Kannadigas
Total population | |
---|---|
c. 44 million[1][2] | |
Regions with significant populations | |
India | 44 million[3] |
Languages | |
Kannada | |
Religion | |
Majority: Hinduism Minority: [4] | |
Related ethnic groups | |
The Kannadigas or Kannaḍigaru
Evidence for human habitation in Karnataka exists from at least the 2nd millennium BCE, and the region is said to have had contact with the
After the Mauryas, parts of Karnataka were variously ruled by dynasties who were either ethnically Kannadiga or from the outside. One of its most well-known empires, the
The
History
The Brahmagiri archaeological site near Chitradurga district, central Karnataka attests to evidence of settlement in the Karnataka region from at least the 2nd millennium BCE. Excavations at the Chandravalli historical site has revealed interaction with Roman and Chinese travelers around the 2nd and 3rd century BCE.[12] Talagunda[13] and Halmidi inscriptions stand as the oldest known full-length inscriptions in Kannada.
The language was once popular from the
The major empires and kingdoms, their regal capital and most distinguished kings were:
- Talakadu - Durvinita
- Kadamba Dynasty - Banavasi - Mayurasharma(Mayuravarma)
- Badami Chalukya - Badami - Pulakeshin II
- Amoghavarsha I
- Kalyani Chalukya - Basavakalyana - Vikramaditya VI
- Southern Kalachuri - Kalyani - Bijjala II
- Hakka, Bukka, Krishnadevaraya
- Keladi Nayakas - Ikkeri - Shivappa Nayaka
- Raja Veera Madakari Nayaka V
- Kodagu- Mudduraja
- Mysooru - Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar
Minor dynasties that have played an important role in the development of
In addition, other well known kingdoms that patronized Kannadiga poets and Kannada language were:
- Eastern Chalukyas[19]
- Kakatiya dynasty[19]
- Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri[28]
- Shilahara[19]
Immigrants from Karnataka
In addition to those empires that ruled from the Karnataka region, based on inscriptions and literary evidence historians have discussed the possibility that kingdoms of Kannada origin were established in other parts of India as well.
- The
- The Chalukyas of Gujarat,[38][39]
- The Chalukyas of Vengi (
- The
- The Rashtrakuta family ruling from Berar (modern Amravati district, Maharashtra),[46]
- The Rashtrakutas branch of Gujarat (Lata branch),[47][48]
- The Sena dynasty of Bengal[49][50][51]
- The Eastern Gangas of Orissa (descendants of the Western Ganga Dynasty)
Culture
Architecture
Architecture and Sculpture has been the epitome of art in Karnataka. Be it the musical pillars of Hampi, which is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site,[52] the ekashila (monolithic) statue of Gommateshvara Bahubali that was voted by Indians as the first of Seven Wonders of India,[53] the Yelu Sutthina Kote of Chitradurga (The Fort of Seven Laps) cutting across hill or the wholesomeness of carvings of temples which bared down all desires to be left out of it and formless (above all forms) all encompassing — the inner garbhagrihas.[citation needed] The temples of Karnataka had in them many shaili or varieties to credit. A majority of the temples were built using the locally available stones.
Some of the places of interest are:
- Ellora Caves houses the Kailasanatha temple of Ellooru was built by the Rashtrakutas Dynasty and is declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO[52]
- Elephanta Caves island was a summer resort of Rashtrakuta kings and is declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.[52]
- Konark Sun Temple also called Surya Devalaya and Black Pagoda built in coastline of Odisha, India by Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty is declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.[52]
- Ajanta Caves have sculptures of Rashrakutas and Badami Chalukyas and is declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.[52]
- Hampi houses the ruins of the Vijayanagara Empire and is declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO[52]
- Aihole is known for its many temples[56] and inscriptions of Chalukya Pulakeshin II in the Old Kannada script[57]
- Basavakalyan, a major centre of social and religious movement in the 12th century by Basava, consists of temples in Chalukyan architecture[58]
- Vikramāditya. Considered to be the best specimen of Kalyani Chalukyan art, it has as many as 68 decorated pillars, an ornate tower and a doorway of great workmanship[59]
- Lakkundi
- Belur
- Halebeedu
- Shravanabelagola
- Saumyakeshava Temple, Nagamangala
- Lakshminarayana Temple, Hosaholalu
- Mallikarjuna Temple, Basaralu
- Ikkeri
- Keladi
- Banavasi
Pioneer sculptors include:
- Amarashilpi Jakanachari
- Ruvari Malithamma
- Chavundaraya
- Siddalinga Swami
- K. Venkatappa
Modern day contemporaries include visionary architects such as:
- Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya, father of modern Indian engineering, Kannambadi Katte or KRS dam
- Kengal Hanumanthaiah, Vidhana Soudha
Modern Kannada art is primarily influenced by Raja Ravi Varma and his realism. Popular visual arts generally revolve around puppetry. Most traditional religious paintings include works that are very colorful.
