Antipope Benedict XIII

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Not to be confused with Pope Benedict XIII.
In this
Spanish name, the first or paternal surname
is Martínez de Luna and the second or maternal family name is Pérez de Gotor.

Antipope

Benedict XIII
Pope Luna
Portrait by Juan Rexach
(15th-century, Morella, Spain)
Elected28 September 1394
Papacy began11 October 1394
Quashed12 March 1403
Papacy ended23 May 1423
Predecessor
Successor
  • Roman claimant:
  • Martin V
  • Antipapal (Avignonian) claimant:
  • Clement VIII
Opposed toRoman claimants:
Pisan claimants:
Other post(s)Cardinal-Deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin
Orders
Ordination3 October 1394
by Jean de Neufchatel
Consecration11 October 1394
by Jean de Neufchatel
Created cardinal20 December 1375
RankCardinal-Deacon
Personal details
Born
Pedro Martínez de Luna y Pérez de Gotor

(1328-11-25)25 November 1328
Illueca, Crown of Aragon
Died23 May 1423(1423-05-23) (aged 94)
Peniscola, Crown of Aragon
BuriedCastillo Palacio del Papa Luna, Illueca (skull)
OccupationProfessor
Previous post(s)Apostolic Administrator of Avignon (1394–1398)
Alma materUniversity of Montpellier
Coat of armsBenedict XIII's coat of arms
Other popes and antipopes named Benedict

Pedro Martínez de Luna y Pérez de Gotor (25 November 1328 – 23 May 1423), known as el Papa Luna in Spanish and Pope Luna in English, was an Aragonese nobleman who, as Benedict XIII, is considered an antipope (see Western Schism) by the Catholic Church.

Early life

Pedro Martínez de Luna was born at

Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin on 20 December 1375.[1]

Avignon election

consecration
of Benedict XIII

In 1377, Pedro de Luna and the other

Urban VI on 9 April, but the new pope proved to be intractably hostile to the cardinals. Some of them reconvened at Fondi in September 1378, declared the earlier election invalid and elected Robert of Geneva as their new pope, initiating the Western Schism. Robert assumed the name Clement VII and moved back to Avignon.[1]

Clement VII sent de Luna as legate to Spain for the Kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and Portugal, in order to win them over to the obedience of the Avignon pope. Owing to his powerful relations, his influence in the Province of Aragon was very great. In 1393, Clement VII appointed him legate to France, Brabant, Flanders, Scotland, England, and Ireland. As such he stayed principally in Paris, but he did not confine his activities to those countries that belonged to the Avignon obedience.[1] Following Clement's death on 16 September 1394, the cardinals met at Avignon. The conclave consisted of 11 French cardinals, eight Italians, four Spaniards, and one from Savoy, all proclaiming the ardent wish to reunite the church. The cardinals then elected Luna as the new pope, on the condition that he should labor to quell the schism, and should resign the papal dignity whenever the pope of Rome should do the same, or the college of cardinals demand it.

In ■ orange, the kingdoms subject to the Avignon papacy.

On the death of Urban VI in 1389, the Roman College of Cardinals had chosen Boniface IX; the election of Benedict therefore perpetuated the Western Schism. At the start of his term of office, de Luna was recognised as pope by

curia, as an envoy to the Bishop of Valencia
to bolster support for the Avignon papacy in the Crown of Aragon.

Avignon papacy

14th-century illustration from a manuscript of Pliny’s Epistulae

In 1398, the Kingdom of France withdrew its recognition of the Avignon anti-popes.[3] Benedict was abandoned by 17 of his cardinals, with only five remaining faithful to him. Benedict's rationale for continuing the rivalry lay in the fact that he was the last living cardinal created by Gregory XI, the last undoubted pope. As the only unquestioned cardinal, Benedict argued, he was, by right and by canon law, the only qualified candidate left who could validly claim the papacy. Following the Council of Constance Benedict's logic was not widely accepted.

