List of European species extinct in the Holocene
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This is a list of European species extinct in the Holocene that covers extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geologic epoch that began about 11,650 years before present (about 9700 BCE)[A] and continues to the present day.[1]
This list includes the European continent and its surrounding islands. All large islands in the Mediterranean Sea are included except for Cyprus, which is in the List of Asian animals extinct in the Holocene. The recently extinct animals of the Macaronesian islands in the North Atlantic are listed separately. The three Caucasian republics of Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia are included, even though their territory may fall partially or fully in Asia depending of the definition of Europe considered.
Overseas territories, departments, and constituent countries of European countries are not included here; they are found on the lists pertaining to their respective regions. For example, French Polynesia is grouped with Oceania, Martinique is grouped with the West Indies, and Réunion is grouped with Madagascar and the Indian Ocean islands, despite all of them being politically part of France.
Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.
Mammals (class Mammalia)
Elephant-like mammals (order Proboscidea)
Elephants and mammoths (family Elephantidae)
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Woolly mammoth | Mammuthus primigenius | Northern Eurasia and North America | Most recent remains in the Urals dated to 9290-8970 BCE. However this date was not calibrated and the remains could be older.[2]
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Tilos dwarf elephant | Palaeoloxodon tiliensis | Tilos, Greece | Most recent remains dated to 3040-1840 BCE.[3] A painting on the Ancient Egyptian tomb of Rekhmire (1470-1445 BCE) depicting exotic animals brought to Egypt as tribute by foreign peoples, has been interpreted by some authors as a depiction of a dwarf elephant.[4] | ![]() |
Lagomorphs (order Lagomorpha)
Rabbits and hares (family Leporidae)
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Don-hare | Lepus timidus | Russia | Originally described as the species Lepus tanaiticus, differing from the extant mountain hare in being about 10% larger overall as well as deep portions of the lower jaw. It was gradually replaced by the mountain hare from south to north until becoming extinct during the Subboreal (3050-550 BCE). However, mitochondrial DNA studies show that it was actually just a morphotype of the mountain hare, not different enough to be another species.[5] |
Pikas (family Ochotonidae)
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ochotona transcaucasica
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Georgia and Azerbaijan[6] | Similar to the Afghan pika. It probably became extinct in the early Holocene.[7] | ||
Sardinian pika | Prolagus sardus | Corsica and Sardinia | Most recent remains dated to 348 BCE - 283 CE. Tavolara, has been hypothesised from the description of unknown mammals by later Sardinian authors; however, this interpretation remains dubious owing to anatomical discrepancies.[11]
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Locally extinct
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Steppe pika | Ochotona pusilla | Western Europe to Kazakhstan | Present in most of Europe during the Carpathian Basin until the Chalcolithic,[12] the middle Urals until the Middle Holocene, and the southern Urals until the Late Holocene.[13] This species avoids human disturbance strictly and is considered an excellent indicator of the health of steppe ecosystems, as a result.[12]
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Rodents (order Rodentia)
Hamsters, voles, lemmings, muskrats, and New World rats and mice (family Cricetidae)
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Tyrrhenian vole
|
Tyrrhenicola henseli | Corsica and Sardinia | Most recent remains dated to 348 BCE - 283 CE.[8] |
Locally extinct
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Narrow-headed vole | Microtus gregalis | Northern Eurasia | Present in most of Europe during the Pleistocene glaciations. Survived in the Carpathian Basin until the Chalcolithic[12] and in the Urals until the Late Holocene.[13] | ![]() |
Dormice (family Gliridae)
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Majorcan giant dormouse
|
Hypnomys morpheus | Gymnesian Islands, Spain | Most recent remains at commensal mammals.[14]
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Old World rats and mice (family Muridae)
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
St. Kilda house mouse | Mus musculus muralis | St Kilda, Scotland | A commensal species, it became extinct after the removal of all human inhabitants from the island in 1930.[15] | ![]() |
Tyrrhenian field rat | Rhagamys orthodon | Corsica and Sardinia | Most recent remains dated to 348 BCE - 283 CE.[8] | ![]() |
