List of European species extinct in the Holocene

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(Redirected from
List of extinct and endangered species of Lithuania
)

Map of Europe

This is a list of European species extinct in the Holocene that covers extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geologic epoch that began about 11,650 years before present (about 9700 BCE)[A] and continues to the present day.[1]

This list includes the European continent and its surrounding islands. All large islands in the Mediterranean Sea are included except for Cyprus, which is in the List of Asian animals extinct in the Holocene. The recently extinct animals of the Macaronesian islands in the North Atlantic are listed separately. The three Caucasian republics of Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia are included, even though their territory may fall partially or fully in Asia depending of the definition of Europe considered.

Overseas territories, departments, and constituent countries of European countries are not included here; they are found on the lists pertaining to their respective regions. For example, French Polynesia is grouped with Oceania, Martinique is grouped with the West Indies, and Réunion is grouped with Madagascar and the Indian Ocean islands, despite all of them being politically part of France.

Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.

Mammals (class
Mammalia
)

Elephant-like mammals (order Proboscidea)

Elephants and mammoths (family Elephantidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Woolly mammoth Mammuthus primigenius Northern Eurasia and North America Most recent remains in the
Urals dated to 9290-8970 BCE. However this date was not calibrated and the remains could be older.[2]
Tilos dwarf elephant Palaeoloxodon tiliensis Tilos, Greece Most recent remains dated to 3040-1840 BCE.[3] A painting on the Ancient Egyptian tomb of Rekhmire (1470-1445 BCE) depicting exotic animals brought to Egypt as tribute by foreign peoples, has been interpreted by some authors as a depiction of a dwarf elephant.[4] Leashed dwarf elephant from Rekhmire's tomb, following a bear or big cat.

Lagomorphs (order Lagomorpha)

Rabbits and hares (family Leporidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Don-hare Lepus timidus Russia Originally described as the species Lepus tanaiticus, differing from the extant mountain hare in being about 10% larger overall as well as deep portions of the lower jaw. It was gradually replaced by the mountain hare from south to north until becoming extinct during the Subboreal (3050-550 BCE). However, mitochondrial DNA studies show that it was actually just a morphotype of the mountain hare, not different enough to be another species.[5]

Pikas (family
Ochotonidae
)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Ochotona transcaucasica
 		Georgia and Azerbaijan[6] Similar to the Afghan pika. It probably became extinct in the early Holocene.[7]
Sardinian pika Prolagus sardus Corsica and Sardinia Most recent remains dated to 348 BCE - 283 CE.
Tavolara, has been hypothesised from the description of unknown mammals by later Sardinian authors; however, this interpretation remains dubious owing to anatomical discrepancies.[11]
Locally extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Steppe pika Ochotona pusilla Western Europe to Kazakhstan Present in most of Europe during the
Carpathian Basin until the Chalcolithic,[12] the middle Urals until the Middle Holocene, and the southern Urals until the Late Holocene.[13] This species avoids human disturbance strictly and is considered an excellent indicator of the health of steppe ecosystems, as a result.[12]

Rodents (order Rodentia)

Hamsters, voles, lemmings, muskrats, and New World rats and mice (family Cricetidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Tyrrhenian vole
 Tyrrhenicola henseli Corsica and Sardinia Most recent remains dated to 348 BCE - 283 CE.[8]
Locally extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Narrow-headed vole Microtus gregalis Northern Eurasia Present in most of Europe during the Pleistocene glaciations. Survived in the Carpathian Basin until the Chalcolithic[12] and in the Urals until the Late Holocene.[13]

Dormice (family
Gliridae
)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Majorcan giant dormouse
 Hypnomys morpheus Gymnesian Islands, Spain Most recent remains at
commensal mammals.[14]

Old World rats and mice (family Muridae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
St. Kilda house mouse Mus musculus muralis St Kilda, Scotland A commensal species, it became extinct after the removal of all human inhabitants from the island in 1930.[15]
Tyrrhenian field rat Rhagamys orthodon Corsica and Sardinia Most recent remains dated to 348 BCE - 283 CE.[8]

True insectivores (order Eulipotyphla)

True shrews (family Soricidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Sardinian giant shrew
 Asoriculus similis Corsica and Sardinia[16] Most recent remains dated to 348 BCE - 283 CE.[8][B]
Balearic giant shrew
 Nesiotites hidalgo Gymnesian Islands, Spain Most recent remains at Alcúdia dated to 3030-2690 BCE, coinding with the period of initial human settlement in the island. It could have succumbed to diseases carried by introduced commensal mammals.[14]
Top, compared to Neomys below.
Top, compared to Neomys below.