These are many of the places where art is displayed.
- Karnataka Chitrakala Parishat
- Chowdiah Memorial Hall
- Gaayana Samaja
- Ranga Shankara
- Nrithya Grama
- Ravindra Kalakshetra
- Gubbi Veeranna Rangamandira
- Janapada Loka
- Rangayana
- Ninasam
- Prabhat Kalavidaru
Music
Dasa sahitya is the literature of Bhakti movement composed by devotees in honor of Lord Vishnu or one of his avatars. Dasa is literally "servant" in Kannada and sahitya is literature. Haridasas ("servants of God") were preachers of Bhakti to Vishnu. The bhakti literature of these Haridasas is collectively referred to as Dasa Sahitya. It is composed in the Kannada language.[60]
The Haridasas richly contributed to the heritage of Karntataka music.[60][61] They made an indelible impression on the religious and cultural life of Karnataka by spreading the didactic teachings in a musical form to the hearts of the common folk.[62] Like other doyens of Indian classical music, these scholars offered prayer to Vishnu through music, called naadopasana. The Lord is described as Samagana priya, and bhakti through music is the most preferred path to 'reach' Him.[63]
The Haridasa compositions are popularly known as Devaranamas. Compositions like
Some noted Haridasas or composers of Dasa Sahitya are:
- Purandara Dasa, widely regarded as Karnataka Sangeeta Pitamaha or "Father of Carnatic music"[64]
- Kanaka Dasa, a younger contemporary of Purandara Dasa
- Sripadaraja
- Vyasatirtha
- Vadirajatirtha
- Jagannatha Dasa
- Jayatirtha
- Gopala Dasa
- Vijaya Dasa
- Naraharitirtha
One of the oldest forms of music in the region is
Contemporary musical thespians are:
- Pandit Bhimsen Joshi, recipient of the Bharat Ratna — India's highest civilian honor[68]
- Gangubai Hangal, awarded both Padma Bhushan and Padma Vibhushan in 1971 and 2002 respectively[69]
- C. Aswath, recipient of Karnataka Rajyotsava Prashasti for his immense contribution to Bhavageete[70]
- Veene Doraiswamy Iyengar
- Puttaraj Gawai
- Honnappa Bhagavathar
- P. Kalinga Rao
- Balappa Hukkeri
- Mallikarjuna Mansur
- Basavaraja Rajguru
- Veene Sheshanna
- T. Chowdiah
- Sawai Gandharva
- Kumar Gandharva
- Mysore Ananthaswamy
- Mysore Manjunath
Theater
Rangabhoomi or the theater culture is a tradition with Kannadigas. While a lot of gadhya (literature) is written in praise of the heroic characters of the epics and puranas, there are major works depicting the kings and their rule. These are called Naataka (plays having wide-ranging stages for performance like Rangamancha staged in either theaters or on streets) and
Togalu gombeyaata, is a unique puppet show form of shadow puppetry, Gombe ata involves story telling using character made from dolls, Whose performance is controlled by the humans in the background using invisible threads [76]
Vasanta Habba (ವಸಂತ ಹಬ್ಬ), which means "spring festival" in Kannada is a cultural festival organized by the Nrityagram foundation in Bengaluru. It is a very popular event and is considered the classical Woodstock of India.[77] First held in 1990, it now attracts the best musicians, dancers and cultural artists from across India.[78] Similarly,'Bengaluru Habba (ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಹಬ್ಬ is a congregation of art performances at places in the city which is successfully celebrated every year. It aims to provide aesthetic entertainment to a wide cultural, social and demographic cross-section of the city's people by partnering with corporates and other stakeholders since 2003.[79] In 2006, the Government of Karnataka tried to bring the folklore and art into the city of Bengaluru by initiating Jaanapada Jaatre which was hugely successful and received well by art lovers. It is usually held on select weekends in Lalbagh and other parts of the city.[80]
