Gdańsk
Gdańsk | |
---|---|
UTC+2 (CEST) | |
Postal code | 80-008 to 80–958 |
Area code | +48 58 |
Car plates | GD |
Website | gdansk.pl |
Gdańsk
The city has a complex history, having had periods of Polish, German and self rule. An important shipbuilding and trade port since the
Gdańsk is home to the
Gdańsk is among the most visited cities in Poland, having received 3.4 million tourists according to data collected in 2019.[11] The city also hosts St. Dominic's Fair, which dates back to 1260,[12] and is regarded as one of the biggest trade and cultural events in Europe.[13] Gdańsk has also topped rankings for the quality of life, safety and living standards worldwide, and its historic city center has been listed as one of Poland's national monuments.[14][15][16][17]
Names
Origin
The name of the city was most likely derived from Gdania, a river presently known as
History
The name of the settlement was recorded after St. Adalbert's death in 997 CE as urbs Gyddanyzc and it was later written as Kdanzk in 1148, Gdanzc in 1188, Danceke[20] in 1228, Gdańsk in 1236,[b] Danzc in 1263, Danczk in 1311,[c] Danczik in 1399,[d] Danczig in 1414, and Gdąnsk in 1656.[21]
In Polish documents, the form Gdańsk was always used. The German form Danzig developed later, simplifying the consonant clusters to something easier for German speakers to pronounce.[22] The cluster "gd" became "d" (Danzc from 1263),[23] the combination "ns" became "nts" (Danczk from 1311).,[23] and finally an epenthetical "i" broke up the final cluster (Danczik from 1399).[23]
In Polish, the modern name of the city is pronounced [ɡdaj̃sk] ⓘ. In English (where the diacritic over the "n" is frequently omitted) the usual pronunciation is /ɡəˈdænsk/ or /ɡəˈdɑːnsk/. The German name, Danzig, is usually pronounced [ˈdantsɪç] ⓘ, or alternatively [ˈdantsɪk] ⓘ in more Southern German-speaking areas. The city's Latin name may be given as either Gedania, Gedanum, or Dantiscum; the variety of Latin and German names typically reflects the difficulty of pronunciation of the Polish/Slavonic city's name, all German- and Latin/Romance-speaking populations always encounter in trying to pronounce the difficult and complex Polish/Slavonic words.
Ceremonial names
On special occasions, the city is also referred to as "The Royal Polish City of Gdańsk" (Polish: Królewskie Polskie Miasto Gdańsk, Latin: Regia Civitas Polonica Gedanensis, Kashubian: Królewsczi Pòlsczi Gard Gduńsk).[24][25][26] In the Kashubian dialect the city is called Gduńsk. Although some Kashubians may also use the name "Our Capital City Gduńsk" (Nasz Stoleczny Gard Gduńsk) or "Our (regional) Capital City Gduńsk" (Stoleczny Kaszëbsczi Gard Gduńsk), the cultural and historical connections between the city and the region of Kashubia are debatable and use of such names rises controversy among Kashubians.[27]
History
Ancient history
The oldest evidence found for the existence of a settlement on the lands of what is now Gdańsk comes from the Bronze Age (which is estimated to be from 2500–1700 BCE). The settlement that is now known as Gdańsk began in the 9th century, being mostly an agriculture and fishing-dependent village.[28][29] In the beginning of the 10th century, it began becoming an important centre for trade (especially between the Pomeranians) until its annexation in c. 975 by Mieszko I.[30]
Early Poland
The first written record thought to refer to Gdańsk is the vita of
Archaeological evidence for the origins of the town was retrieved mostly after
Pomeranian Poland
The site was ruled as a
In 1224/25, merchants from
At latest in 1263 Pomerelian duke, Swietopelk II granted city rights under Lübeck law to the emerging market settlement.[40] It was an autonomy charter similar to that of Lübeck, which was also the primary origin of many settlers.[37] In a document of 1271 the Pomerelian duke Mestwin II addressed the Lübeck merchants settled in the city as his loyal citizens from Germany.[41][42]
In 1300, the town had an estimated population of 2,000. While overall the town was far from an important trade centre at that time, it had some relevance in the trade with Eastern Europe. Low on funds, the Samborides lent the settlement to Brandenburg, although they planned to take the city back and give it to Poland. Poland threatened to intervene, and the Brandenburgians left the town. Subsequently, the city was taken by Danish princes in 1301.[43]
Teutonic Knights
In 1308, the town was taken by Brandenburg and the Teutonic Knights restored order. Subsequently, the Knights took over control of the town. Primary sources record a massacre carried out by the Teutonic Knights against the local population,[44] of 10,000 people, but the exact number killed is subject of dispute in modern scholarship.[45] Multiple authors accept the number given in the original sources,[46] while others consider 10,000 to have been a medieval exaggeration, although scholarly consensus is that a massacre of some magnitude did take place.[45] The events were used by the Polish crown to condemn the Teutonic Knights in a subsequent papal lawsuit.[45][47]
The knights colonized the area, replacing local
After a series of
Kingdom of Poland