True insectivores (order Eulipotyphla)
True shrews (family Soricidae)
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sardinian giant shrew
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Asoriculus similis | Corsica and Sardinia[16] | Most recent remains dated to 348 BCE - 283 CE.[8][B] | ![]() |
Balearic giant shrew
|
Nesiotites hidalgo | Gymnesian Islands, Spain | Most recent remains at Alcúdia dated to 3030-2690 BCE, coinding with the period of initial human settlement in the island. It could have succumbed to diseases carried by introduced commensal mammals.[14] | ![]() |
Carnivorans (order Carnivora)
Cats (family Felidae)
Locally extinct
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cheetah | Acinonyx jubatus | western Asia to India
|
Though rare, archaeological remains were found in 1st millennium BCE, where it can be differenciated from the also depicted leopard by the shape of its paws. May have survived in Armenia until the Middle Ages before disappearing due to hunting.[17]
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Lion | Panthera leo | Africa, western Asia, northern India, and southern Europe
|
According to one hypothesis (not supported by direct datation of remains or | ![]() |
European leopards | Populations of Panthera pardus | Central and southern Europe | A cold-adapted subspecies of the leopard,
In the Caucasus, the leopard was hunted to extinction from most of the region by the 1950s or 1960s,[22] but still survives in small areas of the North Caucasus, southern Armenia, and Azerbaijan.[23] These leopards belong to the Persian subspecies Panthera pardus tulliana, which also occurs in Anatolia.[24] An Anatolian leopard swam to the Greek island of Samos and was killed there in 1889; local folklore suggests that similar events have happened in the island at different times in history.[25] |
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Tiger | Panthera tigris | Tropical and temperate Asia to the Black Sea | Between the 10th and 12th centuries the tiger was present permanently in the Caucasus region and along the Imeretia in the beginning of the 17th century, and was last recorded in eastern Georgia in 1936,[20] and Azerbaijan (the Talysh Mountains) in 1966, though both cases were vagrants intruding from Iran long after tigers stopped breeding in the Caucasus.[22]
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Dogs (family Canidae)
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sicilian wolf | Canis lupus cristaldii | Sicily, Italy | Exterminated by livestock farmers. The last confirmed individual was killed in 1924 near Bellolampo; unconfirmed killings near Palermo were reported between 1935 and 1938, and unconfirmed sightings between 1960 and 1970.[26] | ![]() |
European dhole | Cuon alpinus europaeus | Central, Southern Europe and the Caucasus | Most recent remains dated to 7050-6550 BCE in Riparo Fredian, Italy (with doubts)[27] and Les Coves de Santa Maira, Spain.[28] Claims of 21st century presence of dhole in the Caucasus are erroneous.[29] | ![]() |
Sardinian dhole | Cynotherium sardous | Corsica and Sardinia | Most recent remains in Corsica dated to 9910-9710 BCE and Sardinia to 9531-9196 BCE, roughly coinciding with modern human colonization of the islands.[30] | ![]() |
Odd-toed ungulates (order Perissodactyla)
Horses and allies (family Equidae)
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tarpan | Equus ferus ferus | Europe | Survived in the southern Urals until the 18th century.[2] 1909[31] |
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European wild ass | Equus hemionus hydruntinus | Europe and Southwest Asia
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3200-2500 BCE[32] | ![]() |
Locally extinct
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Turkmenian kulan | Equus hemionus kulan | Ukraine to Central Asia[33] | Extirpated: 18th–19th centuries[34]
Reintroduced: 1950[35] |
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Persian onager | Equus hemionus onager | Iran and the eastern Caucasus | Most recent remains at the Baku fortress dated to the 13th century.[32]
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Rhinoceroses (family Rhinocerotidae)
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Woolly rhinoceros | Coelodonta antiquitatis | Northern Eurasia | Most recent remains at Lobvinskaya Cave in the Middle Urals were dated to 7820-7300 BCE, meaning that a "relict population of woolly rhinoceros probably persisted here until the beginning of the Holocene." However this date was not calibrated and the remains could be older.[2] | ![]() |
Even-toed ungulates (order Artiodactyla)
True deer (family Cervidae)
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Caucasian moose | Alces alces caucasicus | North Caucasus and the Transcaucasian coast of the Black Sea | Hunted to extinction by the beginning of the 20th century. However this subspecies' validity is questioned because moose from Russia later colonized the North Caucasus naturally over the 20th century.[36] | |