Some famous theatrical,
Dance forms
The mystic and spirited reliving of legends and epics are the major depictions in dance forms. With the theater of battle scenes of heroism, loyalty and treachery, colour and pageantry are the main subjects. More are adapted with the course of nature and seasons adding colour to the harvesting seasons. Tribal forms of dance can be found limited in the regions inhabited by
Some of the folk dances and classical dance forms in Karnataka include:
- Dollu Kunitha, a popular drum dance accompanied by singing
- Veeragase, It is vigorous dance which involves very intense energy-sapping movements performed by jangamas [82]
- Kamsale, is a folk dance performed by the devotees of lord Male mahadeshwara with rhythmic instrument
- Somana Kunitha / Chamana kunitha, a Form of mask dance, Somana kunitha is ritualistic performance during the festivals in temples, prominently glorifying village deities worshipped by the people since ages [83]
- Pooja Kunita, A religious folk dance of Karnataka which is performed by holding Shakti devata on the head[84]
- Suggi Kunitha, is performed during harvesting festival in Karnataka, Haalakki tribe living in coastal part of north canara perform this dance at the time of holy harvesting festival [85]
- Goravara Kunitha is a treditional dance of kurubas which is dedicated to lord mialara linga
- Yakshagana is a form of dance which is popular in coastal Karnataka
- Bhootha (Gana) Aradhane /Buta Kola, This form of dance is widely performed in coastal regions. A dancer personifying a bhoota (holy spirit) dances around the plinth with sword & jingling bells.
- Gaarudi Gombe, where dancers adorn themselves with giant doll-suits made of bamboo sticks
- Kolata, a stick dance
- Huttari, is a form of dance performed by Kodavas during harvest festival
- Moodalapaya, is the eastern form of Yakshagana which is popular in North Karnataka[86]
- Bayalata, featuring stories of Puranasrendered as dance
- Bharatanatyam is classical dance of Karnataka, too. It is referred to as Bharata Natya in Kannada. The form was mentioned in the Kannada text Manasollasa, written by Someshwara lll.
- Jaggahalige Mela, is performed in hubli-dharwad region on the auspicious occasion of Holi & ugadi[87]
- Karaga (festival), is celebrated annually which is dedicated to draupadi, Bengaluru Karaga is a notable event.
Martial arts
The martial arts more prevalent in parts of North Karnataka with Garadi Mane present in every village and a head to train the youngsters into fit individuals. Kusthi, Malla Yuddha, Kathi Varase (which can be seen depicted in Veeragase and similar to sword fighting), Malla Kambha (gymnastics on a pole structure with/without rope) are some of the prominent arts practised.
The Mysore
Yogasana, Praanayama and health-related camps are very popular throughout the state and some of the best Yoga practitioners can be found here. Art of Living is one such organization immensely popular all over the world.
- Malladihalli Sri Raghavendra Swami
- K. Pattabhi Jois
Festivals
Kannadigas celebrate festivals throughout the year presenting the diverse culture and belief of the ethnicity. Festivals have varied reasons to celebrate.
- Agriculture: Upon onset of monsoon, sowing or harvest there are festivals celebrated like Makara Sankranthiand Huttari.
- Monsoon: Navarathri, Ayudha Puja, and Deepavali.
- Puraana: Bali Padyamiand others.
In the countryside, a dana jaathre (livestock fair) is held which is a conglomeration of people where a local demigod is worshiped and a ratha or theru (chariots) are moved by the bhakthas and daasoha (free food) is arranged for the visitors.