In 1440, the city participated in the foundation of the Prussian Confederation which was an organisation opposed to the rule of the Teutonic Knights. The organisation in its complaint of 1453 mentioned repeated cases in which the Teutonic Knights imprisoned or murdered local patricians and mayors without a court verdict.[54] On the request of the organisation King Casimir IV of Poland reincorporated the territory to the Kingdom of Poland in 1454.[55] This led to the Thirteen Years' War between Poland and the State of the Teutonic Order (1454–1466). Since 1454, the city was authorized by the King to mint Polish coins.[56] The local mayor pledged allegiance to the King during the incorporation in March 1454 in Kraków,[57] and the city again solemnly pledged allegiance to the King in June 1454 in Elbląg, recognizing the prior Teutonic annexation and rule as unlawful.[58] On 25 May 1457 the city gained its rights as an autonomous city.[59]
On 15 May 1457,
Gaining free and privileged access to Polish markets, the seaport prospered while simultaneously trading with the other Hanseatic cities. After the
In the 1560s and 1570s, a large
During the
Around 1640,
Beside a majority of German-speakers,
The city suffered a
In 1772, the
Prussia and Germany
Danzig was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1793,[73] in the Second Partition of Poland. Both the Polish and the German-speaking population largely opposed the Prussian annexation and wished the city to remain part of Poland.[74] [unreliable source?] The mayor of the city stepped down from his office due to the annexation.[75] The notable city councilor Jan (Johann) Uphagen, historian and art collector, also resigned as a sign of protest against the annexation. His house exemplifies Baroque in Poland and is now a museum, known as Uphagen's House.[76] An attempted student uprising against Prussia led by Gottfried Benjamin Bartholdi was crushed quickly by the authorities in 1797.[77][78][79]
The
During the Napoleonic Wars, in 1807, the city was besieged and captured by a coalition of French, Polish, Italian, Saxon, and Baden forces. Afterwards, it was a free city from 1807 to 1814, when it was captured by combined Prussian-Russian forces.
In 1815, after France's defeat in the
The city's longest serving mayor was Robert von Blumenthal, who held office from 1841, through the
Free City of Danzig and World War II
When Poland regained its independence after World War I with access to the sea as promised by the Allies on the basis of Woodrow Wilson's "Fourteen Points" (point 13 called for "an independent Polish state", "which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea"), the Poles hoped the city's harbour would also become part of Poland.[86]
However, in the end – since Germans formed a majority in the city, with Poles being a minority (in the 1923 census 7,896 people out of 335,921 gave Polish, Kashubian, or Masurian as their native language)[87] – the city was not placed under Polish sovereignty. Instead, in accordance with the terms of the Versailles Treaty, it became the Free City of Danzig, an independent quasi-state under the auspices of the League of Nations with its external affairs largely under Polish control.[88]
Poland's rights also included free use of the harbour, a Polish post office, a Polish garrison in Westerplatte district, and customs union with Poland.[88] The Free City had its own constitution, national anthem, parliament, and government (Senat). It issued its own stamps as well as its currency, the Danzig gulden.[86]
With the growth of Nazism among Germans, anti-Polish sentiment increased and both Germanisation and segregation policies intensified, in the 1930s the rights of local Poles were commonly violated and limited by the local administration.[88] Polish children were refused admission to public Polish-language schools, premises were not allowed to be rented to Polish schools and preschools.[89] Due to such policies, only eight Polish-language public schools existed in the city, and Poles managed to organize seven more private Polish schools.[89]
In 1937, Poles who sent their children to private Polish schools were required to transfer children to German schools, under threat of police intervention, and attacks were carried out on Polish schools and Polish youth.[89] German militias carried out numerous beatings of Polish activists, scouts and even postal workers, as "punishment" for distributing the Polish press.[90] German students attacked and expelled Polish students from the technical university.[90] Dozens of Polish surnames were forcibly Germanized,[90] while Polish symbols that reminded that for centuries Gdańsk was part of Poland were removed from the city's landmarks, such as the Artus Court and the Neptune's Fountain.[91]
From 1937, the employment of Poles by German companies was prohibited, and already employed Poles were fired, the use of Polish in public places was banned and Poles were not allowed to enter several restaurants, in particular those owned by Germans.[91] In 1939, before the German invasion of Poland and outbreak of World War II, local Polish railwaymen were victims of beatings, and after the invasion, they were also imprisoned and murdered in concentration camps.[92]
In the early 1930s, the local
After the German proposals to solve the three main issues peacefully were refused, German-Polish relations rapidly deteriorated. Germany attacked Poland on 1 September after having signed a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union.[98]
