Kannadigas

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Kannadigas
Kannaḍigaru
ಕನ್ನಡಿಗರು
Children and woman dressed in traditional attire
Total population
c. 44 million[1][2]
Regions with significant populations
 India44 million[3]
Languages
Kannada
Religion
Majority:
Hinduism
Minority:
[4]
Related ethnic groups

The Kannadigas or Kannaḍigaru

Kannada language belongs to the Dravidian family of languages.[6] Kannada stands among 30 of the most widely spoken languages of the world as of 2001.[7]

Evidence for human habitation in Karnataka exists from at least the 2nd millennium BCE, and the region is said to have had contact with the

Indus Valley civilization. In the 3rd-4th century BCE the land was ruled by the Mauryas and Jainism had dominant presence. It is said that Mauryan emperor Chandragupta Maurya himself, after abdicating the throne to his son Bindusara, retired to the Shravanabelagola region with his Jain guru.[8][9]

After the Mauryas, parts of Karnataka were variously ruled by dynasties who were either ethnically Kannadiga or from the outside. One of its most well-known empires, the

Hoysalas
were some of the other major Kannada kingdoms and dynasties ruling the region.

The

Kannada language has written inscriptions since 450 CE. Kannada literature is mostly composed of treatise on various topics and poems on religious works. Kannada architecture is dominated by stone-carved sculptured palaces, temples and traditional wooden folk houses known as thotti mane and chowki mane.[10] Many of religious architectures built during ancient and medieval period are today UNESCO World Heritage sites.[11]

History

Hoysala Empire

The Brahmagiri archaeological site near Chitradurga district, central Karnataka attests to evidence of settlement in the Karnataka region from at least the 2nd millennium BCE. Excavations at the Chandravalli historical site has revealed interaction with Roman and Chinese travelers around the 2nd and 3rd century BCE.[12] Talagunda[13] and Halmidi inscriptions stand as the oldest known full-length inscriptions in Kannada.

The language was once popular from the

Kaveri to Godavari rivers as mentioned in the Kannada classic Kavirajamarga of 850 CE.[14] Archaeological evidences show Kannada inscriptions found as far north as Madhya Pradesh (inscription of Krishna III) and Bihar.[15] Karnataka Expansion provides insights to kingdoms of northern India whose originators were from Kannada country.[16]

The major empires and kingdoms, their regal capital and most distinguished kings were:

Minor dynasties that have played an important role in the development of

In addition, other well known kingdoms that patronized Kannadiga poets and Kannada language were:

Immigrants from Karnataka

In addition to those empires that ruled from the Karnataka region, based on inscriptions and literary evidence historians have discussed the possibility that kingdoms of Kannada origin were established in other parts of India as well.

Culture

Architecture

Hampi, capital of Vijayanagara Empire

Architecture and Sculpture has been the epitome of art in Karnataka. Be it the musical pillars of Hampi, which is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site,[52] the ekashila (monolithic) statue of Gommateshvara Bahubali that was voted by Indians as the first of Seven Wonders of India,[53] the Yelu Sutthina Kote of Chitradurga (The Fort of Seven Laps) cutting across hill or the wholesomeness of carvings of temples which bared down all desires to be left out of it and formless (above all forms) all encompassing — the inner garbhagrihas.[citation needed] The temples of Karnataka had in them many shaili or varieties to credit. A majority of the temples were built using the locally available stones.

57-foot monolithic statue of Gommateshvara Bahubali dated 978–993 AD.
tulasi katte
.

Some of the places of interest are:

Kailasa Temple, Ellora built by Kannara I

Pioneer sculptors include:

Modern day contemporaries include visionary architects such as:

  • Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya
    , father of modern Indian engineering, Kannambadi Katte or KRS dam
  • Kengal Hanumanthaiah, Vidhana Soudha
Saraswathi

Modern Kannada art is primarily influenced by Raja Ravi Varma and his realism. Popular visual arts generally revolve around puppetry. Most traditional religious paintings include works that are very colorful.

These are many of the places where art is displayed.