Carnivorans (order Carnivora)

Cats (family Felidae)

Locally extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus
western Asia to India
 Though rare, archaeological remains were found in
1st millennium BCE, where it can be differenciated from the also depicted leopard by the shape of its paws. May have survived in Armenia until the Middle Ages before disappearing due to hunting.[17]
Lion Panthera leo Africa, western Asia,
northern India, and southern Europe
 According to one hypothesis (not supported by direct datation of remains or
Kura-Araz and Mughan plains, up to the Absheron Peninsula, until 900 AD.[20]
European leopards Populations of Panthera pardus Central and southern Europe A cold-adapted subspecies of the leopard,
Hellenistic and Roman sites are confidently attributed to imports from Asia and Africa.[18]

In the Caucasus, the leopard was hunted to extinction from most of the region by the 1950s or 1960s,[22] but still survives in small areas of the North Caucasus, southern Armenia, and Azerbaijan.[23] These leopards belong to the Persian subspecies Panthera pardus tulliana, which also occurs in Anatolia.[24] An Anatolian leopard swam to the Greek island of Samos and was killed there in 1889; local folklore suggests that similar events have happened in the island at different times in history.[25]

Tiger Panthera tigris Tropical and temperate Asia to the Black Sea Between the 10th and 12th centuries the tiger was present permanently in the Caucasus region and along the
Imeretia in the beginning of the 17th century, and was last recorded in eastern Georgia in 1936,[20] and Azerbaijan (the Talysh Mountains) in 1966, though both cases were vagrants intruding from Iran long after tigers stopped breeding in the Caucasus.[22]

Dogs (family Canidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Sicilian wolf Canis lupus cristaldii Sicily, Italy Exterminated by livestock farmers. The last confirmed individual was killed in 1924 near Bellolampo; unconfirmed killings near Palermo were reported between 1935 and 1938, and unconfirmed sightings between 1960 and 1970.[26]
European dhole Cuon alpinus europaeus Central, Southern Europe and the Caucasus Most recent remains dated to 7050-6550 BCE in Riparo Fredian, Italy (with doubts)[27] and Les Coves de Santa Maira, Spain.[28] Claims of 21st century presence of dhole in the Caucasus are erroneous.[29]
Sardinian dhole Cynotherium sardous Corsica and Sardinia Most recent remains in Corsica dated to 9910-9710 BCE and Sardinia to 9531-9196 BCE, roughly coinciding with modern human colonization of the islands.[30]

Odd-toed ungulates (order
Perissodactyla
)

Horses and allies (family Equidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Tarpan Equus ferus ferus Europe Survived in the southern Urals until the 18th century.[2]
1909[31]
European wild ass Equus hemionus hydruntinus Europe and
Southwest Asia
 3200-2500 BCE[32]
Locally extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Turkmenian kulan Equus hemionus kulan Ukraine to Central Asia[33] Extirpated: 18th–19th centuries[34]

Reintroduced: 1950[35]

Persian onager Equus hemionus onager Iran and the eastern Caucasus Most recent remains at the
Baku fortress dated to the 13th century.[32]

Rhinoceroses (family Rhinocerotidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Woolly rhinoceros Coelodonta antiquitatis Northern Eurasia Most recent remains at Lobvinskaya Cave in the Middle Urals were dated to 7820-7300 BCE, meaning that a "relict population of woolly rhinoceros probably persisted here until the beginning of the Holocene." However this date was not calibrated and the remains could be older.[2]

Even-toed ungulates (order
Artiodactyla
)