The German attack began in Danzig, with a bombardment of Polish positions at Westerplatte by the German battleship Schleswig-Holstein, and the landing of German infantry on the peninsula. Outnumbered Polish defenders at Westerplatte resisted for seven days before running out of ammunition. Meanwhile, after a fierce day-long fight (1 September 1939), defenders of the Polish Post office were tried and executed then buried on the spot in the Danzig quarter of Zaspa in October 1939. In 1998 a German court overturned their conviction and sentence.[98]
The city was officially annexed by
Out of the 2,938 Jewish community in the city, 1,227 were able to escape from the Nazis before the outbreak of war.[103][dubious ] Nazi secret police had been observing Polish minority communities in the city since 1936, compiling information, which in 1939 served to prepare lists of Poles to be captured in Operation Tannenberg. On the first day of the war, approximately 1,500 ethnic Poles were arrested, some because of their participation in social and economic life, others because they were activists and members of various Polish organisations. On 2 September 1939, 150 of them were deported to the Sicherheitsdienst camp Stutthof some 50 km (30 mi) from Danzig, and murdered.[104] Many Poles living in Danzig were deported to Stutthof or executed in the Piaśnica forest.[105]
During the war, Germany operated a prison in the city,[106] an Einsatzgruppen-operated penal camp,[107] a camp for Romani people,[108] two subcamps of the Stalag XX-B prisoner-of-war camp for Allied POWs,[109] and several subcamps of the Stutthof concentration camp within the present-day city limits.[110]
In 1941,
The city also endured heavy Allied and Soviet air raids. Those who survived and could not escape had to face the Soviet Army, which
Post World War II (1945-1989)
In 1946, the communists executed 17-year-old Danuta Siedzikówna and 42-year-old Feliks Selmanowicz, Polish resistance members, in the local prison.[118][119]
The port of Gdańsk was one of the three Polish ports through which Greeks and Macedonians, refugees of the Greek Civil War, reached Poland.[120] In 1949, four transports of Greek and Macedonian refugees arrived at the port of Gdańsk, from where they were transported to new homes in Poland.[120]
Parts of the historic old city of Gdańsk, which had suffered large-scale destruction during the war, were rebuilt during the 1950s and 1960s. The reconstruction sought to dilute the "German character" of the city, and set it back to how it supposedly looked like before the annexation to Prussia in 1793.[121][122][123] Nineteenth-century transformations were ignored as "ideologically malignant" by post-war administrations, or regarded as "Prussian barbarism" worthy of demolition,[124][125] while Flemish/Dutch, Italian and French influences were emphasized in order to "neutralize" the German influx on the general outlook of the city.[126]
Boosted by heavy investment in the development of its port and three major shipyards for Soviet ambitions in the
In September 1981, to deter Solidarity, Soviet Union launched
Contemporary history (1990-present)
Solidarity's leader, Lech Wałęsa, became President of Poland in 1990. In 2014 the European Solidarity Centre, a museum and library devoted to the history of the movement, opened in Gdańsk.[128]
On 9 July 2001, the city was flooded, with 200 million zł being estimated in damage, 4 people killed, and 304 evacuated. As a result, the city has built 50 reservoirs, the number of which is rising.[129][130]
Gdańsk native Donald Tusk is Prime Minister of Poland from 2007 to 2014 and again from 2023 to present and was President of the European Council from 2014 to 2019.[131] In 2014, the remains of Danuta Siedzikówna and Feliks Selmanowicz were found at the local Garrison Cemetery, and then their state burial was held in Gdańsk in 2016, with the participation of thousands of people from all over Poland and the highest Polish authorities.[119]
In January 2019, the Mayor of Gdańsk, Paweł Adamowicz, was assassinated by a man who had just been released from prison for violent crimes. After stabbing the mayor in the abdomen near the heart, the man claimed that the mayor's political party had been responsible for imprisoning him. Though Adamowicz underwent a multi-hour surgery, he died the next day.[132][133]
In October 2019, the City of Gdańsk was awarded the Princess of Asturias Award in the Concord category as a recognition of the fact that "the past and present in Gdańsk are sensitive to solidarity, the defense of freedom and human rights, as well as to the preservation of peace".[134]
In a 2023 Report on the Quality of Life in European Cities compiled by the European Commission, Gdańsk was named as the fourth best city to live in Europe alongside Leipzig, Stockholm and Geneva.[135]
Geography
Gdańsk lies at the mouth of the Motława river to the Martwa Wisła, a branch of the Vistula. It is located on the border between different physiographic regions: Vistula Spit (waterside part of the city), Vistula Fens (eastern part of the city), Kashubian Coastland (north-western part of the city) and Kashubian Lake District (western part of the city).