Irish elk | Megaloceros giganteus | Europe and Southern Siberia | 4912-4846 BCE[37] | ![]() |
Praemegaceros cazioti
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Corsica and Sardinia[38] | Most recently dated to 8718 BCE in Teppa u Lupinu, Corsica and 5641–5075 BCE in Grotta Juntu, Sardinia. It survived the first human colonization of the islands, but became extinct when Neolithic peoples arrived.[30] | ![]() |
Locally extinct
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
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Wapiti
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Cervus canadensis | Central and Northern Europe to Asia and North America | Early Holocene[39] | ![]() |
Cattle, goats, antelopes, and others (family Bovidae)
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Caucasian wisent | Bison bonasus caucasicus | Caucasus and Anatolia | Declined after the lowland wisent subspecies. As a result, several wisent populations carry its genes today.[41]
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Carpathian wisent | Bison bonasus hungarorum | Central Europe | 1852 | |
Steppe bison | Bison priscus | Northern Eurasia and North America | Remains dated to 6300-5880 BCE in the southern Urals. However this date was not calibrated and the remains could be older.[2] 1130-1060 BCE[37] |
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Eurasian aurochs
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Bos primigenius primigenius | Mid-latitude Eurasia | 1627[42] | ![]() |
Portuguese ibex | Capra pyrenaica lusitanica | Portuguese-Galician border | c. 1890[43] | ![]() |
Pyrenean ibex | Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica | Pyrenees and possibly the Cantabrian Mountains[44] | 2000[D] | ![]() |
Balearic Islands cave goat
|
Myotragus balearicus | Gymnesian Islands, Spain | 2830-2470 BCE[46] |
Locally extinct
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lowland wisent
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Bison bonasus bonasus | Western Europe to southern Siberia | Extirpated: 1919[47] Reintroduced: 1946[48] |
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Wild water buffalo | Bubalus arnee[49] | Southern Asia | Most recent remains found in the early Bronze Age of Kosi Choter, Armenia.[50] | ![]() |
Muskox | Ovibos moschatus | Northern Eurasia and North America | Extirpated: 7050 BCE[51] Reintroduced: 1947[52][E] |
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Gray whales (family Eschrichtiidae)
Locally extinct
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gray whale | Eschrichtius robustus | North Atlantic, Mediterranean, and northern Pacific Ocean[53] | Extirpated: 550 AD[54] Reintroduced: 2010[F] |
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Birds
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range |
---|---|---|
Mediterranean brown fish owl Ketupa zeylonensis lamarmorae |
7433-7035 BCE[8] | Corsica, Sardinia, and Crete[57] |
Ibiza rail Rallus eivissensis |
5295-4848 BCE[58] | Ibiza, Spain |
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
---|---|---|---|
Great auk Pinguinus impennis |
1844[59] | the northern Atlantic and the western Mediterranean | ![]() |
Pied raven Corvus corax varius morpha leucophaeus |
1902[60] | the Faroe Islands, Denmark | ![]() |
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
---|---|---|---|
Slender-billed curlew Numenius tenuirostris |
2001[61] | Western Eurasia and North Africa
In the 1950s it was reported to occur on both sides of the Caucasus during autumn. |
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Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Reintroduction | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|
Eurasian goshawk Accipiter gentilis |
late 19th century (re-established) | Extirpated and re-established in the British Isles | ||
Cinereous vulture Aegypius monachus |
Locally extinct in Romania (as a breeder) | |||
Rock partridge Alectoris graeca |
Locally extinct in Romania | |||
Marsh owl Asio capensis |
1998[64] | Africa and the southwestern Iberian Peninsula | ![]() | |
Eurasian eagle-owl Bubo bubo |
c. 6000 BCE (re-established)[65] | Extirpated and re-established in the British Isles | ||
White stork Ciconia ciconia |
Britain: 1416 (reintroduced)[66]
Netherlands: 1891 (reintroduced) |
Extirpated and reintroduced in the British Isles and the Netherlands
Once these birds were very common in the Netherlands. 1891 was the first year that no white stork bred in the Netherlands. A conservation and reintroduction program that started in 1967 resulted in 396 pairs in 2000. |
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Black stork Ciconia nigra |
2000 | Sweden – 2000 AD[67] | ||
Western marsh harrier Circus aeruginosus |
late 19th century (re-established) | Extirpated and re-established in the British Isles | ||