True deer (family Cervidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Caucasian moose Alces alces caucasicus North Caucasus and the Transcaucasian coast of the Black Sea Hunted to extinction by the beginning of the 20th century. However this subspecies' validity is questioned because moose from Russia later colonized the North Caucasus naturally over the 20th century.[36]
Irish elk Megaloceros giganteus Europe and Southern Siberia 4912-4846 BCE[37]
Praemegaceros cazioti
 		Corsica and Sardinia[38] Most recently dated to 8718 BCE in Teppa u Lupinu, Corsica and 5641–5075 BCE in Grotta Juntu, Sardinia. It survived the first human colonization of the islands, but became extinct when Neolithic peoples arrived.[30]
Locally extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Wapiti
 Cervus canadensis Central and Northern Europe to Asia and North America Early Holocene[39]

Cattle, goats, antelopes, and others (family Bovidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Caucasian wisent Bison bonasus caucasicus Caucasus and Anatolia Declined after the
lowland wisent subspecies. As a result, several wisent populations carry its genes today.[41]
Carpathian wisent Bison bonasus hungarorum Central Europe 1852
Steppe bison Bison priscus Northern Eurasia and North America Remains dated to 6300-5880 BCE in the southern Urals. However this date was not calibrated and the remains could be older.[2]
1130-1060 BCE[37]
Eurasian aurochs
 Bos primigenius primigenius Mid-latitude Eurasia 1627[42]
Portuguese ibex Capra pyrenaica lusitanica Portuguese-Galician border c. 1890[43]
Pyrenean ibex Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica Pyrenees and possibly the Cantabrian Mountains[44] 2000[D]
Balearic Islands cave goat
 Myotragus balearicus Gymnesian Islands, Spain 2830-2470 BCE[46]
Locally extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Lowland wisent
 Bison bonasus bonasus Western Europe to southern Siberia Extirpated: 1919[47]
Reintroduced: 1946[48]
Wild water buffalo Bubalus arnee[49] Southern Asia Most recent remains found in the early Bronze Age of Kosi Choter, Armenia.[50]
Muskox Ovibos moschatus Northern Eurasia and North America Extirpated: 7050 BCE[51]
Reintroduced: 1947[52][E]

Gray whales (family Eschrichtiidae)

Locally extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Gray whale Eschrichtius robustus North Atlantic, Mediterranean, and northern Pacific Ocean[53] Extirpated: 550 AD[54]
Reintroduced: 2010[F]

Birds

Prehistoric extinctions (beginning of the Holocene to 1500 CE)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range
Mediterranean brown fish owl
Ketupa zeylonensis lamarmorae 		7433-7035 BCE[8] Corsica, Sardinia, and Crete[57]
Ibiza rail
Rallus eivissensis 		5295-4848 BCE[58] Ibiza, Spain


Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Great auk
Pinguinus impennis 		1844[59] the northern Atlantic and the western Mediterranean
Pied raven
Corvus corax varius morpha leucophaeus 		1902[60] the Faroe Islands, Denmark


Possibly extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Slender-billed curlew
Numenius tenuirostris 		2001[61] Western Eurasia and North Africa

In the 1950s it was reported to occur on both sides of the Caucasus during autumn.

habitat alteration in Asia and overhunting in Africa. There have been no confirmed reports worldwide since 2001.[63]


Locally extinct and extinct in the wild
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Reintroduction Image
Eurasian goshawk
Accipiter gentilis 		late 19th century (re-established) Extirpated and re-established in the British Isles
Cinereous vulture
Aegypius monachus 		Locally extinct in Romania (as a breeder)
Rock partridge
Alectoris graeca 		Locally extinct in Romania
Marsh owl
Asio capensis 		1998[64] Africa and the southwestern Iberian Peninsula
Eurasian eagle-owl
Bubo bubo 		c. 6000 BCE (re-established)[65] Extirpated and re-established in the British Isles
White stork
Ciconia ciconia 		Britain: 1416 (reintroduced)[66]

Netherlands: 1891 (reintroduced)

Extirpated and reintroduced in the British Isles and the Netherlands

Once these birds were very common in the Netherlands. 1891 was the first year that no white stork bred in the Netherlands. A conservation and reintroduction program that started in 1967 resulted in 396 pairs in 2000.