Climate
Gdańsk | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Climate chart (explanation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Gdańsk has a climate with both oceanic and continental influences. According to some categorizations, it has an oceanic climate (Cfb), while others classify it as belonging to the humid continental climate (Dfb).[136] It actually depends on whether the mean reference temperature for the coldest winter month is set at −3 °C (27 °F) or 0 °C (32 °F). Gdańsk's dry winters and the precipitation maximum in summer are indicators of continentality. However seasonal extremes are less pronounced than those in inland Poland.[137]
The city has moderately cold and cloudy winters with mean temperature in January and February near or below 0 °C (32 °F) and mild summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms. Average temperatures range from −1.0 to 17.2 °C (30 to 63 °F) and average monthly rainfall varies 17.9 to 66.7 mm (1 to 3 in) per month with a rather low annual total of 507.3 mm (20 in). In general, the weather is damp, variable, and mild.[137]
The seasons are clearly differentiated. Spring starts in March and is initially cold and windy, later becoming pleasantly warm and often increasingly sunny. Summer, which begins in June, is predominantly warm but hot at times with temperature reaching as high as 30 to 35 °C (86 to 95 °F) at least couple times a year with plenty of sunshine interspersed with heavy rain. Gdańsk averages 1,700 hours of sunshine per year. July and August are the warmest months. Autumn comes in September and is at first warm and usually sunny, turning cold, damp, and foggy in November. Winter lasts from December to March and includes periods of snow. January and February are the coldest months with the temperature sometimes dropping as low as −15 °C (5 °F).[137]
Climate data for Gdańsk (1991–2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 13.4 (56.1) |
18.1 (64.6) |
24.5 (76.1) |
30.6 (87.1) |
32.3 (90.1) |
34.6 (94.3) |
36.0 (96.8) |
35.8 (96.4) |
31.7 (89.1) |
28.1 (82.6) |
21.1 (70.0) |
13.7 (56.7) |
36.0 (96.8) |
Mean maximum °C (°F) | 7.6 (45.7) |
8.4 (47.1) |
14.9 (58.8) |
22.1 (71.8) |
25.9 (78.6) |
28.9 (84.0) |
30.0 (86.0) |
29.9 (85.8) |
24.8 (76.6) |
19.2 (66.6) |
11.8 (53.2) |
8.4 (47.1) |
31.8 (89.2) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 1.7 (35.1) |
2.9 (37.2) |
6.6 (43.9) |
12.1 (53.8) |
16.8 (62.2) |
20.4 (68.7) |
22.6 (72.7) |
22.9 (73.2) |
18.5 (65.3) |
12.7 (54.9) |
6.7 (44.1) |
3.1 (37.6) |
12.3 (54.1) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.4 (29.5) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
1.8 (35.2) |
6.9 (44.4) |
11.9 (53.4) |
15.5 (59.9) |
17.7 (63.9) |
17.3 (63.1) |
12.9 (55.2) |
8.0 (46.4) |
3.4 (38.1) |
0.1 (32.2) |
7.7 (45.9) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −3.3 (26.1) |
−2.7 (27.1) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
3.6 (38.5) |
8.1 (46.6) |
11.6 (52.9) |
14.2 (57.6) |
13.9 (57.0) |
10.4 (50.7) |
5.8 (42.4) |
1.9 (35.4) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
5.1 (41.2) |
Mean minimum °C (°F) | −15.6 (3.9) |
−13.5 (7.7) |
−9.7 (14.5) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
0.0 (32.0) |
4.3 (39.7) |
7.5 (45.5) |
7.2 (45.0) |
3.0 (37.4) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
−6.3 (20.7) |
−11.3 (11.7) |
−19.1 (−2.4) |
Record low °C (°F) | −27.4 (−17.3) |
−29.8 (−21.6) |
−22.8 (−9.0) |
−7.7 (18.1) |
−4.3 (24.3) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
2.1 (35.8) |
4.4 (39.9) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
−16.9 (1.6) |
−23.3 (−9.9) |
−29.8 (−21.6) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 28.5 (1.12) |
23.7 (0.93) |
27.5 (1.08) |
32.0 (1.26) |
53.3 (2.10) |
58.8 (2.31) |
79.4 (3.13) |
70.0 (2.76) |
64.5 (2.54) |
54.8 (2.16) |
42.6 (1.68) |
36.0 (1.42) |
571.0 (22.48) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 16.67 | 14.25 | 14.03 | 11.43 | 13.07 | 14.03 | 13.43 | 14.03 | 12.40 | 15.27 | 15.93 | 17.97 | 172.51 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
87.7 | 85.9 | 82.5 | 75.5 | 71.6 | 72.2 | 74.7 | 78.1 | 82.6 | 84.6 | 89.1 | 89.8 | 81.2 |
Average dew point °C (°F) | −3 (27) |
−3 (27) |
−1 (30) |
2 (36) |
6 (43) |
10 (50) |
13 (55) |
12 (54) |
9 (48) |
6 (43) |
2 (36) |
−1 (30) |
4 (40) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 39 | 70 | 134 | 163 | 244 | 259 | 236 | 225 | 174 | 105 | 45 | 32 | 1,726 |
Average ultraviolet index | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management[138][139][140][141][142][143][144][145] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: meteomodel.pl,[e][146] Weather Atlas (UV),[147] Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)[148] |
Economy
The industrial sections of the city are dominated by shipbuilding, petrochemical, and chemical industries, as well as food processing. The share of high-tech sectors such as electronics, telecommunications, IT engineering, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals is on the rise.[149]
Amber processing is also an important part of the local economy, as the majority of the world's amber deposits lie along the Baltic coast. The Pomeranian Voivodeship, including Gdańsk, is also a major tourist destination in the summer, as millions of Poles and other European tourists flock to the beaches of the Baltic coastline.
