Isotopes of lead
Isotopic abundances vary greatly by sample talk |
The longest-lived
The relative abundances of the four stable isotopes are approximately 1.5%, 24%, 22%, and 52.5%, combining to give a standard atomic weight (abundance-weighted average of the stable isotopes) of 207.2(1). Lead is the element with the heaviest stable isotope, 208Pb. (The more massive 209Bi, long considered to be stable, actually has a half-life of 2.01×1019 years.) 208Pb is also a doubly magic isotope, as it has 82 protons and 126 neutrons.[6] It is the heaviest doubly magic nuclide known. A total of 43 lead isotopes are now known, including very unstable synthetic species.
The four primordial isotopes of lead are all
In its fully ionized state, the beta decay of isotope 210Pb does not release a free electron; the generated electron is instead captured by the atom's empty orbitals.[7]
List of isotopes
Nuclide[8] [n 1] |
Historic name |
Z | N | Isotopic mass (Da)[9] [n 2][n 3] |
Half-life |
Daughter isotope [n 5][n 6] |
Natural abundance (mole fraction) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Excitation energy[n 8] | Normal proportion | Range of variation | |||||||||||||||||
178Pb | 82 | 96 | 178.003830(26) | 0.23(15) ms | α | 174Hg | 0+ | ||||||||||||
179Pb | 82 | 97 | 179.00215(21)# | 3.9(1.1) ms | α | 175Hg | (9/2−) | ||||||||||||
180Pb | 82 | 98 | 179.997918(22) | 4.5(11) ms | α | 176Hg | 0+ | ||||||||||||
181Pb | 82 | 99 | 180.99662(10) | 45(20) ms | α (98%) | 177Hg | (9/2−) | ||||||||||||
β+ (2%) | 181Tl | ||||||||||||||||||
182Pb | 82 | 100 | 181.992672(15) | 60(40) ms [55(+40−35) ms] |
α (98%) | 178Hg | 0+ | ||||||||||||
β+ (2%) | 182Tl | ||||||||||||||||||
183Pb | 82 | 101 | 182.99187(3) | 535(30) ms | α (94%) | 179Hg | (3/2−) | ||||||||||||
β+ (6%) | 183Tl | ||||||||||||||||||
183mPb | 94(8) keV | 415(20) ms | α | 179Hg | (13/2+) | ||||||||||||||
β+ (rare) | 183Tl | ||||||||||||||||||
184Pb | 82 | 102 | 183.988142(15) | 490(25) ms | α | 180Hg | 0+ | ||||||||||||
β+ (rare) | 184Tl | ||||||||||||||||||
185Pb | 82 | 103 | 184.987610(17) | 6.3(4) s | α | 181Hg | 3/2− | ||||||||||||
β+ (rare) | 185Tl | ||||||||||||||||||
185mPb | 60(40)# keV | 4.07(15) s | α | 181Hg | 13/2+ | ||||||||||||||
β+ (rare) | 185Tl | ||||||||||||||||||
186Pb | 82 | 104 | 185.984239(12) | 4.82(3) s | α (56%) | 182Hg | 0+ | ||||||||||||
β+ (44%) | 186Tl | ||||||||||||||||||
187Pb | 82 | 105 | 186.983918(9) | 15.2(3) s | β+ | 187Tl | (3/2−) | ||||||||||||
α | 183Hg | ||||||||||||||||||
187mPb | 11(11) keV | 18.3(3) s | β+ (98%) | 187Tl | (13/2+) | ||||||||||||||
α (2%) | 183Hg | ||||||||||||||||||
188Pb | 82 | 106 | 187.980874(11) | 25.5(1) s | β+ (91.5%) | 188Tl | 0+ | ||||||||||||
α (8.5%) | 184Hg | ||||||||||||||||||
188m1Pb | 2578.2(7) keV | 830(210) ns | (8−) | ||||||||||||||||
188m2Pb | 2800(50) keV | 797(21) ns | |||||||||||||||||
189Pb | 82 | 107 | 188.98081(4) | 51(3) s | β+ | 189Tl | (3/2−) | ||||||||||||
189m1Pb | 40(30)# keV | 50.5(2.1) s | β+ (99.6%) | 189Tl | 13/2+ | ||||||||||||||
α (.4%) | 185Hg | ||||||||||||||||||
189m2Pb | 2475(30)# keV | 26(5) μs | (10)+ | ||||||||||||||||
190Pb | 82 | 108 | 189.978082(13) | 71(1) s | β+ (99.1%) | 190Tl | 0+ | ||||||||||||