Black stork
Ciconia nigra 		2000 Sweden – 2000 AD[67]
Western marsh harrier
Circus aeruginosus 		late 19th century (re-established) Extirpated and re-established in the British Isles
Kentish plover
Charadrius alexandrinus 		Britain: 20th century (last breeding record 1979)[68]

Sweden: 2005

Extirpated in the British Isles

Sweden – 2005 AD[69]

European roller
Coracias garrulus 		2000 Sweden – 2000 AD[70]
Middle spotted woodpecker
Dendrocoptes medius 		1980 Sweden / Norway / Denmark / Finland / Iceland – 1980 AD; occasionally observed in known breeding locations[71]
Little egret
Egretta garzetta 		Britain: late medieval period (re-established)

Netherlands: 19th century (re-established)

Extirpated and re-established in the British Isles and the Netherlands

This bird became extinct in the Netherlands in the nineteenth century, due to overhunting because of their feathers which were used in the hat industry. In 1979 this bird first bred again in the Oostvaardersplassen nature reserve. The second time this bird bred again in the Netherlands was in 1994. After that year it bred yearly in the Netherlands. Their numbers are still increasing.

Lanner falcon
Falco biarmicus 		1236–1300 (change of climate)[citation needed] Extirpated in the British Isles
Atlantic puffin
Fratercula arctica 		1970 Extinct in Sweden, although occasionally observed along the coasts[72]
Crested lark
Galerida cristata 		1980 Sweden / Denmark – 1980 AD[73]
Northern bald ibis
Geronticus eremita 		16th century the
Mediterranean region
 2004[74]
Common crane
Grus grus 		late medieval period (re-established) Extirpated and re-established in the British Isles and parts of Western Europe, including the Netherlands

In 2001, one common crane pair bred successfully after 250 years in the Fochteloërveen,

Drente
. Before 2001 the common crane could only be found during the migration period.

Bearded vulture
Gypaetus barbatus 		1927 Locally extinct in Romania
Eurasian griffon vulture
Gyps fulvus 		Locally extinct in Romania (as a breeder)
White-tailed eagle
Haliaeetus albicilla 		1916 (reintroduced) Extirpated and reintroduced in the British Isles
Eurasian wryneck
Jynx torquilla 		Extirpated in the British Isles
Red-backed shrike
Lanius collurio 		1989 Extirpated in the British Isles (as a regular breeding bird)
Red kite
Milvus milvus 		1870s (England), 1886 (Scotland); reintroduced Extirpated and reintroduced in the British Isles

Locally extinct in Romania (as a breeder)

Black kite
Milvus migrans 		Locally extinct in Romania (as a breeder)
Egyptian vulture
Neophron percnopterus 		Locally extinct in Romania (as a breeder)
Great bustard
Otis tarda 		Britain: 19th century (reintroduced)

Sweden: 2000

Extirpated and reintroduced in the British Isles

Sweden – 2000 AD[77]

Romania (return in the 21st century)

Osprey
Pandion haliaetus 		1916 (re-established) Extirpated and re-established in the British Isles
Dalmatian pelican
Pelecanus crispus 		c. 3000 BCE[78] (Britain) Survives across Eurasia. Extirpated from the British Isles and the Netherlands.

During excavations of sites dated to the Roman period (around 400 AD) on the Rhine delta there were findings of important breeding sites of the Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus).

Eurasian spoonbill
Platalea leucorodia 		17th century Extirpated from the British isles (as a breeding bird) (re-established)[79]
Pterodroma sp.
Pterodroma feae? 		Iron Age[80] Extirpated from the British isles
Pied avocet
Recurvirostra avosetta 		19th century (re-established) Extirpated and re-established in the British Isles
Western capercaillie
Tetrao urogallus 		1780s (reintroduced) The Scottish population became extinct, but has been reintroduced from the Swedish population
Wood sandpiper
Tringa glareola 		1939 Does not nest in the Netherlands anymore, but they can be found during the migration season.
Common buttonquail
Turnix sylvaticus 		1981[81] Africa, South Asia, the southwestern Iberian Peninsula, and Sicily
Eurasian hoopoe
Upupa epops 		2010 Sweden – 2010 AD; regularly observed in the country despite no known breeding populations[82]
Baillon's crake
Zapornia pusilla 		Extirpated and re-established in Germany, the Netherlands, and the British Isles

This bird was considered extinct in the Netherlands after it was last sighted breeding in 1972. In early 2005 five territorial and two breeding pairs were located again in the province of Utrecht.