Music

Dasa sahitya is the literature of Bhakti movement composed by devotees in honor of Lord Vishnu or one of his avatars. Dasa is literally "servant" in Kannada and sahitya is literature. Haridasas ("servants of God") were preachers of Bhakti to Vishnu. The bhakti literature of these Haridasas is collectively referred to as Dasa Sahitya. It is composed in the Kannada language.[60]

The Haridasas richly contributed to the heritage of Karntataka music.[60][61] They made an indelible impression on the religious and cultural life of Karnataka by spreading the didactic teachings in a musical form to the hearts of the common folk.[62] Like other doyens of Indian classical music, these scholars offered prayer to Vishnu through music, called naadopasana. The Lord is described as Samagana priya, and bhakti through music is the most preferred path to 'reach' Him.[63]

The Haridasa compositions are popularly known as Devaranamas. Compositions like

Krishna Nee Begane Baaro, Venkatachala Nilayam, Jagadoddharana, Tamboori
Meetidava are some of the many examples of their scholarly work.

Veena is the most commonly used instrument in Carnatic music.

Some noted Haridasas or composers of Dasa Sahitya are:

One of the oldest forms of music in the region is

Hindustani and Karnataka variations are respected and nurtured by Kannadigas. Bhavageete and Sugama Sangeetha are some innovations. Other forms of music include Gamaka,[65] Joogera Pada and Lavani.[66] Yakshagana is considered a unique and indigenous form of both music and dance of Karnataka.[67]

Contemporary musical thespians are:

Veene Sheshanna (1852-1926) notable Veena player and composer.

Theater

Jaanapada artists at government-sponsored Jaanapadha Jaatre

Rangabhoomi or the theater culture is a tradition with Kannadigas. While a lot of gadhya (literature) is written in praise of the heroic characters of the epics and puranas, there are major works depicting the kings and their rule. These are called Naataka (plays having wide-ranging stages for performance like Rangamancha staged in either theaters or on streets) and

Bayalata (ಬಯಲಾಟ).[71] As its etymology indicates, bayalu means open-air field and ata means theater. In southern Karnataka, the eastern and western varieties of Yakshagana are termed Bayalata, whereas in the north, several other distinct genres are included under the name.[72]

vratha in front of temples on auspicious days like Dasara and Maha Shivaratri.[74] Harikathe is a composite art form composed of story telling, poetry, music, drama, dance, and philosophy. Today, late-night Harikathe sessions are organized overseas where Kannadiga population is considerable.[75]

Togalu gombeyaata, is a unique puppet show form of shadow puppetry, Gombe ata involves story telling using character made from dolls, Whose performance is controlled by the humans in the background using invisible threads [76]

Vasanta Habba (ವಸಂತ ಹಬ್ಬ), which means "spring festival" in Kannada is a cultural festival organized by the Nrityagram foundation in Bengaluru. It is a very popular event and is considered the classical Woodstock of India.[77] First held in 1990, it now attracts the best musicians, dancers and cultural artists from across India.[78] Similarly,'Bengaluru Habba (ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಹಬ್ಬ is a congregation of art performances at places in the city which is successfully celebrated every year. It aims to provide aesthetic entertainment to a wide cultural, social and demographic cross-section of the city's people by partnering with corporates and other stakeholders since 2003.[79] In 2006, the Government of Karnataka tried to bring the folklore and art into the city of Bengaluru by initiating Jaanapada Jaatre which was hugely successful and received well by art lovers. It is usually held on select weekends in Lalbagh and other parts of the city.[80]

Some famous theatrical,

T N Seetharam
have contributed for its richness.

Dance forms

The mystic and spirited reliving of legends and epics are the major depictions in dance forms. With the theater of battle scenes of heroism, loyalty and treachery, colour and pageantry are the main subjects. More are adapted with the course of nature and seasons adding colour to the harvesting seasons. Tribal forms of dance can be found limited in the regions inhabited by

Kodagu in the Western Ghats
also have their own dance forms.