α (.9%) | 186Hg | ||||||||||||||||||
190m1Pb | 2614.8(8) keV | 150 ns | (10)+ | ||||||||||||||||
190m2Pb | 2618(20) keV | 25 μs | (12+) | ||||||||||||||||
190m3Pb | 2658.2(8) keV | 7.2(6) μs | (11)− | ||||||||||||||||
191Pb | 82 | 109 | 190.97827(4) | 1.33(8) min | β+ (99.987%) | 191Tl | (3/2−) | ||||||||||||
α (.013%) | 187Hg | ||||||||||||||||||
191mPb | 20(50) keV | 2.18(8) min | β+ (99.98%) | 191Tl | 13/2(+) | ||||||||||||||
α (.02%) | 187Hg | ||||||||||||||||||
192Pb | 82 | 110 | 191.975785(14) | 3.5(1) min | β+ (99.99%) | 192Tl | 0+ | ||||||||||||
α (.0061%) | 188Hg | ||||||||||||||||||
192m1Pb | 2581.1(1) keV | 164(7) ns | (10)+ | ||||||||||||||||
192m2Pb | 2625.1(11) keV | 1.1(5) μs | (12+) | ||||||||||||||||
192m3Pb | 2743.5(4) keV | 756(21) ns | (11)− | ||||||||||||||||
193Pb | 82 | 111 | 192.97617(5) | 5# min | β+ | 193Tl | (3/2−) | ||||||||||||
193m1Pb | 130(80)# keV | 5.8(2) min | β+ | 193Tl | 13/2(+) | ||||||||||||||
193m2Pb | 2612.5(5)+X keV | 135(+25−15) ns | (33/2+) | ||||||||||||||||
194Pb | 82 | 112 | 193.974012(19) | 12.0(5) min | β+ (100%) | 194Tl | 0+ | ||||||||||||
α (7.3×10−6%) | 190Hg | ||||||||||||||||||
195Pb | 82 | 113 | 194.974542(25) | ~15 min | β+ | 195Tl | 3/2#- | ||||||||||||
195m1Pb | 202.9(7) keV | 15.0(12) min | β+ | 195Tl | 13/2+ | ||||||||||||||
195m2Pb | 1759.0(7) keV | 10.0(7) μs | 21/2− | ||||||||||||||||
196Pb | 82 | 114 | 195.972774(15) | 37(3) min | β+ | 196Tl | 0+ | ||||||||||||
α (<3×10−5%) | 192Hg | ||||||||||||||||||
196m1Pb | 1049.20(9) keV | <100 ns | 2+ | ||||||||||||||||
196m2Pb | 1738.27(12) keV | <1 μs | 4+ | ||||||||||||||||
196m3Pb | 1797.51(14) keV | 140(14) ns | 5− | ||||||||||||||||
196m4Pb | 2693.5(5) keV | 270(4) ns | (12+) | ||||||||||||||||
197Pb | 82 | 115 | 196.973431(6) | 8.1(17) min | β+ | 197Tl | 3/2− | ||||||||||||
197m1Pb | 319.31(11) keV | 42.9(9) min | β+ (81%) | 197Tl | 13/2+ | ||||||||||||||
IT (19%) | 197Pb | ||||||||||||||||||
α (3×10−4%) | 193Hg | ||||||||||||||||||
197m2Pb | 1914.10(25) keV | 1.15(20) μs | 21/2− | ||||||||||||||||
198Pb | 82 | 116 | 197.972034(16) | 2.4(1) h | β+ | 198Tl | 0+ | ||||||||||||
198m1Pb | 2141.4(4) keV | 4.19(10) μs | (7)− | ||||||||||||||||
198m2Pb | 2231.4(5) keV | 137(10) ns | (9)− | ||||||||||||||||
198m3Pb | 2820.5(7) keV | 212(4) ns | (12)+ | ||||||||||||||||
199Pb | 82 | 117 | 198.972917(28) | 90(10) min | β+ | 199Tl | 3/2− | ||||||||||||
199m1Pb | 429.5(27) keV | 12.2(3) min | IT (93%) | 199Pb | (13/2+) | ||||||||||||||
β+ (7%) | 199Tl | ||||||||||||||||||
199m2Pb | 2563.8(27) keV | 10.1(2) μs | (29/2−) | ||||||||||||||||
200Pb | 82 | 118 | 199.971827(12) | 21.5(4) h | EC | 200Tl | 0+ | ||||||||||||
201Pb | 82 | 119 | 200.972885(24) | 9.33(3) h | EC (99%) | 201Tl | 5/2− | ||||||||||||
β+ (1%) | |||||||||||||||||||
201m1Pb | 629.14(17) keV | 61(2) s | 13/2+ | ||||||||||||||||
201m2Pb | 2718.5+X keV | 508(5) ns | (29/2−) | ||||||||||||||||
202Pb | 82 | 120 | 201.972159(9) | 5.25(28)×104 y | EC | 202Tl | 0+ | ||||||||||||
202m1Pb | 2169.83(7) keV | 3.54(2) h | IT (90.5%) | 202Pb | 9− | ||||||||||||||
β+ (9.5%) | 202Tl | ||||||||||||||||||