Kentish plover Charadrius alexandrinus |
Britain: 20th century (last breeding record 1979)[68]
Sweden: 2005 |
Extirpated in the British Isles
Sweden – 2005 AD[69] |
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European roller Coracias garrulus |
2000 | Sweden – 2000 AD[70] | ||
Middle spotted woodpecker Dendrocoptes medius |
1980 | Sweden / Norway / Denmark / Finland / Iceland – 1980 AD; occasionally observed in known breeding locations[71] | ||
Little egret Egretta garzetta |
Britain: late medieval period (re-established)
Netherlands: 19th century (re-established) |
Extirpated and re-established in the British Isles and the Netherlands
This bird became extinct in the Netherlands in the nineteenth century, due to overhunting because of their feathers which were used in the hat industry. In 1979 this bird first bred again in the Oostvaardersplassen nature reserve. The second time this bird bred again in the Netherlands was in 1994. After that year it bred yearly in the Netherlands. Their numbers are still increasing. |
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Lanner falcon Falco biarmicus |
1236–1300 (change of climate)[citation needed] | Extirpated in the British Isles | ||
Atlantic puffin Fratercula arctica |
1970 | Extinct in Sweden, although occasionally observed along the coasts[72] | ||
Crested lark Galerida cristata |
1980 | Sweden / Denmark – 1980 AD[73] | ||
Northern bald ibis Geronticus eremita |
16th century | the Mediterranean region
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2004[74] | ![]() |
Common crane Grus grus |
late medieval period (re-established) | Extirpated and re-established in the British Isles and parts of Western Europe, including the Netherlands
In 2001, one common crane pair bred successfully after 250 years in the Fochteloërveen, |
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Bearded vulture Gypaetus barbatus |
1927 | Locally extinct in Romania | ||
Eurasian griffon vulture Gyps fulvus |
Locally extinct in Romania (as a breeder) | |||
White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus albicilla |
1916 (reintroduced) | Extirpated and reintroduced in the British Isles | ||
Eurasian wryneck Jynx torquilla |
Extirpated in the British Isles | |||
Red-backed shrike Lanius collurio |
1989 | Extirpated in the British Isles (as a regular breeding bird) | ||
Red kite Milvus milvus |
1870s (England), 1886 (Scotland); reintroduced | Extirpated and reintroduced in the British Isles
Locally extinct in Romania (as a breeder) |
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Black kite Milvus migrans |
Locally extinct in Romania (as a breeder) | |||
Egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus |
Locally extinct in Romania (as a breeder) | |||
Great bustard Otis tarda |
Britain: 19th century (reintroduced)
Sweden: 2000 |
Extirpated and reintroduced in the British Isles
Sweden – 2000 AD[77] Romania (return in the 21st century) |
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Osprey Pandion haliaetus |
1916 (re-established) | Extirpated and re-established in the British Isles | ||
Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus crispus |
c. 3000 BCE[78] (Britain) | Survives across Eurasia. Extirpated from the British Isles and the Netherlands.
During excavations of sites dated to the Roman period (around 400 AD) on the Rhine delta there were findings of important breeding sites of the Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus). |
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Eurasian spoonbill Platalea leucorodia |
17th century | Extirpated from the British isles (as a breeding bird) (re-established)[79] | ||
Pterodroma sp. Pterodroma feae? |
Iron Age[80] | Extirpated from the British isles | ||
Pied avocet Recurvirostra avosetta |
19th century (re-established) | Extirpated and re-established in the British Isles | ||
Western capercaillie Tetrao urogallus |
1780s (reintroduced) | The Scottish population became extinct, but has been reintroduced from the Swedish population | ||
Wood sandpiper Tringa glareola |
1939 | Does not nest in the Netherlands anymore, but they can be found during the migration season. | ||
Common buttonquail Turnix sylvaticus |
1981[81] | Africa, South Asia, the southwestern Iberian Peninsula, and Sicily | ![]() | |
Eurasian hoopoe Upupa epops |
2010 | Sweden – 2010 AD; regularly observed in the country despite no known breeding populations[82] | ||
Baillon's crake Zapornia pusilla |
Extirpated and re-established in Germany, the Netherlands, and the British Isles
This bird was considered extinct in the Netherlands after it was last sighted breeding in 1972. In early 2005 five territorial and two breeding pairs were located again in the province of Utrecht. |
Reptiles
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
---|---|---|---|
Ratas Island lizard Podarcis lilfordi rodriquezi |
1935[83] | Ratas Island off Mahón, Spain | ![]() |