Some of the folk dances and classical dance forms in Karnataka include:

  • Dollu Kunitha, a popular drum dance accompanied by singing
  • Veeragase, It is vigorous dance which involves very intense energy-sapping movements performed by jangamas [82]
  • Kamsale, is a folk dance performed by the devotees of lord Male mahadeshwara with rhythmic instrument
  • Somana Kunitha / Chamana kunitha, a Form of mask dance, Somana kunitha is ritualistic performance during the festivals in temples, prominently glorifying village deities worshipped by the people since ages [83]
  • Pooja Kunita, A religious folk dance of Karnataka which is performed by holding Shakti devata on the head[84]
  • Suggi Kunitha, is performed during harvesting festival in Karnataka, Haalakki tribe living in coastal part of north canara perform this dance at the time of holy harvesting festival [85]
  • Goravara Kunitha is a treditional dance of kurubas which is dedicated to lord mialara linga
  • Yakshagana is a form of dance which is popular in coastal Karnataka
  • Bhootha (Gana) Aradhane /Buta Kola, This form of dance is widely performed in coastal regions. A dancer personifying a bhoota (holy spirit) dances around the plinth with sword & jingling bells.
  • Gaarudi Gombe, where dancers adorn themselves with giant doll-suits made of bamboo sticks
  • Kolata, a stick dance
  • Huttari, is a form of dance performed by Kodavas during harvest festival
  • Moodalapaya, is the eastern form of Yakshagana which is popular in North Karnataka[86]
  • Bayalata, featuring stories of Puranas
    rendered as dance
  • Bharatanatyam is classical dance of Karnataka, too. It is referred to as Bharata Natya in Kannada. The form was mentioned in the Kannada text Manasollasa, written by Someshwara lll.
  • Jaggahalige Mela, is performed in hubli-dharwad region on the auspicious occasion of Holi & ugadi[87]
  • Karaga (festival), is celebrated annually which is dedicated to draupadi, Bengaluru Karaga is a notable event.

Martial arts

The martial arts more prevalent in parts of North Karnataka with Garadi Mane present in every village and a head to train the youngsters into fit individuals. Kusthi, Malla Yuddha, Kathi Varase (which can be seen depicted in Veeragase and similar to sword fighting), Malla Kambha (gymnastics on a pole structure with/without rope) are some of the prominent arts practised.

The Mysore

Odeyars arrange kaalaga or fights like Vajra Mushti during Dasara festival which is made less frightening these days as they are publicly staged. Rock lifting, Bull race, Kusthi, and Kabaddi are popular sports.[88]

Yogasana, Praanayama and health-related camps are very popular throughout the state and some of the best Yoga practitioners can be found here. Art of Living is one such organization immensely popular all over the world.

Festivals

Kannadigas celebrate festivals throughout the year presenting the diverse culture and belief of the ethnicity. Festivals have varied reasons to celebrate.

In the countryside, a dana jaathre (livestock fair) is held which is a conglomeration of people where a local demigod is worshiped and a ratha or theru (chariots) are moved by the bhakthas and daasoha (free food) is arranged for the visitors.

North Karnataka has a unique blend of Hindu and Muslim brotherhood with people celebrating festivals in unison and exchanging goodwills owing to great revolutionary Shishunala Sharif and Guru Govinda Bhatta who had displayed their religious tolerance and spiritual unity of all religions.

Gandhi
are remembered on their birth anniversaries.

Cuisine

Masale Dosey

The cuisine of Karnataka includes many

South Indian states, as well as the state of Maharashtra to its north. Soopa Shastra is notable medieval Kannada literally work written in 1508 A.D on the subject of Kannada cuisine.[89]

Some typical everyday dishes in Kannadigas homes include

black sesame
) chutney.

Among sweets,

Obbattu (bele hurana holige), Kaayi Kadubu, Kaayi (coconut) Obbattu, Shenga holige, Thambittu (tamta), Karji Kai, Ellu unde, Ginna, Halubai, Rave Unde, Otthu Shavige Kaayi haalu, a variety of Payasa (Shavige payasa, kadle bele payasa, Hesaru bele payasa, Sabakki payasa), Sajjige, and Kesari bat are popular sweets. Indis (chutneys) of Karnataka have a very distinct taste and flavour. Some popular ones include Shenga indi (groundnut), Agashi indi, Karal indi, Inichi indi, and Mavina indi (mango). Similarly, Karnataka uppinakai (pickles
) too are very distinct from the rest, like Mavina thokku (fine mango pickles), Nimbekai uppinakai (lemon pickles), Tenga Mavina uppinakai (entire mango pickle), gaajri uppinkai (carrot pickle), and menshinikai uppinakai (chili pickle).