202m2Pb | 4142.9(11) keV | 110(5) ns | (16+) | ||||||||||||||||
202m3Pb | 5345.9(13) keV | 107(5) ns | (19−) | ||||||||||||||||
203Pb | 82 | 121 | 202.973391(7) | 51.873(9) h | EC | 203Tl | 5/2− | ||||||||||||
203m1Pb | 825.20(9) keV | 6.21(8) s | IT | 203Pb | 13/2+ | ||||||||||||||
203m2Pb | 2949.47(22) keV | 480(7) ms | 29/2− | ||||||||||||||||
203m3Pb | 2923.4+X keV | 122(4) ns | (25/2−) | ||||||||||||||||
204Pb[n 9] | 82 | 122 | 203.9730436(13) | Observationally stable[n 10]
|
0+ | 0.014(1) | 0.0000–0.0158[10] | ||||||||||||
204m1Pb | 1274.00(4) keV | 265(10) ns | 4+ | ||||||||||||||||
204m2Pb | 2185.79(5) keV | 67.2(3) min | 9− | ||||||||||||||||
204m3Pb | 2264.33(4) keV | 0.45(+10−3) μs | 7− | ||||||||||||||||
205Pb | 82 | 123 | 204.9744818(13) | 1.73(7)×107 y | EC | 205Tl | 5/2− | ||||||||||||
205m1Pb | 2.329(7) keV | 24.2(4) μs | 1/2− | ||||||||||||||||
205m2Pb | 1013.839(13) keV | 5.55(2) ms | 13/2+ | ||||||||||||||||
205m3Pb | 3195.7(5) keV | 217(5) ns | 25/2− | ||||||||||||||||
206Pb[n 9][n 11] | Radium G[11] | 82 | 124 | 205.9744653(13) | Observationally stable[n 12][12] | 0+ | 0.241(1) | 0.0190–0.8673[10] | |||||||||||
206m1Pb | 2200.14(4) keV | 125(2) μs | 7− | ||||||||||||||||
206m2Pb | 4027.3(7) keV | 202(3) ns | 12+ | ||||||||||||||||
207Pb[n 9][n 13] | Actinium D | 82 | 125 | 206.9758969(13) | Observationally stable[n 14][12] | 1/2− | 0.221(1) | 0.0035–0.2351[10] | |||||||||||
207mPb | 1633.368(5) keV | 806(6) ms | IT | 207Pb | 13/2+ | ||||||||||||||
208Pb[n 15] | Thorium D | 82 | 126 | 207.9766521(13) | Observationally stable[n 16][12] | 0+ | 0.524(1) | 0.0338–0.9775[10] | |||||||||||
208mPb | 4895(2) keV | 500(10) ns | 10+ | ||||||||||||||||
209Pb | 82 | 127 | 208.9810901(19) | 3.253(14) h | β− | 209Bi | 9/2+ | Trace[n 17] | |||||||||||
210Pb | Radium D Radiolead Radio-lead |
82 | 128 | 209.9841885(16) | 22.20(22) y | β− (100%) | 210Bi | 0+ | Trace[n 18] | ||||||||||
α (1.9×10−6%) | 206Hg | ||||||||||||||||||
210mPb | 1278(5) keV | 201(17) ns | 8+ | ||||||||||||||||
211Pb | Actinium B | 82 | 129 | 210.9887370(29) | 36.1(2) min | β− | 211Bi | 9/2+ | Trace[n 19] | ||||||||||
212Pb | Thorium B | 82 | 130 | 211.9918975(24) | 10.64(1) h | β− | 212Bi | 0+ | Trace[n 20] | ||||||||||
212mPb | 1335(10) keV | 6.0(0.8) μs | IT | 212Pb | (8+) | ||||||||||||||
213Pb | 82 | 131 | 212.996581(8) | 10.2(3) min | β− | 213Bi | (9/2+) | Trace[n 17] | |||||||||||
214Pb | Radium B | 82 | 132 | 213.9998054(26) | 26.8(9) min | β− | 214Bi | 0+ | Trace[n 18] | ||||||||||
214mPb | 1420(20) keV | 6.2(0.3) μs | IT | 212Pb | 8+# | ||||||||||||||
215Pb | 82 | 133 | 215.004660(60) | 2.34(0.19) min | β− | 215Bi | 9/2+# | ||||||||||||
216Pb | 82 | 134 | 216.008030(210)# | 1.65(0.2) min | β− | 216Bi | 0+ | ||||||||||||
216mPb | 1514(20) keV | 400(40) ns | IT | 216Pb | 8+# | ||||||||||||||
217Pb | 82 | 135 | 217.013140(320)# | 20(5) s | β− | 217Bi | 9/2+# | ||||||||||||
218Pb | 82 | 136 | 218.016590(320)# | 15(7) s | β− | 218Bi | 0+ | ||||||||||||
This table header & footer: |
- ^ mPb – Excited nuclear isomer.
- ^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
- ^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
- ^
Modes of decay:
EC: Electron capture IT: Isomeric transition - ^ Bold italics symbol as daughter – Daughter product is nearly stable.
- ^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
- ^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
- ^ a b # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
- ^ a b c Used in lead–lead dating
- ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 200Hg with a half-life over 1.4×1020 years
- Radium or Uranium series)
- ^ Experimental lower bound is years; the theoretical lifetime for α decay to 202Hg is years.
- Actinium series)
- ^ Experimental lower bound is years; the theoretical lifetime for α decay to 203Hg is years.
- Thorium series)
- ^ Experimental lower bound is years; the theoretical lifetime for α decay to 204Hg is years.
- ^ 237Np
- ^ a b Intermediate decay product of 238U
- ^ Intermediate decay product of 235U
- ^ Intermediate decay product of 232Th
Lead-206
206Pb is the final step in the decay chain of 238U, the "radium series" or "uranium series". In a closed system, over time, a given mass of 238U will decay in a sequence of steps culminating in 206Pb. The production of intermediate products eventually reaches an equilibrium (though this takes a long time, as the half-life of 234U is 245,500 years). Once this stabilized system is reached, the ratio of 238U to 206Pb will steadily decrease, while the ratios of the other intermediate products to each other remain constant.
Like most radioisotopes found in the radium series, 206Pb was initially named as a variation of radium, specifically radium G. It is the decay product of both 210Po (historically called radium F) by alpha decay, and the much rarer 206Tl (radium EII) by beta decay.
Lead-206 has been proposed for use in
Lead-204, -207, and -208
204Pb is entirely
208Pb is the end of the
Lead-212
212Pb-containing
References
- .
- ^ Meija et al. 2016.
- ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Lead". CIAAW. 2020.
- ISSN 1365-3075.
- ^ Jeter, Hewitt W. (March 2000). "Determining the Ages of Recent Sediments Using Measurements of Trace Radioactivity" (PDF). Terra et Aqua (78): 21–28. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2019.
- S2CID 121966707.
- PMID 9954244. Retrieved 2016-11-20.] Qn<Bn(Z+1)-Bn(Z), the continuum-state β decay is energetically forbidden.
As can be seen in Table I (187Re, 210Pb, 227Ac, and 241Pu), some continuum-state decays are energetically forbidden when the atom is fully ionized. This is because the atomic binding energies liberated by ionization, i.e., the total electron binding in the neutral atom, Bn, increases with Z. If [the decay energy
- .
- .
- ^ CIAAW. 2020.
- .
- ^ S2CID 254111888.
- .
- ^ a b Woods, G.D. (November 2014). Lead isotope analysis: Removal of 204Hg isobaric interference from 204Pb using ICP-QQQ in MS/MS mode (PDF) (Report). Stockport, UK: Agilent Technologies.
- S2CID 98821122.
- S2CID 121966707.
- PMID 35057083.
Sources
- Meija, Juris; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". .
Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean;
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean;
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.