Santo Stefano lizard Podarcis sicula sanctistephani |
c. 1965[84] | Santo Stefano Island, Italy |
Locally extinct
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
---|---|---|---|
European pond turtle Emys orbicularis |
Atlantic period
2000 BC (Sweden), 700 BC (Denmark) |
In Switzerland, the European pond turtle was extinct at the beginning of the twentieth century but reintroduced in 2010.[85] In the early post-glacial period, the European pond turtle had a much wider distribution, being found as far north as southern Sweden and Great Britain,[86] where a reintroduction has been proposed by Celtic Reptile & Amphibian.[87] Colonies of escaped pets were possibly established in Great Britain and Sweden.[88][89][90] | |
Western green lizard Lacerta bilineata |
Possibly native and extirpated in Great Britain. Escaped populations exist.[91] | ||
Aesculapian snake Zamenis longissimus |
Atlantic period | According to fossil evidence, the species' area in the warmer Atlantic period (around 8000–5000 years ago) of the Holocene reached as far north as Denmark. Three specimens were collected in Denmark between 1810 and 1863 in southern Zealand, presumably from a relict and now extinct population.[92] They also occurred in Great Britain during the Atlantic period.[93] Escaped populations exist in Great Britain. |
Amphibians
Locally extinct
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
---|---|---|---|
European fire-bellied toad Bombina bombina |
1960 (reintroduced) | Sweden – 1960 AD; populations reintroduced between 1970–1980 are now spread out over Skåne[94] | |
European tree frog Hyla arborea |
1986[95][96] | Extirpated from Great Britain | |
Pool frog Pelophylax lessonae |
1999[97] (reintroduced)[98] | Most likely native to Great Britain.[99] Extirpated and reintroduced in Great Britain | |
Moor frog Rana arvalis |
c. 1000, possibly 1500[100][101][102] | Extirpated from Great Britain. The species has been successfully bred in captivity in the UK and a reintroduction has been proposed as part of Celtic Reptile & Amphibian's rewilding plans. | |
Agile frog Rana dalmatina |
c. 1000, possibly 1500[106][107][108] | The species once lived in the archaeological remains recovered in East Anglia.[109][110] Celtic Reptile & Amphibian have discussed reintroducing the species.[111][112]
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Fish
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
---|---|---|---|
Skadar nase Chondrostoma scodrense |
1900s[113] | Lake Skadar | |
Coregonus bezola | 1960s[114] | Lac du Bourget, France | |
Coregonus fera | 1920[115] | Lake Geneva | ![]() |
Lake Constance whitefish Coregonus gutturosus |
early 1970s[116] | Lake Constance | ![]() |
Gravenche Coregonus hiemalis |
1950[117] | Lake Geneva | ![]() |
Houting Coregonus oxyrinchus |
1940[118] | the southern North Sea, the Scheldt, Meuse and Rhine Basin up to Cologne, and southeastern England | ![]() |
Coregonus restrictus | 1890[119] | Lake Morat, Switzerland | |
Ukrainian migratory lamprey Eudontomyzon sp. nov. 'migratory' |
before 1900[120] | the Don River drainages
|
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Techirghiol stickleback Gasterosteus crenobiontus |
1960s[121] | Lake Techirghiol, Romania | |
Danube delta gudgeon Romanogobio antipai |
1960s[122] | the Lower Danube | ![]() |
Salvelinus neocomensis | 1904[123] | Lake Neuchâtel, Switzerland |
Extinct in the wild
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
---|---|---|---|
Beloribitsa Stenodus leucichthys |
1960s[124] | the Terek River drainages
Last recorded in the Ural in the 1960s. All spawning grounds were lost after dams were built in the Volga, Ural, and Terek river drainages. The species continues to exist in captivity, from which it is released periodically in its native range. However, illegal fishing and hybridization with the introduced nelma remain threats to its survival.[125] |
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Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
---|---|---|---|
Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus |
The Baltic population is now nearly extinct. Survives in North America. | ||
European sea sturgeon Acipenser sturio |
Locally extinct across the vast majority of their former range | Europe | |
Allis shad Alosa alosa |
1993 (the Netherlands) | Most of Europe and northwest Africa | |
Twait shad Alosa fallax |
1970 (the Netherlands) | Most of Europe and all Mediterranean countries | |
Zope Ballerus ballerus |
Locally extinct in Lithuania | Eurasia | |
Common skate Dipturus batis |
The common skate is native to the northeast Atlantic. Now, their population and range are severely depleted and fragmented, with disappearances being reported in several places.[126] | ||
Burbot Lota lota |
A fisherman caught the last recorded burbot in July 1970 from the Great Ouse Relief Channel, Norfolk.[citation needed ] The species was then presumed extirpated.