Reptiles

Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Ratas Island lizard
Podarcis lilfordi rodriquezi 		1935[83] Ratas Island off Mahón, Spain
Santo Stefano lizard
Podarcis sicula sanctistephani 		c. 1965[84] Santo Stefano Island, Italy

Locally extinct

Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
European pond turtle
Emys orbicularis 		Atlantic period

2000 BC (Sweden), 700 BC (Denmark)

In Switzerland, the European pond turtle was extinct at the beginning of the twentieth century but reintroduced in 2010.[85] In the early post-glacial period, the European pond turtle had a much wider distribution, being found as far north as southern Sweden and Great Britain,[86] where a reintroduction has been proposed by Celtic Reptile & Amphibian.[87] Colonies of escaped pets were possibly established in Great Britain and Sweden.[88][89][90]
Western green lizard
Lacerta bilineata 		Possibly native and extirpated in Great Britain. Escaped populations exist.[91]
Aesculapian snake
Zamenis longissimus 		Atlantic period According to fossil evidence, the species' area in the warmer Atlantic period (around 8000–5000 years ago) of the Holocene reached as far north as Denmark. Three specimens were collected in Denmark between 1810 and 1863 in southern Zealand, presumably from a relict and now extinct population.[92] They also occurred in Great Britain during the Atlantic period.[93] Escaped populations exist in Great Britain.

Amphibians

Locally extinct

Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
European fire-bellied toad
Bombina bombina 		1960 (reintroduced) Sweden – 1960 AD; populations reintroduced between 1970–1980 are now spread out over Skåne[94]
European tree frog
Hyla arborea 		1986[95][96] Extirpated from Great Britain
Pool frog
Pelophylax lessonae 		1999[97] (reintroduced)[98] Most likely native to Great Britain.[99] Extirpated and reintroduced in Great Britain
Moor frog
Rana arvalis 		c. 1000, possibly 1500[100][101][102] Extirpated from Great Britain. The species has been successfully bred in captivity in the UK and a reintroduction has been proposed as part of Celtic Reptile & Amphibian's rewilding plans.

[103][104][105]

Agile frog
Rana dalmatina 		c. 1000, possibly 1500[106][107][108] The species once lived in the
archaeological remains recovered in East Anglia.[109][110] Celtic Reptile & Amphibian have discussed reintroducing the species.[111][112]

Fish

Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Skadar nase
Chondrostoma scodrense 		1900s[113] Lake Skadar
Coregonus bezola 1960s[114] Lac du Bourget, France
Coregonus fera 1920[115] Lake Geneva
Lake Constance whitefish
Coregonus gutturosus 		early 1970s[116] Lake Constance
Gravenche
Coregonus hiemalis 		1950[117] Lake Geneva
Houting
Coregonus oxyrinchus 		1940[118] the southern North Sea, the Scheldt, Meuse and Rhine Basin up to Cologne, and southeastern England
Coregonus restrictus 1890[119] Lake Morat, Switzerland
Ukrainian migratory lamprey
Eudontomyzon sp. nov. 'migratory' 		before 1900[120] the
Don River
drainages
Techirghiol stickleback

Gasterosteus crenobiontus 		1960s[121] Lake Techirghiol, Romania
Danube delta gudgeon

Romanogobio antipai 		1960s[122] the Lower Danube
Salvelinus neocomensis 1904[123] Lake Neuchâtel, Switzerland

Extinct in the wild

Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Beloribitsa
Stenodus leucichthys 		1960s[124] the
Terek River
drainages

Last recorded in the Ural in the 1960s. All spawning grounds were lost after dams were built in the Volga, Ural, and Terek river drainages. The species continues to exist in captivity, from which it is released periodically in its native range. However, illegal fishing and hybridization with the introduced nelma remain threats to its survival.[125]