Some non-vegetarian dishes include: Dhonne biriyani, Bamboo biriyani, Mutton pulao, Mangalore fish curry, fish fry, Mangalore mutton and chicken Sukka, Mandya naati style Baaduta, Ragi mudde - Koli saaru, rice with Mutton sambar, Egg curry, Pork curry, chicken sambar, or gravy, and Boti gojju, among others.

Clothing

Kannada wedding ceremony depicted by Codice Casanatense. The inscription reads; "Marriage of Kanarese", circa 1540.

The costume of Kannada people varies from place to place. The Kannadiga male costume mainly includes panche (some tie as Kachche) or lungi (wrapping style depends on the region), Angi a traditional form of shirt and Peta turban worn in Mysuru style or Dharwad style. Shalya is a piece of long cloth which is put on shoulder commonly seen in the countryside. Many use Khadi in their clothing until date of which politicians are prominent ones.

Female costumes include

Langa davani before marriage. Kasuti
is a form of embroidery work which is very popularly sought-after art on dress and costumes.

An Urban male costume comprises trousers, a shirt and sandals, while that of females include

shalwar
. Jeans are popular among the youth, while new age Khadi/silk printed with art or emblem also find place.

Karnataka has the only village in the country which produces authentic Indian national flags according to manufacturing process and specifications for the flag are laid out by the Bureau of Indian Standards at Hubli.[93]

Literature

Kannada literature is filled with literary figures and pioneers all through. With an unbroken literary history of over a thousand years,[94] the excellence of Kannada literature continues into the present day: works of Kannada literature have received eight Jnanpith awards[95] and fifty-six Sahitya Akademi awards.

Ponna are considered as three jewels of Old Kannada (Halegannada). Janna was another notable poet of this genre.[96][97]

Jnanpith awards.[98]

Some of the contemporary active institutions of Kannada literature are:

Noted travellers and linguists who contributed during the pre- and post-imperial eras include Germany's

]

Kannada journalism

List of a few major newspapers:

Contemporary popular Kannadigas

Spiritual leaders

Gandhian philosophers

Modern science and technology

Environmentalists

Karnataka is one of the few states which, while a leading contributor for GDP of the country

Lambani, Siddis and other inhabitants of forests. See Appiko Chaluvali
.

Noted environmentalists include:

Current cricketers

Retired cricketers

Culture

Purana

The Puranas describe the region as Kishkindha in the age of the Ramayana. There is also literary evidence that the region of Mysore was called "Mahisha Mandala" after the mythological demon Mahishasura. Parashurama and Hanumantha are some epic characters to be cited relating to this place. Hanumantha (Hanuman) is said to be born in Kishkindha, Karnataka.

Punya Koti

One of the most popular and acknowledged Jaanapada songs is "Dharani mandala madhyadolage" which narrates an incidence between mother cow and an aggressive tiger in a place called Karnataka.

Vishwa Maanava

Karnataka as now can be viewed as a multicultural state – almost all the religions that can be found in India can be found here and there has been lot immigration as well due to which

Shivamogga
where people speak only Sanskrit until date. Bengaluru being Kannada majority has almost all language speakers of India, and kannadigaru are said to be tolerant and welcoming people.

Tha aikya linga of Basavanna – the ab-initio of social spiritual reformation and a known vachanakaara, at Kudalasangama

One of the most acknowledged concept is to be a Vishwa Maanava or universal being. In Kuvempu's ideology this has a renowned explanation "Every Child is born as a Vishwa Maanava or a Universal Human. It is we who make him Alpa Maanava or Little Human by putting various constrictions of borders rituals and castes. It hence becomes responsibility of our culture to again make him a Universal Being unbound and free." The Kannadiga culture is known to provide shelter and self-respect to people by owning them and their culture.[

Kushalanagara, protecting them from Chinese atrocities. Karnataka has sheltered flood victims of northeastern India like Assam and provided them jobs. One of the easily seen diversity is the surnames which vary from hugely like some may involve names involving a Hindu and Muslim name or having a Hindu Christian name (more found in Mangaluru) or even a Muslim Christian name.[106]

Political sphere

After the

naxalite
outfits function in Karnataka.

