.
- ^ "Opinion: Congress must let Ukraine win, say Barbra Streisand, Sean Penn, Imagine Dragons, Timothy Snyder and other luminaries". CNN. April 10, 2024. Retrieved April 11, 2024.
- ^ Snyder, Timothy. "Testimony to Oversight Committee "Defending America from the Chinese Communist Party's Political Warfare, Part I"" (PDF). Retrieved April 20, 2024.
- ^ "Defending America from the Chinese Communist Party's Political Warfare, Part I". YouTube. GOP Oversight. Retrieved April 20, 2024.
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- ^ "2023 Silvers-Dudley Prize Winners". The Robert B. Silvers Foundation. Archived from the original on January 6, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
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External links
- Timothy Snyder's YouTube channel
- Timothy Snyder: The Making of Modern Ukraine, Yale University lecture series at YouTube
- Timothy Snyder's faculty page at Yale University
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- List of articles by Snyder in Eurozine
- Snyder's blog on Substack
- "Hitler and Stalin – The Q&A: Timothy Snyder, historian". The Economist. June 3, 2011.
- On Tyranny: Yale Historian Timothy Snyder on How the U.S. Can Avoid Sliding into Authoritarianism. Snyder's interview with Democracy Now! May 30, 2017
- Yale Historian Warns About the Rise of Tyranny in the US. Snyder's interview with Amanpour & Company February 18, 2020
- Historian Timothy Snyder warns that America is already in its own "slow-motion Reichstag Fire", Snyder's interview with Salon
- What we need to know about Ukraine's history: Professor Timothy Snyder on the Radio Davos podcast, World Economic Forum, July 29, 2022