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Possibly extinct in Great Britain. Reintroduction under consideration. | |
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar |
The Atlantic salmon was very common in the Netherlands in the seventeenth century, but disappeared when the rivers were tamed and closed by the Dutch to protect their land. The salmon could not reach their breeding ground in the rivers Meuse . A reintroduction program resulted in salmon in the IJsselmeer and the river Rhine.
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Insects
Common name/scientific name | Range |
---|---|
Perrin's cave beetle Siettitia balsetensis |
France[127] |
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range |
---|---|---|
Spined dwarf mantis Ameles fasciipennis |
After 1871 | It has only been collected once, probably in 1871 in the Tolentino area, and has not been seen since, despite extensive entomological surveys of the region.[128] |
Tobias' caddisfly Hydropsyche tobiasi |
1938[129] | the Rhine and Main River , Germany
|
British large copper Lycaena dispar dispar |
1864[130] | the British Isles |
Moss-land silver-studded blue Plebejus argus masseyi |
1942[131] | Lancashire and Cumbria, the United Kingdom |
Dutch Alcon blue Phengaris alcon arenaria |
1979 | Extinct subspecies from the Netherlands |
Pseudoyersinia brevipennis | 1860[132] | Hyères, France |
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range |
---|---|---|
Iberian lynx louse Felicola isidoroi |
1997[133] | the Iberian Peninsula |
Locally extinct in Britain
Beetles
- Agonum sahlbergi (ground beetle) – 1914
- Platycerus caraboides (blue stag beetle) – 19th century
- Graphoderus bilineatus (water beetle) – 1906
- Harpalus honestus (ground beetle) – 1905
- Copris lunaris (horned dung beetle) – 1974
- Ochthebius aeneus (water beetle) – 1913
- Platydema violaceum (tenebrionid) – 1957
- Rhantus aberratus (water beetle) – 1904
- Scybalicus oblongiusculus (ground beetle) – 1926
- Teretrius fabricii (histerid) – 1907
Bees, wasps and ants
- Andrena polita (mining bee) – 1934
- Bombus pomorum (apple bumblebee) – 1864[134]
- Bombus cullumanus (Cullum's bumblebee) – 1941[134]
- Eucera tuberculata (mining bee) – 1941
- Halictus maculatus (mining bee) – 1930
- Mellinus crabroneus (digger wasp) – c. 1950
- Odynerus reniformis (mason wasp) – 1915
- Odynerus simillimus (mason wasp) – 1905
- Bombus subterraneus (short-haired bumblebee) – 1989[134]
Flies
- Poecilobothrus majesticus – after 1907[135]
Butterflies and moths
General reference: Waring et al., 2009.[136]
- Aporia crataegi, black-veined white – 1925
- Borkhausenia minutella – 1950
- Lithophane furcifera, conformist (moth) –
- Euclemensia woodiella (moth) – 1829
- Flame brocade (moth) – 1919
- Frosted yellow(moth) – 1914
- Gypsy moth – 1907; reappeared 1995[137]
- Isle of Wight wave(moth) – 1931
- Large copper – 1865
- Large tortoiseshell - 1960s (recolonising from 2019)[138]
- Many-lined (moth) – 1875
- Mazarine blue– 1906
- Orache moth– 1915
- Reed tussock(moth) – 1875
- Scarce black arches (moth) – 1898 (transitory resident)
- Speckled beauty (moth) – 1898
- Union rustic (moth) – 1919
- Viper's bugloss (moth) – 1969[139]
Dragonflies and damselflies
- Norfolk damselfly – 1957
- Orange-spotted emerald (dragonfly) – 1957
Caddisflies
- Hydropsyche bulgaromanorum (caddis fly) – 1926
- Hydropsyche exocellata (caddis fly) – 1901[citation needed]
Cicada
- Cicadetta montana (New Forest cicada) – not seen in Britain since 2000.[citation needed]
Locally extinct in Lithuania
- Lucanus cervus (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Hamearis lucina (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Schiffermüller, 1775)[140]
- Xylocopa valga Gerstaecker, 1872
Locally extinct in the Netherlands
Butterflies
- Aporia crataegi
- Argynnis paphia
- Boloria euphrosyne
- Brenthis ino
- Coenonympha hero
- Cupido minimus minimus
- Euphydryas aurinia aurinia
- Lycaena hippothoe hippothoe
- Melitaea diamina
- Nymphalis antiopa
- Phengaris arion
- Phengaris nausithous
- Phengaris teleius
- Plebeius idas idas
- Polyommatus semiargus semiargus
- Thymelicus acteon acteon
- Spialia sertorius sertorius
Damselflies
Bees
- Ammobates punctatus
- Andrena curvungula
- Andrena marginata
- Andrena nitidiuscula
- Andrena pandellei
- Andrena schencki
- Andrena thoracica
- Anthidium byssinum
- Anthophora aestivalis
- Anthophora bimaculata
- Anthophora borealis
- Anthophora plagiata
- Biastes truncatus
- Bombus confusus
- Bombus cullumanus
- Bombus pomorum
- Bombus subterraneus
- Coelioxys alata
- Dufourea minuta
- Halictus eurygnathus
- Halictus quadricinctus
- Lasioglossum laeve
- Lasioglossum laevigatum
- Nomada argentata
- Nomada furva
- Nomada mutabilis
- Nomada obtusifrons
- Nomada piccioliana
- Nomada rhenana
- Nomada roberjeotiana
- Osmia anthocopoides
- Osmia papaveris
- Osmia xanthomela
- Rophites quinquespinosus
- Thyreus orbatus
Pond damselflies
- Holocentropus insignis
- Hydroptila cornuta
- Hydroptila dampfi
- Ithytrichia lamellaris