Locally extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Atlantic sturgeon
Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus 		The Baltic population is now nearly extinct. Survives in North America.
European sea sturgeon
Acipenser sturio 		Locally extinct across the vast majority of their former range Europe
Allis shad
Alosa alosa 		1993 (the Netherlands) Most of Europe and northwest Africa
Twait shad
Alosa fallax 		1970 (the Netherlands) Most of Europe and all Mediterranean countries
Zope
Ballerus ballerus 		Locally extinct in Lithuania Eurasia
Common skate
Dipturus batis 		The common skate is native to the northeast Atlantic. Now, their population and range are severely depleted and fragmented, with disappearances being reported in several places.[126]
Burbot
Lota lota 		A fisherman caught the last recorded burbot in July 1970 from the
Great Ouse Relief Channel, Norfolk.[citation needed
] The species was then presumed extirpated. 		Possibly extinct in Great Britain. Reintroduction under consideration.
Atlantic salmon
Salmo salar 		The Atlantic salmon was very common in the Netherlands in the seventeenth century, but disappeared when the rivers were tamed and closed by the Dutch to protect their land. The salmon could not reach their breeding ground in the rivers
Meuse
. A reintroduction program resulted in salmon in the IJsselmeer and the river Rhine.

Insects

Holocene extinctions of unknown date
Common name/scientific name Range
Perrin's cave beetle
Siettitia balsetensis 		France[127]


Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range
Spined dwarf mantis
Ameles fasciipennis 		After 1871 It has only been collected once, probably in 1871 in the Tolentino area, and has not been seen since, despite extensive entomological surveys of the region.[128]
Tobias' caddisfly

Hydropsyche tobiasi 		1938[129] the Rhine and
Main River
, Germany
British large copper
Lycaena dispar dispar 		1864[130] the British Isles
Moss-land silver-studded blue
Plebejus argus masseyi 		1942[131] Lancashire and Cumbria, the United Kingdom
Dutch Alcon blue
Phengaris alcon arenaria 		1979 Extinct subspecies from the Netherlands
Pseudoyersinia brevipennis 1860[132] Hyères, France


Possibly extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range
Iberian lynx louse
Felicola isidoroi 		1997[133] the Iberian Peninsula

Locally extinct in Britain

Beetles

Bees, wasps and ants

Flies

Butterflies and moths

General reference: Waring et al., 2009.[136]

Dragonflies and damselflies

Caddisflies

Cicada

Locally extinct in Lithuania

  1. Lucanus cervus (Linnaeus, 1758)
  2. Hamearis lucina (Linnaeus, 1758)
  3. Schiffermüller, 1775)[140]
  4. Xylocopa valga Gerstaecker, 1872

Locally extinct in the Netherlands

Butterflies

[141]

Damselflies

Bees

Pond damselflies

Grasshoppers and crickets

Stoneflies

Mayflies

Locally extinct in Sweden

Arachnids

Locally extinct in Britain

Sea anemones

Possibly extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Ivell's sea anemone
Edwardsia ivelli 		1983[143] the Widewater Lagoon, West Sussex, United Kingdom

Crustaceans

Locally extinct in Britain

Molluscs

Land snails

Molluscs

Holocene extinctions of unknown date
Common name/scientific name Range
Zonites siphnicus Sifnos, Sikinos, and Folegandros, Greece[146]


Prehistoric extinctions (beginning of the Holocene to 1500 CE)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range
Zonites santoriniensis c. 1600 BCE[147] Santorini, Greece


Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Graecoanatolica macedonica 1988[148] Doiran Lake, the Greece-North Macedonia border
Ohridohauffenia drimica before 1983[149] the
Drin River
, North Macedonia


Possibly extinct / locally extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range
Belgrandia varica 1910[150] the
Var River
Delta, France
Belgrandiella boetersi unknown[151] Tiefsteinschlucht, Austria
Freshwater pearl mussel
Margaritifera margaritifera 		Locally extinct in Lithuania, Poland, and probably Moravia (in Czechia) Holarctic distribution
Parmacella gervaisii 1874[152] La Crau, Provence, France
Zonites embolium 1985[153] Zaforas, Greece