An army led by

Jean Boucicaut, occupied Avignon and started a five-year siege of the Papal Palace which ended when Benedict managed to escape from Avignon on 12 March 1403. He sought shelter in the territory of Louis II of Anjou
. Avignon immediately submitted again to him, and his cardinals likewise recognized him. Popular sentiment being again in his favor, he was recognized as the legitimate pope by France, Scotland, Castile and Sicily.

After the Roman Pope Innocent VII died in 1406, the newly elected Roman pope, Gregory XII, started negotiations with Benedict, suggesting that they both resign so a new pope could be elected to reunite the Catholic Church. When these talks ended in stalemate in 1408, Charles VI of France declared that his kingdom was neutral to both papal contenders. Charles helped to organise the Council of Pisa in 1409. This council was supposed to arrange for both Gregory and Benedict to resign, so that a new universally recognised pope could be elected. To oppose this, Benedict convoked the Council of Perpignan but with little success. Since both Benedict and Gregory refused to abdicate, the only achievement in Pisa was that a third candidate to the Holy See was put forward: Peter Philarghi, who assumed the name Alexander V.[4]

University of St Andrews

The arms of St Andrews keep a crescent, canting arms of the Luna family (Spanish: luna, lit. 'moon').

A group of

Bishop of St Andrews, Henry Wardlaw, then successfully petitioned Benedict to grant the school university status by issuing a series of papal bulls, which followed on 28 August 1413.[5]
Having lost the support of France and driven out from Avignon, Benedict by then had taken refuge in Perpignan, on the Catalan border of the Crown of Aragon, but Scotland was among the handful of supporters that remained loyal. Nowadays, the University of St Andrews's coat of arms/emblem still incorporates that of Benedict.

Statue of Benedict XIII in Peniscola, Spain.

Etsi doctoribus gentium

In part to bolster faltering support for his papacy, Benedict initiated the year-long

crucifixes[8] and Jewish book binders were forbidden to bind books which included the names of Jesus or Mary.[9] Those laws were repealed by Pope Martin V, after he received a mission of Jews, sent by the famous synod convoked by the Jews in Forlì
, in 1418.

Council of Constance

In 1415, the Council of Constance brought this clash between papal claimants to an end. Gregory XII agreed to resign, and Baldassare Cossa, who had succeeded Philarghi as the Pisan papal contender in 1410 and had assumed the name John XXIII, tried to flee and was deposed during his absence, being subsequently tried upon his return. Benedict, on the other hand, refused to stand down.

Finally,

Emperor Sigismund organised a European summit in Perpignan, to convince Benedict to resign his office and end the Western Schism. On 20 September 1415, the Emperor met with Benedict at the Palace of the Kings of Majorca, accompanied by King Ferdinand I of Aragon, delegates of the counts of Foix, Provence, Savoy, and Lorraine, embassies from the kings of France, England, Hungary, Castile, and Navarre, and the Church's representative at the Council of Constance. Benedict still refused to resign, clashing with the Emperor, who left Perpignan on 5 November.[10]

Because of this stubbornness, the Council of Constance declared Benedict a

Martin V as the new consensual pope on 11 November 1417. Benedict, who had lived in Perpignan from 1408 to 1417, now fled to the Peniscola Castle, near Tortosa, in the Kingdom of Aragon. He still considered himself the true Pope. His claim was now only recognised in the Kingdom of Aragon, where he was given protection by King Alfonso V. Benedict remained at Peñíscola from 1417 until his death there on 23 May 1423.[4]

Museo Arqueológico Nacional
, Spain.

Succession

The day before his death, Benedict appointed four cardinals of proven loyalty to ensure the succession of another pope who would remain faithful to the now beleaguered Avignon line. Three of these cardinals met on 10 June 1423 and elected Sanchez Muñoz as their new pope, with Muñoz assuming the papal name of Clement VIII, whose claim was still recognised by Aragon. The fourth cardinal, Jean Carrier, the archdeacon of Rodez near Toulouse, was absent at this conclave and disputed its validity, whereupon Carrier, acting as a sort of one man College of Cardinals, proceeded to elect Bernard Garnier, the sacristan of Rodez, as pope. Garnier took the name Benedict XIV,[11] but he would never get any importance.