- Micrasemodes minimus
- Oligoplectrum maculatum
- Sericostoma flavicorne
- Setodes viridis
- Silo piceus
Grasshoppers and crickets
- Locusta migratoria
- Psophus stridulus
Stoneflies
- Euleuctra geniculata
- Isogenus nubecula
- Isoperla grammatica
- Isoptena serricornis
- Leuctra fusca
- Marthamea selysii
- Protonemura nitida
- Taeniopteryx nebulosa
- Xanthoperla apicalis
Mayflies
- Ametropus fragilis
- Choroterpes picteti
- Ecdyonurus affinis
- Ecdyonurus dispar
- Habroleptoides modesta
- Habrophlebia lauta
- Heptagenia coerulans
- Isonychia ignota
- Oligoneuriella rhenana
- Palingenia longicauda
- Potamanthus luteus
- Siphlonurus aestivalis
- Siphlonurus alternatus
- Siphlonurus lacustris
Locally extinct in Sweden
- Blotchy mustard pyralid moth, Evergestis frumentalis (Sweden – 2000 AD)[142]
- Cattle warble fly, Hypoderma lineatum (Sweden – 2000 AD)[142]
- Centaury plume moth, Stenoptilia zophodactyla (Sweden – 2005 AD)[142]
- Dry-fungus beetle, Dacne rufifrons (Sweden – 2000 AD)[142]
- Emerald leaf beetle, Smaragdina salicina (Sweden – 2000 AD)[142]
- Eurasian white admiral, Limenitis camilla (Sweden – 2000 AD)[142]
- Everlasting tortrix moth, Eupoecilia cebrana (Sweden – 2000 AD)[142]
- Flax fruitborer, Cochylis epilinana (Sweden – 2000 AD)[142]
- Flowering rush weevil, Bagous nodulosus (Sweden – 2005 AD)[142]
- Gack owlet moth, Trichosea ludifica (Sweden – 2000 AD)[142]
- Green-white tuft moth, Nycteola svecica (Sweden – 2000 AD)[142]
- Gyllenhaal beetle, Gyrophaena nitidula (Sweden – 2000 AD)[142]
- Herbst beetle, Acritus minutus (Sweden / Norway – 2000 AD)[142]
- Koch leaf beetle, Psylliodes attenuata (Sweden – 2000 AD)[142]
- Large ranunculus, Polymixis flavicincta (Sweden – 2000 AD)[142]
- Mediterranean spider wasp, Entomobora crassitarsis (Sweden – 2000 AD)[142]
- Müller shield mayfly, Prosopistoma pennigerum (Sweden – 2000 AD)[142]
- Oak pinhole borer, Platypus cylindrus (Sweden – 2000 AD)[142]
- Orange upperwing, Jodia croceago (Sweden – 2000 AD)[142]
- Ox warble fly, Hypoderma bovis (Sweden – 2000 AD)[142]
- Pygmy sorrel moth, Enteucha acetosae (Sweden – 2000 AD)[142]
- Reddish buff, Acosmetia caliginosa (Sweden – 2000 AD)[142]
- Sand sack moth, Coleophora onobrychiella (Sweden – 2000 AD)[142]
- Scarce wormwood, Cucullia artemisiae (Sweden – 2010 AD)[142]
- Silver-banded ghost moth, Gazoryctra ganna (Sweden – 2000 AD)[142]
- Small yellow underwing, Panemeria tenebrata (Sweden – 2000 AD)[142]
- Smaller sack moth, Coleophora colutella (Sweden – 2005 AD)[142]
- Spotted stoneseed moth, Ethmia dodecea (Sweden – 2010 AD)[142]
- Stephens beetle, Philonthus rufipes (Sweden – 2000 AD)[142]
- Straw conch, Cochylimorpha straminea (Sweden – 2010 AD)[142]
- Sterling owlet moth, Lamprotes caureum (Sweden – 2010 AD)[142]
- Tapestry moth, Trichophaga tapetzella (Sweden – 2000 AD)[142]
- Triple-spotted clay, Xestia ditrapezium (Sweden – 2000 AD)[142]
- Waterhouse beetle, Heterota plumbea (Sweden – 2000 AD)[142]
- White geometer moth, Lithostege farinata (Sweden – 2010 AD)[142]
- Yellow-spotted ant-like leaf beetle, Phytobaenus amabilis (Sweden – 2000 AD)[142]
Arachnids
Locally extinct in Britain
- Gibbaranea bituberculata — 1954
- Hypsosinga heri — 1912
- Mastigusa arietina — 1926
Sea anemones
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
---|---|---|---|
Ivell's sea anemone Edwardsia ivelli |
1983[143] | the Widewater Lagoon, West Sussex, United Kingdom | ![]() |
Crustaceans
Locally extinct in Britain
- Artemia salina (brine shrimp) – after 1758[144][145]
Molluscs
Land snails
Molluscs
Common name/scientific name | Range |
---|---|
Zonites siphnicus | Sifnos, Sikinos, and Folegandros, Greece[146] |
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range |
---|---|---|
Zonites santoriniensis | c. 1600 BCE[147] | Santorini, Greece |
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
---|---|---|---|
Graecoanatolica macedonica | 1988[148] | Doiran Lake, the Greece-North Macedonia border | ![]() |
Ohridohauffenia drimica | before 1983[149] | the Drin River , North Macedonia
|
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range |
---|---|---|
Belgrandia varica | 1910[150] | the Var River Delta, France
|
Belgrandiella boetersi | unknown[151] | Tiefsteinschlucht, Austria |
Freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera |
Locally extinct in Lithuania, Poland, and probably Moravia (in Czechia) | Holarctic distribution |
Parmacella gervaisii | 1874[152] | La Crau, Provence, France |
Zonites embolium | 1985[153] | Zaforas, Greece |
Locally extinct in the Netherlands
- Pisidium tenuilineatum
- Rissoa membranacea
- Spermodea lamellata
- Unio crassus – thick shelled river mussel(1968)
Locally extinct in Sweden
Gastropods
- Marsh grass snail, Vallonia enniensis (Sweden – 2000 AD)[154]
Cnidarians
Locally extinct in Sweden
Corals
- Broch coral, Muriceides kuekenthali (Sweden – 2010 AD)[155]
Flowering plants
Locally extinct in Lithuania

- Trapa natans L. (water caltrop)[156]
- Aldrovanda vesiculosa L.