Major companies based in Gdańsk include multinational clothing company LPP, Energa, Remontowa, the Gdańsk Shipyard, Elektrociepłownie Wybrzeże, Polnord Energobudowa, Ziaja, and BreakThru Films. The city also served as a major base for Grupa Lotos, with the Gdańsk Refinery having being the second-largest in Poland with a capacity of 210,000 bbl/d (33,000 m3/d).
Gdańsk also hosts the biennial BALTEXPO International Maritime Fair and Conference, the largest fair dedicated to the
The largest shopping centers located in the city include: Forum Gdańsk,[152] Galeria Bałtycka, Alfa Centrum Gdańsk, CH Manhattan, Galeria Handlowa Madison, Galeria Zaspa and Park Handlowy Matarnia.
In 2021, the registered unemployment rate in the city was estimated at 3.6%.[153]
Main sights
Architecture
The city has some buildings surviving from the time of the Hanseatic League. Most tourist attractions are located in the area of the Main City of Gdańsk,[154] along or near Ulica Długa (Long Street) and Długi Targ (Long Market), a pedestrian thoroughfare surrounded by buildings reconstructed in historical (primarily during the 17th century) style and flanked at both ends by elaborate city gates. This part of the city is sometimes referred to as the Royal Route, since it was once the path of processions for visiting Kings of Poland.
Walking from end to end, sites encountered on or near the Royal Route include:
- Highland Gate (Brama Wyżynna), which marks the beginning of the Royal Route
- Torture House (Katownia) and Prison Tower (Wieża więzienna), now housing the Amber Museum (Muzeum Bursztynu)
- Mansion of the Society of Saint George (Dwór Bractwa św. Jerzego)
- Golden Gate (Złota Brama)[155]
- Ulica Długa ("Long Lane"), filled with picturesque tenements[156]
- Uphagen's House (Dom Uphagena), branch of the Museum of Gdańsk
- Lion's Castle (Lwi Zamek)
- Main Town Hall (Ratusz Głównego Miasta, built 1378–1492)[157]
- Długi Targ ("Long Market")
- Artus' Court (Dwór Artusa)[158]
- Neptune's Fountain (Fontanna Neptuna), a masterpiece by architect Abraham van den Blocke, 1617.[159][160] It is the oldest working fountain in Poland.[161]
- New Jury House (Nowy Dom Ławy), in which the seemingly 17th-century Maiden in the Window appears every day during the tourist season, referring to a popular novel Panienka z okienka ("Maiden in the Window") by Jadwiga Łuszczewska, set in 17th-century Gdańsk[162]
- Golden House (Złota Kamienica), a distinctive Renaissance townhouse from the early 17th century, decorated with numerous reliefs and sculptures[163]
- Green Gate (Zielona Brama), a Mannerist gate, built as a formal residence of Polish kings, now housing a branch of the National Museum in Gdańsk[164]
- Olivia Business Centre, a district made up of six buildings
Gdańsk has a number of historical churches, including
The city's 17th-century fortifications represent one of Poland's official national
Other main sights in the historical city centre include:[156]
- Royal Chapel of the Polish King John III Sobieski
- Żuraw – medieval port crane[167]
- Gradowa Hill
- Granaries on the Ołowianka and Granary Islands
- Great Armoury
- John III Sobieski Monument
- Old Town Hall[168]
- Jan Heweliusz Monument
- Great Mill (1350)
- Small Mill
- Mariacka Street[169]
- House of Research Society
- Polish Post Office, site of the 1939 battle
- brick gothic town gates, i.e., Mariacka Gate, Straganiarska Gate, Cow Gate
Main sights outside the historical city centre include:
- Abbot's Palace in the Oliwa Park
- Lighthouse in Nowy Port
- Oliwa Cathedral[156]
- Pachołek Hill – an observation point in Oliwa
- Pier in Brzeźno
- Medieval city walls
- Westerplatte[170]
- Wisłoujście Fortress[171]
- Gdańsk Zoo[172]
Museums
- National Museum (Muzeum Narodowe)[173]
- Department of Ancient Art – contains a number of important artworks, including Hans Memling's Last Judgement
- Green Gate
- Department of Modern Art – in the Abbot's Palace in Oliwa
- Ethnography Department – in the Abbot's Granary in Oliwa
- Gdańsk Photography Gallery
- Historical Museum (Muzeum Historyczne Miasta Gdańska):[174]
- Main Town Hall
- Artus' Court
- Uphagen's House
- Amber Museum (Muzeum Bursztynu)
- Museum of the Polish Post (Muzeum Poczty Polskiej)
- Wartownia nr 1 na Westerplatte
- Museum of Tower Clocks (Muzeum Zegarów Wieżowych)
- Wisłoujście Fortress
- National Maritime Museum, Gdańsk (Narodowe Muzeum Morskie):
- Żuraw Crane
- Granaries in Ołowianka
- museum ship SS Sołdek is anchored on the Motława River and was the first ship built in post-war Poland.