North Karnataka has a unique blend of Hindu and Muslim brotherhood with people celebrating festivals in unison and exchanging goodwills owing to great revolutionary Shishunala Sharif and Guru Govinda Bhatta who had displayed their religious tolerance and spiritual unity of all religions.
Cuisine
The cuisine of Karnataka includes many
Some typical everyday dishes in Kannadigas homes include
Among sweets,
Some non-vegetarian dishes include: Dhonne biriyani, Bamboo biriyani, Mutton pulao, Mangalore fish curry, fish fry, Mangalore mutton and chicken Sukka, Mandya naati style Baaduta, Ragi mudde - Koli saaru, rice with Mutton sambar, Egg curry, Pork curry, chicken sambar, or gravy, and Boti gojju, among others.
Clothing
The costume of Kannada people varies from place to place. The Kannadiga male costume mainly includes panche (some tie as Kachche) or lungi (wrapping style depends on the region), Angi a traditional form of shirt and Peta turban worn in Mysuru style or Dharwad style. Shalya is a piece of long cloth which is put on shoulder commonly seen in the countryside. Many use Khadi in their clothing until date of which politicians are prominent ones.
Female costumes include
An Urban male costume comprises trousers, a shirt and sandals, while that of females include
Karnataka has the only village in the country which produces authentic Indian national flags according to manufacturing process and specifications for the flag are laid out by the Bureau of Indian Standards at Hubli.[93]
Literature
Kannada literature is filled with literary figures and pioneers all through. With an unbroken literary history of over a thousand years,[94] the excellence of Kannada literature continues into the present day: works of Kannada literature have received eight Jnanpith awards[95] and fifty-six Sahitya Akademi awards.
Some of the contemporary active institutions of Kannada literature are:
- Kannada Sahitya Parishat
- Academies operating as its wings include Byari academy is the latest academy opened in Karnataka.[99]
Noted travellers and linguists who contributed during the pre- and post-imperial eras include Germany's
Kannada journalism
List of a few major newspapers:
- Prajavani
- Samyuktha Karnataka
- Kannadaprabha
- Udayavani
- Vijayavani
- Hosa Digantha
- Vishwavani News
- Vijaya Karnataka
Contemporary popular Kannadigas
Spiritual leaders
- Shivakumara Swami, Siddaganga Matha, Tumkur, Karnataka
- Sri Adichunchanagiri Maha Samsthana Math
- Shivamurthy Shivacharya Mahaswamiji
- Taralabalu Jagadguru Brihanmath, Sirigere
- Beerendra Keshava Tarakananda Puri
Gandhian philosophers
- Kadidal Manjappa former chief minister of Karnataka
- H. Narasimhaiah
- Kollur Mallappa
- B D Jatti- former president and vice president of India
- Mailara Mahadevappa- only person from Karnataka to accompany Gandhiji in Dandi salt sathyagraha/march
- Gudleppa Hallikeri
Modern science and technology
- N. K. Naik - Professor Emeritus at IIT Bombay.
- Raja Ramanna - Indian nuclear scientist and father of the Indian nuclear bomb.
- Dr. M.C. Modi- Ophthalmologist and humanist.
- C. N. R. Rao - Notable Solid-state scientist and chairman of Science Advisory Council of GOI. Recently awarded with India's highest civilian award Bharat Ratna
- K. N. Shankara - Indian space scientist and master in satellite payload technology.
- Shakuntala Devi - Mathematics.
- Surgeon Generalof the United States.
- Narayan Hosmane- Biochemistry and Cancer research.
- S. K. Shivkumar - Scientist, ISRO telemetry (ISRO), associated with Chandrayaan-1lunar probe.
- Caltech, United States of America.
- S. Shankar Sastry - Dean of the College of Engineering at the University of California, Berkeley.
- L. S. Shashidhara - Developmental biologist, geneticist and a professor and chair of Biology at Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISER).