- Rubus arcticus L.
- Veratrum lobelianum Bernh.
- Pedicularis kaufmannii Pinzger
- Groenlandia densa(L.) Fourr.
- Hypericum humifusum L. (trailing St.John's-wort)
- Caldesia parnassifolia (L.) Parl.[157]
- Gladiolus palustris Gaudin (marsh gladiolus)
- Aphanes arvensisL. (parsley piert)
- Hydrocotyle vulgaris L. (marsh pennywort)
- Pycreus flavescens(L.) P. Beauv. ex Rchb.
- Carex rhizina Blytt ex Lindblom
Restored in Lithuania
- Laserpitium latifolium L.
- Platanthera chlorantha (Custer) Rchb.
- Perennial honesty(Lunaria rediviva L.)
- Ramsons(Allium ursinum L.)
- Poa remota Forselles
- Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill.
- Centunculus minimusL.
- Peplis portulaL.
- Arctium nemorosum Lej.
- Cyperus fuscus L.
Pinophyta
Locally extinct in Lithuania
Pteridophyta
Locally extinct in Lithuania
- Salvinia natans (L.) All.
Restored in Lithuania
- Northern firmoss (Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank & Martius)
Moss
Locally extinct in Lithuania
- Bartramia ithyphylla Brid.
Algae
Locally extinct in Lithuania
- Chara braunii Gmel.
- Nitella batrachosperma(Reichenb.) A. Braun
- Nitella hyalina (DC.) C. Agardh
- Nitella tenuissima (Desv.) Kütz.
- Nitella translucens (Pers.) C. Agardh
Fungus
Locally extinct in Lithuania
- Conocybe intrusa (Peck) Sing.
- Microstoma protracta(Fr.) Kanouse
- Laricifomes officinalis (Vill.: Fr.) Kotl. & Pouzar
- Coprinus dunarum Stoll.
- Phallus hadriani Vent.: Pers.
- Dictyophora duplicata(Bosc) Fischer
- Sarcosoma globosum (Schmidel: Fr.) Casp.
Lichen
Locally extinct in Lithuania
- Arctoparmelia centrifuga (L.) Hale
- Hypogymnia vittata (Ach.) Parrique
- Solorina spongiosa (Ach.) Anzi
- Usnea glabrata (Ach.) Vain.
- Usnea lapponica Vain.
- Usnea scabrata Nyl.
- Anaptychia runcinata (With.) J. R. Laundon
- Calicium quercinum Pers.
- Chaenotheca hispidula(Ach.) Zahlbr.
- Nephroma resupinatum (L.) Ach.
- Cladonia turgida Hoffm.
- Peltigera aphthosa (L.) Willd.
- Peltigera venosa (L.) Hoffm.
- Peltigera degenii Gyeln.
- Punctelia subrudecta (Nyl.) Krog
- Usnea florida (L.) Weber ex F. H. Wigg.
See also
- List of Asian animals extinct in the Holocene
- Holocene extinction
- Lists of extinct species
- List of extinct bird species since 1500
- Extinct in the wild
- Lazarus taxon
Notes
- ^ The source gives "11,700 calendar yr b2k (before AD 2000)". But "BP" means "before AD 1950". Therefore, the Holocene began 11,650 BP. Doing the math, that is c. 9700 BCE.
- ^ A. corsicanus was originally applied to remains from Corsica and A. similis to Sardinia. It was later recognized that A. corsicanus existed in the early Pleistocene of both islands, and A. similis in the late Pleistocene-Holocene, as seen in Moncunill-Sole et al. (2016).
- ^ "...and we are displeased because elephants have been removed from Libya, because lions have disappeared from Thessaly, because hippopotamoi have been gotten rid from the marshes of the Nile."[19]
- ^ A single cloned individual was born on July 30, 2003, but died several minutes later.[45]
- ^ Previous attempts at introduction in Norway and Svalbard (outside the muskox's prehistoric range) failed.[51]
- ^ Natural dispersion of a single individual over the Arctic.[55][56]
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