- European Solidarity Centre. Museum and library dedicated to the history of the Solidarity movement.[175]
- Archeological Museum (Muzeum Archeologiczne)
- Gdańsk Nowy Port Lighthouse (Latarnia Morska Gdańsk Nowy Port)
- Izba Pamięci Wincentego Pola w Gdańsku-Sobieszewie
- Archdiocese Museum (Muzeum Archidiecezjalne)
- Museum of the Second World War[176]
Entertainment
- Polish Baltic Philharmonic
- Baltic Opera
- Teatr Wybrzeże
- Gdańsk Shakespeare Theatre is a Shakespearean theatre built on the historical site of a 17th-century playhouse where English travelling players came to perform. The new theatre, completed in 2014, hosts the annual Gdańsk Shakespeare Festival.[177]
Transport
- Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport – an international airport located in Gdańsk;[178]
- The Szybka Kolej Miejska, (SKM)[179] the Fast Urban Railway, functions as a Metro system for the Tricity area including Gdańsk, Sopot and Gdynia, operating frequent trains to 27 stations covering the Tricity.[180] The service is operated by electric multiple unit trains at a varying frequency.
- Railways: The principal station in Gdańsk is PKP long-distance trains. In addition, long-distance trains also stop at Gdańsk Oliwa railway station, Gdańsk Wrzeszcz railway station, Sopot, and Gdynia. Gdańsk also has nine other railway stations, served by local SKMtrains;
- Long-distance trains are operated by PKP Intercity which provides connections with all major Polish cities, including Warsaw, Kraków, Łódź, Poznań, Katowice, Szczecin, and Częstochowa, and with the neighbouring Kashubian Lakes region.
Between 2011 and 2015, the Warsaw-Gdańsk-Gdynia railway route underwent a major upgrade. The project cost $3 billion and was partly funded by the European Investment Bank. The upgrades included track replacement, realignment of curves and relocation of sections of track to allow speeds up to 200 km/h (124 mph), modernization of stations, and installation of the most modern ETCS signalling system, which was completed in June 2015. In December 2014, new Alstom Pendolino high-speed trains were put into service between Gdańsk, Warsaw and Kraków reducing the rail travel time from Gdańsk to Warsaw to 2 hours 58 minutes,[181][182] further reduced in December 2015 to 2 hours 39 minutes.[183]
- A new railway, Wrzeszcz and downtown Gdańsk. It connects to the Szybka Kolej Miejska (Tricity)(SKM) which provides further connections to the entire area served by SKM.
- City buses and trams are operated by ZTM Gdańsk (Zarząd Transportu Miejskiego w Gdańsku).
- From 1 October 2018 selected circuits of line 31 from PKT Gdynia go to bus stop Sopot Ergo Arena without trolley pole. Small part of this rote passes through Gdańsk.
- Port of Gdańsk – a seaport located on the southern coast of Gdańsk Bay within the city;[184]
- .
- The A1 motorway connects the port and city of Gdańsk with the southern border of the country. As of 2014[update], some fragments of the A1 motorway are still incomplete.
Gdańsk is the starting point of the EuroVelo 9 cycling route which continues southward through Poland, then into the Czech Republic, Austria and Slovenia before ending at the Adriatic Sea in Pula, Croatia.