When, in 1429, an agreement between Rome and Aragon was reached, Clement VIII abdicated in favour of recognising

Majorca
.

Burials

The skull in 2008 in Illueca.

Benedict XIII was buried in

skull was saved, and it was kept in the palace of the Counts of Argillo in Sabiñán
. Aragon, Spain. In April 2000, it was stolen from the now ruined palace. The thieves sent an anonymous letter to the mayor of Illueca asking for 1,000,000 Pts (€6,000). The
Spanish Civil Guard found that they were two brothers who were sentenced in November 2006 to 6 months in prison, substituted with €2,190.[12]
The skull was recovered in September 2000. After an anthropological survey, it was placed in the Zaragoza Museum, where it is not in exhibition.[13]

Attempted rehabilitation

On 21 December 2018, the association "Friends of Pope Luna" presented to the

Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith a petition to have Benedict recognised as a legitimate pontiff.[14][15]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Benedictus XIII (antipope).

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Kirsch, Johann Peter. "Pedro de Luna." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 2 January 2016
  2. ^ The pope was repeatedly urged by Catherine of Siena: McGinn, Bernard The Varieties of Vernacular Mysticism, (Herder & Herder, 2012), p. 561. Other considerations were the repeated embassies sent by the Roman people, and the war of Florence against the cities of the Papal States.
  3. ^ McBrien, Richard P., Lives of the Popes, (HarperCollins, 1997), p. 250.
  4. ^
    ISBN 978-0-89141-110-9
    .
  5. ^ Great Britain. Commission for Visiting the Universities and Colleges of Scotland (1837). University of St. Andrews. W. Clowes and Sons. pp. 173–.
  6. ^ Beinart, Haim (2008). "Tortosa, Disputation of". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 21 June 2009.
  7. ^ Grayzel, Solomon (2008). "Bulls, Papal". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
  8. ^ Wasserman, Henry (2008). "Goldsmiths and Silversmiths". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
  9. ^ Ansbacher, B. Mordechai (2008). "Books". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
  10. OCLC 893847466
    .
  11. ^ Pham, John-Peter. Heirs to the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. 331-332.
  12. ^ "El robo del cráneo del Papa Luna se queda en una multa". El Periódico de Aragón (in Spanish). 7 November 2006. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  13. ^ Campo, Ramón J. "El cráneo del Papa Luna: historia de un robo | Reportaje especial en Heraldo.es". www.heraldo.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  14. ^ La rehabilitación del Papa Luna. https://www.lasprovincias.es/comunitat/rehabilitacion-papa-luna-20190211232314-ntvo.html
  15. ^ Allen Jr., John L. "Push to rehabilitate past pope illustrates great truth about the present". Archived from the original on 12 February 2019.

Accounts of his life

The Anti-pope (Peter de Luna, 1342–1423): A study in obstinacy by Alec Glasfurd, Roy Publishers, New York (1965) B0007IVH1Q is a somewhat fictionalised or imaginative account of his life.

Pluja seca by Jaume Cabré (2001) is a play based on his death and succession.

L'Anneau du pêcheur ("The Ring of the Fisherman"— a play on the words pêcheur, meaning fisherman, and pécheur, meaning sinner) is a 1995 novel by the French writer Jean Raspail. The narrative has two timelines: the time of Benedict XIII, the last antipope of the Avignon Papacy, and contemporary times, when the Catholic Church tries to discover Benedict's successor, as it turns out that his line of papacy has continued in secret throughout the centuries. The book received the Prix Maison de la Presse and the Prince Pierre Foundation's Literary Prize.[citation needed]

References
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