Locally extinct in the Netherlands

Locally extinct in Sweden

Gastropods

Cnidarians

Locally extinct in Sweden

Corals

Flowering plants

Locally extinct in Lithuania

Lithuanian Red Data Book of extinct and vulnerable species
  1. Trapa natans L. (water caltrop)[156]
  2. Aldrovanda vesiculosa L.
  3. Rubus arcticus L.
  4. Veratrum lobelianum Bernh.
  5. Pedicularis kaufmannii Pinzger
  6. Groenlandia densa
     (L.) Fourr.
  7. Hypericum humifusum L. (trailing St.John's-wort)
  8. Caldesia parnassifolia (L.) Parl.[157]
  9. Gladiolus palustris Gaudin (marsh gladiolus)
  10. Aphanes arvensis
     L. (parsley piert)
  11. Hydrocotyle vulgaris L. (marsh pennywort)
  12. Pycreus flavescens
     (L.) P. Beauv. ex Rchb.
  13. Carex rhizina Blytt ex Lindblom

Restored in Lithuania

  1. Laserpitium latifolium L.
  2. Platanthera chlorantha (Custer) Rchb.
  3. Perennial honesty
    (Lunaria rediviva L.)
  4. Ramsons
    (Allium ursinum L.)
  5. Poa remota Forselles
  6. Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill.
  7. Centunculus minimus
     L.
  8. Peplis portula
     L.
  9. Arctium nemorosum Lej.
  10. Cyperus fuscus L.

Pinophyta

Locally extinct in Lithuania

  1. Taxus baccata L.

Pteridophyta

Locally extinct in Lithuania

  1. Salvinia natans (L.) All.

Restored in Lithuania

  1. Northern firmoss (Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank & Martius)

Moss

Locally extinct in Lithuania

  1. Bartramia ithyphylla Brid.

Algae

Locally extinct in Lithuania

  1. Chara braunii Gmel.
  2. Nitella batrachosperma
     (Reichenb.) A. Braun
  3. Nitella hyalina (DC.) C. Agardh
  4. Nitella tenuissima (Desv.) Kütz.
  5. Nitella translucens (Pers.) C. Agardh

Fungus

Locally extinct in Lithuania

  1. Conocybe intrusa (Peck) Sing.
  2. Microstoma protracta
     (Fr.) Kanouse
  3. Laricifomes officinalis (Vill.: Fr.) Kotl. & Pouzar
  4. Coprinus dunarum Stoll.
  5. Phallus hadriani Vent.: Pers.
  6. Dictyophora duplicata
     (Bosc) Fischer
  7. Sarcosoma globosum (Schmidel: Fr.) Casp.

Lichen

Locally extinct in Lithuania

  1. Arctoparmelia centrifuga (L.) Hale
  2. Hypogymnia vittata (Ach.) Parrique
  3. Solorina spongiosa (Ach.) Anzi
  4. Usnea glabrata (Ach.) Vain.
  5. Usnea lapponica Vain.
  6. Usnea scabrata Nyl.
  7. Anaptychia runcinata (With.) J. R. Laundon
  8. Calicium quercinum Pers.
  9. Chaenotheca hispidula
     (Ach.) Zahlbr.
  10. Nephroma resupinatum (L.) Ach.
  11. Cladonia turgida Hoffm.
  12. Peltigera aphthosa (L.) Willd.
  13. Peltigera venosa (L.) Hoffm.
  14. Peltigera degenii Gyeln.
  15. Punctelia subrudecta (Nyl.) Krog
  16. Usnea florida (L.) Weber ex F. H. Wigg.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The source gives "11,700 calendar yr b2k (before AD 2000)". But "BP" means "before AD 1950". Therefore, the Holocene began 11,650 BP. Doing the math, that is c. 9700 BCE.
  2. ^ A. corsicanus was originally applied to remains from Corsica and A. similis to Sardinia. It was later recognized that A. corsicanus existed in the early Pleistocene of both islands, and A. similis in the late Pleistocene-Holocene, as seen in Moncunill-Sole et al. (2016).
  3. ^ "...and we are displeased because elephants have been removed from Libya, because lions have disappeared from Thessaly, because hippopotamoi have been gotten rid from the marshes of the Nile."[19]
  4. ^ A single cloned individual was born on July 30, 2003, but died several minutes later.[45]
  5. ^ Previous attempts at introduction in Norway and Svalbard (outside the muskox's prehistoric range) failed.[51]
  6. ^ Natural dispersion of a single individual over the Arctic.[55][56]

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External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene&oldid=1177910866"