Additionally, Gdańsk is part of the Rail-2-Sea project. This project's objective is to connect the city with the Romanian Black Sea port of Constanța with a 3,663 km (2,276 mi) long railway line passing through Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania.[185][186]
Sport
There are many popular professional sports teams in the Gdańsk and Tricity area. Amateur sports are played by thousands of Gdańsk citizens and also in schools of all levels (elementary, secondary, university).
The city's professional
Other notable clubs include:
- Speedway club Wybrzeże Gdańsk, which competes in the second tier as of 2020, but for decades competed in Poland's top division, most recently in 2014, where it finished 2nd in 1967, 1978 and 1985;
- Rugby club Poland's top division, 13 times Polish champions, most recently in 2014;
- Handball club Poland's top division, 10 times Polish champions, most recently in 2001, two times European Cuprunners up;
- Ice hockey club Stoczniowiec Gdańsk, which competes in Poland's top division, finishing 3rd in 2003;
- Volleyball club Trefl Gdańsk, which competes in Poland's top division, and finished 2nd in 2015.
The city's
Politics and local government
Contemporary Gdańsk is one of the major centres of economic and administrative life in Poland. It has been the seat of a Polish central institution, the Polish Space Agency,[192] several supra-regional branches of further central institutions such as the Energy Regulatory Office, the Office of Electronic Communications, the Civil Aviation Authority, the Office of Rail Transport and the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection, as well as the supra-regional (appellate-level) institutions of justice: the Court of Appeals, the Regional Public Prosecutor's Office, and the branch of the Institute of National Remembrance. As the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship it has been the seat of the Pomeranian Voivodeship Office, the Sejmik, and the Marshall's Office of the Pomeranian Voivodeship and other voivodeship-level institutions.
Regional centre
Gdańsk Voivodeship was extended in 1999 to include most of former Słupsk Voivodeship, the western part of Elbląg Voivodeship and Chojnice County from Bydgoszcz Voivodeship to form the new Pomeranian Voivodeship.[193] The area of the region was thus extended from 7,394 to 18,293 km2 (2,855 to 7,063 sq mi) and the population rose from 1,333,800 (1980) to 2,198,000 (2000). By 1998,
Municipal government
Legislative power in Gdańsk is vested in a unicameral Gdańsk
- City Council in 2002–2006
- [194]
- Civic Platform – 15 seats
- Democratic Left Alliance – Labour Union – 6 seats
- Law and Justice– 6 seats
- League of Polish Families – 5 seats
- Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland – 1 seat
- Bogdan Borusewicz – 1 seat
- City Council in 2006–2010
- [195]
- Civic Platform – 21 seats
- Law and Justice– 13 seats
- City Council in 2010–2014
- [196]
- Civic Platform – 26 seats
- Law and Justice– 7 seats
- Democratic Left Alliance – 1 seat
- City Council in 2014–2018
- [197]
- Civic Platform – 22 seats
- Law and Justice– 12 seats
- City Council in 2018–2023
- [198]
- Civic Coalition – 15 seats
- Law and Justice– 12 seats
- Everything for Gdańsk – 7 seats
- City Council in 2023–2029
- Civic Coalition - All for Gdańsk – 25 seats
- Civic Platform - 14
- Everything for Gdańsk - 10
- Polish Initiative - 1
- Law and Justice– 8 seats
- The Left – 1 seat
Districts
Gdańsk is divided into 34 administrative divisions: 6 dzielnicas and 28 osiedles. Gdańsk dzielnicas include Chełm, Piecki-Migowo, Przymorze Wielkie, Śródmieście, Wrzeszcz Dolny, Wrzeszcz Górny.
Osiedles are Aniołki, Brętowo, Brzeźno, Jasień, Kokoszki, Krakowiec-Górki Zachodnie, Letnica, Matarnia, Młyniska, Nowy Port, Oliwa, Olszynka, Orunia-Św. Wojciech-Lipce, Osowa, Przeróbka, Przymorze Małe, Rudniki, Siedlce, Sobieszewo Island, Stogi, Strzyża, Suchanino, Ujeścisko-Łostowice, VII Dwór, Wzgórze Mickiewicza, Zaspa-Młyniec, Zaspa-Rozstaje, Żabianka-Wejhera-Jelitkowo-Tysiąclecia.
Education and science
There are 15 higher schools including three universities. In 2001 there were 60,436 students, including 10,439 graduates.