- M. Visvesvaraya - Indian scholar and engineer, who also served as the Diwan of Mysore
Environmentalists
Karnataka is one of the few states which, while a leading contributor for GDP of the country
Noted environmentalists include:
- Ullas Karanth(tiger research biologists/zoologist)
- Tulsi Gowda
- Saalumarada Thimmakka
- Suresh Heblikar
- Poornachandra Tejaswi (ornithologist / littérateur)
- Snake Shyam
- Krupakar-Senani
Current cricketers
- KL Rahul
- Prasidh Krishna
- Manish Pandey
- Mayank Agarwal
- Abhimanyu Mithun
- Vinay Kumar
- Stuart Binny
- Sreenath Arvind
- Krishnappa Gowtham
- R Samarth
- Shreyas Gopal
Retired cricketers
- Anil Kumble
- Rahul Dravid
- Javagal Srinath
- Gundappa Vishwanath
- Vijay Bhardwaj
- Venkatesh Prasad
- B.S. Chandrashekhar
- E. A. S. Prasanna
- Roger Binny
- Sunil Joshi
- Syed Kirmani
- Sujith Somasunder
- Dodda Ganesh
- David Johnson
Culture
Purana
The Puranas describe the region as Kishkindha in the age of the Ramayana. There is also literary evidence that the region of Mysore was called "Mahisha Mandala" after the mythological demon Mahishasura. Parashurama and Hanumantha are some epic characters to be cited relating to this place. Hanumantha (Hanuman) is said to be born in Kishkindha, Karnataka.
Punya Koti
One of the most popular and acknowledged Jaanapada songs is "Dharani mandala madhyadolage" which narrates an incidence between mother cow and an aggressive tiger in a place called Karnataka.
Karnataka as now can be viewed as a multicultural state – almost all the religions that can be found in India can be found here and there has been lot immigration as well due to which
One of the most acknowledged concept is to be a Vishwa Maanava or universal being. In Kuvempu's ideology this has a renowned explanation "Every Child is born as a Vishwa Maanava or a Universal Human. It is we who make him Alpa Maanava or Little Human by putting various constrictions of borders rituals and castes. It hence becomes responsibility of our culture to again make him a Universal Being unbound and free." The Kannadiga culture is known to provide shelter and self-respect to people by owning them and their culture.[
Political sphere
After the
Functional failure of all pillars of democracy even being upper riparian state can be clearly seen in the
Caste and Communities
Just like other Ethnolinguistic groups in India, Kannada speaking people also form a number of distinct communities. The two single biggest communities numerically are the
Horanadu Kannadigaru
Horanadu Kannadigas (or non-resident Kannadigas) are Kannadigas who have migrated to another state or country, people of Kannada origin born outside Karnataka, or people of Kannada origin who reside permanently outside of Karnataka.
Unification of Karnataka
First and Second World Wars
After occupying Mysore, British offered 8 acres & a Rs 75 salary for WWII volunteers from Karnataka.[128] Kannadiga regiments were disbanded after World War II.[129][130] records, as historians still debate about exclusion of revolts from south of Vindhyas against British Indian Army.[131]
From September 1939 until August 1945, recruitment was done at Regimental Centre at Belagavi for the Madras Regiment, the Mahar Regiment, and the Lingayat regiment.[132]
The post-1947 scene
During the period of
What this meant for the Kannadigas in these regions was that they were reduced to linguistic minorities wherever they were. Kannadigas in the Hubli-Karnataka region for example, came under the rule of the Bombay presidency where Marathi was the official language. Those in the Hyderabad-Karnataka region came under the Nizam's rule where Urdu ruled, while in Mysore Kingdom, Kannada was the official language.
It was in this backdrop that the movement that first started as a protest against linguistic oppression, soon morphed into one that began demanding a separate state be created consolidating all Kannada speaking regions. This was essentially a movement that was spearheaded by the poets, journalists and writers and was called the Ekikarana or 'Unification' movement. India gained independence in 1947. The joy of independence soon gave way to disappointment as the new government started dragging its feet on Karnataka Ekikarana movement. Kannada speaking areas now got grouped under five administrative units of the Bombay and Madras provinces, Kodagu, and the princely states of Mysore and Hyderabad. The Akhila Karnataka Ekikarana Parishat met in
The ratification in parliament of the recommendations of the
On 1 November 1973, under
Kannada unification organisations currently active include:
- Karnataka Vidyavardhaka Sangha
- Karnataka Ekikarana Samithi
- Karnataka Rakshana Vedike
- Kannada Chalavali Vatal Paksha
See also
- Kannada film industry
- Kannada language
- Kannada literature
- Kannada poetry
- Karnataka
- Karnataka literature
- List of people from Bangalore
- List of people from Karnataka
- List of people of North Karnataka
- North Karnataka
- Sanganakallu
- Siribhoovalaya - a unique literary work[133]
Notes
- ^ Kannadigas is a term obtained by adding the English suffix -s to Kannadiga to make it plural. Kannadigaru is the plural form in Kannada. Kannadiga is a masculine term; the feminine term is Kannadathi. Kannadigaru is essentially a masculine term as opposed to Kannadatiyaru but is used when the genders of group members are unclear in context.