Functional failure of all pillars of democracy even being upper riparian state can be clearly seen in the

are some of the noted ones famous for their leftist affiliations.

Caste and Communities

Just like other Ethnolinguistic groups in India, Kannada speaking people also form a number of distinct communities. The two single biggest communities numerically are the

Lingayat and the Vokkaliga from North and South Karnataka respectively,[109] Dominant merchant castes include Aryavaishya, Nagarthas and Modaliars. while Scheduled Castes make up the largest cohesive group of communities. There are also numerous OBC (other backward communities) including the former pastoralist community of Kuruba, Scheduled Tribes like the Boya/Valmiki, scheduled castes like Banjara and Adi Karnataka. Kannada Brahmins are divided into several communities.[110][111] Although historically Jainism in Karnataka had dominant presence, Kannada Jains today form a small minority.[112]

Horanadu Kannadigaru

Horanadu Kannadigas (or non-resident Kannadigas) are Kannadigas who have migrated to another state or country, people of Kannada origin born outside Karnataka, or people of Kannada origin who reside permanently outside of Karnataka.

Unification of Karnataka

First and Second World Wars

After occupying Mysore, British offered 8 acres & a Rs 75 salary for WWII volunteers from Karnataka.[128] Kannadiga regiments were disbanded after World War II.[129][130] records, as historians still debate about exclusion of revolts from south of Vindhyas against British Indian Army.[131]

From September 1939 until August 1945, recruitment was done at Regimental Centre at Belagavi for the Madras Regiment, the Mahar Regiment, and the Lingayat regiment.[132]

The post-1947 scene

Kannada culture flag is represented by colors of turmeric and vermillion.

During the period of

Wodeyar kings of Mysore. In addition the proposed state had six neighbours — Goa, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala
— and all had Kannadigas along the borders overlapping these regions.

What this meant for the Kannadigas in these regions was that they were reduced to linguistic minorities wherever they were. Kannadigas in the Hubli-Karnataka region for example, came under the rule of the Bombay presidency where Marathi was the official language. Those in the Hyderabad-Karnataka region came under the Nizam's rule where Urdu ruled, while in Mysore Kingdom, Kannada was the official language.

It was in this backdrop that the movement that first started as a protest against linguistic oppression, soon morphed into one that began demanding a separate state be created consolidating all Kannada speaking regions. This was essentially a movement that was spearheaded by the poets, journalists and writers and was called the Ekikarana or 'Unification' movement. India gained independence in 1947. The joy of independence soon gave way to disappointment as the new government started dragging its feet on Karnataka Ekikarana movement. Kannada speaking areas now got grouped under five administrative units of the Bombay and Madras provinces, Kodagu, and the princely states of Mysore and Hyderabad. The Akhila Karnataka Ekikarana Parishat met in

Kasargod
and reiterated the demand for a separate state for Kannadigas.

The ratification in parliament of the recommendations of the

Fazal Ali Committee brought joy to the Kannada speaking population that now was merged under the state of Mysore
.

On 1 November 1973, under

Devaraj Urs
as chief minister, Mysore state was renamed as Karnataka since it was felt that Karnataka was more 'inclusive' of all the other regions of Karnataka than the name Mysore.

Kannada unification organisations currently active include:

Karnataka Emblem

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Kannadigas is a term obtained by adding the English suffix -s to Kannadiga to make it plural. Kannadigaru is the plural form in Kannada. Kannadiga is a masculine term; the feminine term is Kannadathi. Kannadigaru is essentially a masculine term as opposed to Kannadatiyaru but is used when the genders of group members are unclear in context.
  2. romanized
    Kannaḍadavaru) or ಕನ್ನಡಜನ (Sanskrit: कन्नडजना, romanized: Kannaḍajanāḥ)

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Further reading

External links