- University of Gdańsk (Uniwersytet Gdański)[199]
- Gdańsk University of Technology (Politechnika Gdańska)[200]
- Gdańsk Medical University (Gdański Uniwersytet Medyczny)[201]
- Arts Academy (Akademia Sztuk Pięknych)[202]
- Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery of the Polish Academy of Sciences – Instytut Maszyn Przepływowych im. Roberta Szewalskiego PAN[203]
- WSB Merito Universities – WSB Merito University in Gdańsk[204]
Scientific and regional organizations
- Gdańsk Scientific Society
- Baltic Institute (Instytut Bałtycki), established 1925 in Toruń, since 1946 (?) in Gdańsk
- IBNGR – Instytut Badań nad Gospodarką Rynkową (The Gdańsk Institute for Market Economics)[205]
International relations
Twin towns – sister cities
Gdańsk is
Former twin towns
- Kaliningrad, Russia
- Saint Petersburg, Russia
On 3 March 2022, Gdańsk City Council passed a unanimous resolution to terminate the cooperation with the Russian cities of Kaliningrad and Saint Petersburg as a response to the
Partnerships and cooperation
Gdańsk also cooperates with:[206]
World Scout Jamboree
The city was chosen as the location for the 26th World Scout Jamboree set to take place July 27, 2027 – August 6, 2027.[211]
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1890 | 120,338 | — |
1910 | 170,337 | +41.5% |
1929 | 256,403 | +50.5% |
1945 | 139,078 | −45.8% |
1946 | 117,894 | −15.2% |
1950 | 194,633 | +65.1% |
1960 | 286,940 | +47.4% |
1970 | 365,600 | +27.4% |
1980 | 456,707 | +24.9% |
1990 | 465,143 | +1.8% |
2000 | 462,995 | −0.5% |
2010 | 456,967 | −1.3% |
2020 | 470,805 | +3.0% |
source [212] |
The 1923 census conducted in the Free City of Danzig indicated that of all inhabitants, 95% were German, and 3% were Polish and Kashubian. The end of World War II is a significant break in continuity with regard to the inhabitants of Gdańsk.[213]
German citizens began to flee en masse as the Soviet Red Army advanced, composed of both spontaneous flights driven by rumors of Soviet atrocities, and organised evacuation starting in the summer of 1944 which continued into the spring of 1945.[214] Approximately 1% (100,000) of the German civilian population residing east of the Oder–Neisse line perished in the fighting prior to the surrender in May 1945.[215] German civilians were also sent as "reparations labour" to the Soviet Union.[216][217]
Poles from other parts of Poland replaced the former German-speaking population, with the first settlers arriving in March 1945.[218] On 30 March 1945, the Gdańsk Voivodeship was established as the first administrative Polish unit in the Recovered Territories.[219] As of 1 November 1945, around 93,029 Germans remained within the city limits.[220] The locals of German descent who declared Polish nationality were permitted to remain; as of 1 January 1949, 13,424 persons who had received Polish citizenship in a post-war "ethnic vetting" process lived in Gdańsk.[221]
The settlers can be grouped according to their background:
- Poles that had been freed from
- Repatriates: Poles expelled from the areas east of the new Polish-Soviet border. This included assimilated minorities such as the Polish-Armenian community[222][223]
- Poles incl. Kashubians relocating from nearby villages and small towns[224]
- Settlers from central Poland migrating voluntarily[222]
- Non-Poles forcibly resettled during Operation Vistula in 1947. Large numbers of Ukrainians were forced to move from south-eastern Poland under a 1947 Polish government operation aimed at dispersing, and therefore assimilating, those Ukrainians who had not been expelled eastward already, throughout the newly acquired territories. Belarusians living around the area around Białystok were also pressured into relocating to the formerly German areas for the same reasons. This scattering of members of non-Polish ethnic groups throughout the country was an attempt by the Polish authorities to dissolve the unique ethnic identity of groups like the Ukrainians, Belarusians, and Lemkos, and broke the proximity and communication necessary for strong communities to form.[225]
- Eastern Borderlands.[226]
- Greeks and Slav Macedonians, refugees of the Greek Civil War.[227]
People
See also
- Tourism in Poland
- List of honorary citizens of Gdańsk
- 764 Gedania – a minor planet orbiting the Sun
- Danzig Highflyer
- Father Eugeniusz Dutkiewicz SAC Hospice
- Kashubians
- List of neighbourhoods of Gdańsk
- St. Mary's Church, Gdańsk
- Laznia Centre for Contemporary Art
- Ronald Reagan Park
- Live in Gdańsk
Notes
- ^
- Pronunciation:
- British English: /ɡəˈdænsk/ gə-DANSK
- American English: US also /ɡəˈdɑːnsk/ gə-DAHNSK[5]
- Polish: Polish: [ɡdaj̃sk] ⓘ.
- Other names:
- Kashubian: Gduńsk [ɡduɲsk][6]
- German: Danzig [ˈdantsɪç] ⓘ or [ˈdantsɪk] ⓘ
- Pronunciation:
- ^ Also in 1454, 1468, 1484, and 1590
- ^ Also in 1399, 1410, and 1414–1438
- ^ Also in 1410, 1414
- ^ Record temperatures are from all Gdańsk stations.
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