- romanized: Kannaḍadavaru) or ಕನ್ನಡಜನ (Sanskrit: कन्नडजना, romanized: Kannaḍajanāḥ)
References
- ^ Statement 1 : Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2021
- ^ Kannadigas at Ethnologue (21st ed., 2018)
- ^ Statement 1 : Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011
- ^ "Population by religion community – 2011". Census of India, 2011. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015.
- ^
- Braj B. Kachru; S. N. Sridhar; Yamuna Kachru, eds. (2008). Language in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 528. ISBN 978-0521781411.
Initial studies of language maintenance and/or language shift involved speakers of Kannada (referred to as Kannadigas), and expanded the scope of the study to include speakers of Gujarati (referred to as Gujaratis), and Malayalam (referred to as Malayalis). (K. K. Sridhar 1988, 1993, 1997: K. K. Sridhar and S.N. Sridhar 2000).
- N. R. Shetty; L. M. Patnaik; N. H. Prasad; N. Nalini, eds. (2017). Emerging Research in Computing, Information, Communication and Applications: ERCICA 2016. Springer. p. 294. ISBN 978-9811047411.
Kannada is the thirty-third most spoken language in the world. It is spoken by the Kannada people or Kannadigas (Kannaigaru), mainly in the state of Karnataka and by Kannadiga people settled in other states in India and in the world.
- Barbara A. West (2010). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing. p. 361. ISBN 978-1438119137.
Kannadigas are native speakers of the Dravidian Kannada language.
- Braj B. Kachru; S. N. Sridhar; Yamuna Kachru, eds. (2008). Language in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 528.
- ^ "Encyclopedia of World Cultures - Canarese, Kannadiga". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
- ^ "Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India". censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
- ^ Kulke & Rothermund 2004, p. 64.
- ISBN 978-0-415-15481-9
- ^ Traditional and Vernacular Architecture: Proceedings of the Seminar, 6-12 January 2001, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. Madras Craft Foundation. 2003.
- ISBN 978-93-5206-824-1.
- ^ Chandravalli
- ^ "Kannada inscription at Talagunda may replace Halmidi as oldest". 12 January 2017.
- ^ ISBN 0-14-302989-4
- ^ Kamath (2001), pp. 84, 90
- ^ Moraes (1931), p 4
- ^ Purava HaleGannada or Pre-old Kannada was the language of Banavasi in the early Christian era, the Satavahana and Kadamba eras (Wilks in Rice, B.L. (1897), p 490
- ^ a b c d e f g Narasimhacharya (1988), p 68
- ^ a b Cousens (1996), p15
- ^ Mahalingam in Adiga (2006), p 130
- ^ Adiga (2006), p. 134
- ^ Their territory included modern Tumkur, Chitradurga, Kolar, Bellary and Bangalore districts. Chopra et al. (2003), part 1, p. 163
- ^ Adiga (2006), p. 142
- ^ They were an Andhra dynasty who ruled over Kurnool, Cuddappah in the 10th century. There inscriptions are in Telugu and Kannada. Chopra et al. (2003), part 1, p. 163
- ^ Also known as the Kempegowda family, builders of modern Bangalore-Kamath (2001), pp. 240–241
- ^ Two coins of the Hangal Kadambas exist, one with the Kannada inscription Saarvadhari and other with Nakara. They are preserved in the Royal Asiatic Society and Indian Historical Research Institute, Mumbai -Moraes (1931), p 385
- ^ Kamath (2001), pp. 143-144
- ^ The coins of the Kadambas of Goa are unique in that they have alternate inscription of the king's name in Kannada and Devanagari in triplicate. This shows that the native vernacular of the Goa Kadambas was Kannada. Moraes (1931), p 384
- ^ Kamat, Suryanath U., (2001), p.8, A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC, Bangalore, 2001 (Reprinted 2002), OCLC: 7796041
- ISBN 81-7022-598-1
- ISBN 81-7533-034-1
- ISBN 81-7625-537-8
- ISBN 9780143416784
- ^ Desai, Pandurang Bhimarao (1970), p.213, A History of Karnataka: From Pre-history to Unification, Kannada Research Institute, Karnatak University, OCLC:203297
- ISBN 81-260-0365-0
- ISBN 9780520260030
- ^ a b Altekar in Kamath (2001), p. 73
- ^ Altekar 1934, pp. 21–22
- ^ Keay (2000), p 170
- ^ The Eastern Chalukyas were originally of Kannada stock who later encouraged Telugu Dr. K.S.S. Seshan, University of Hyderabad. "APOnline-History of Andhra Pradesh-ancient period-Eastern Chalukyas". Revenue Department (Gazetteers), Government of Andhra Pradesh. Tata Consultancy Services. Archived from the original on 6 December 2006. Retrieved 12 November 2006.
- ^ Shrinivas Ritti and A.V. Narasimha Murthy in Kamath 2001, p. 137
- ^ Seuna coins carry Kannada legends from the beginning of their rule (O.P. Varma in Kamath 2001, p. 137)
- ISBN 0-521-29944-6.
- ^ Majority of the Seuna inscriptions are in Kannada and during the formation of the kingdom, the Nasik-Ahamadnagar region (Seuna Desa) was a Kannada territory (Kamath 2001, p. 137)
- ^ A Kannada dynasty may have been created in Berar under the rule of Badami Chalukyas, (Altekar 1934, pp. 21–22)
- ^ The Gujarat Rashtrakutas signed even their Sanskrit records in Kannada because that was the language of the place of their origin (D.R. Bhandarkar in Kamath 2001, p 73)
- ^ The Gujarat Rashtrakutas would not have signed their inscriptions in Kannada language in far away Gujarat unless they were Kannadigas (Altekar 1934, pp 21–22)
- ISBN 81-7017-059-1
- ^ Sen (1999), p282
- ISBN 81-208-0436-8
- ^ a b c d e f "Group of Monuments at Hampi/Hampei". World Heritage. Retrieved 20 December 2006.
- ^ "And India's 7 wonders". The Times of India. 5 August 2007.
- ^ The Chalukyan magnificence[usurped]
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Further reading
- John Keay, History of India, 2000, Grove publications, New York, ISBN 0-8021-3797-0
- Suryanath U. Kamat, A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC, Bangalore, 2001 (Reprinted 2002) OCLC: 7796041
- ISBN 0-14-302989-4
- Altekar, Anant Sadashiv (1934), The Rashtrakutas And Their Times; being a political, administrative, religious, social, economic and literary history of the Deccan during c. 750 AD to c. 1000 AD, Oriental Book Agency, Poona, OCLC 3793499
- ISBN 0-19-560686-8
- R. Narasimhacharya, History of Kannada Literature, 1988, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras, 1988 ISBN 81-206-0303-6.
- Malini Adiga (2006), The Making of Southern Karnataka: Society, Polity and Culture in the early medieval period, AD 400–1030, Orient Longman, Chennai, ISBN 81-250-2912-5
- ISBN 81-206-0595-0
- Rice, B.L. [1897] (2001). Mysore Gazetteer Compiled for Government-vol 1. New Delhi, Madras: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-0977-8.
- Chopra P.N., Ravindran T.K., Subrahmanian N. (2003), History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern), Chand publications, New Delhi ISBN 81-219-0153-7
- Cousens, Henry, (1926), The Chalukyan Architecture of Kanarese Districts, Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, OCLC 37526233
- Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999) [1999]. Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age Publishers. ISBN 81-224-1198-3.
External links
- Media related to Kannada people at Wikimedia Commons