Period 5 element

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A period 5 element is one of the chemical elements in the fifth row (or period) of the periodic table of the chemical elements. The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring (periodic) trends in the chemical behaviour of the elements as their atomic number increases: a new row is begun when chemical behaviour begins to repeat, meaning that elements with similar behaviour fall into the same vertical columns. The fifth period contains 18 elements, beginning with rubidium and ending with xenon. As a rule, period 5 elements fill their 5s shells first, then their 4d, and 5p shells, in that order; however, there are exceptions, such as rhodium.

Physical properties

This period contains

This period is known to have a large number of exceptions to the

Madelung rule

.

Elements and their properties

Chemical element			Block	Electron configuration
37	Rb	Rubidium	s-block	[Kr] 5s1
38	Sr	Strontium	s-block	[Kr] 5s2
39	Y	Yttrium	d-block	[Kr] 4d1 5s2
40	Zr	Zirconium	d-block	[Kr] 4d2 5s2
41	Nb	Niobium	d-block	[Kr] 4d4 5s1 (*)
42	Mo	Molybdenum	d-block	[Kr] 4d5 5s1 (*)
43	Tc	Technetium	d-block	[Kr] 4d5 5s2
44	Ru	Ruthenium	d-block	[Kr] 4d7 5s1 (*)
45	Rh	Rhodium	d-block	[Kr] 4d8 5s1 (*)
46	Pd	Palladium	d-block	[Kr] 4d10 (*)
47	Ag	Silver	d-block	[Kr] 4d10 5s1 (*)
48	Cd	Cadmium	d-block	[Kr] 4d10 5s2
49	In	Indium	p-block	[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1
50	Sn	Tin	p-block	[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2
51	Sb	Antimony	p-block	[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3
52	Te	Tellurium	p-block	[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4
53	I	Iodine	p-block	[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5
54	Xe	Xenon	p-block	[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p6

(*) Exception to the

Madelung rule

s-block elements

Rubidium

Rubidium is the first element placed in period 5. It is an alkali metal, the most reactive group in the periodic table, having properties and similarities with both other alkali metals and other period 5 elements. For example, rubidium has 5 electron shells, a property found in all other period 5 elements, whereas its electron configuration's ending is similar to all other alkali metals: s¹.^[5] Rubidium also follows the trend of increasing reactivity as the atomic number increases in the alkali metals, for it is more reactive than potassium, but less so than caesium. In addition, both potassium and rubidium yield almost the same hue when ignited, so researchers must use different methods to differentiate between these two 1st group elements.^[6] Rubidium is very susceptible to oxidation in air, similar to most of the other alkali metals, so it readily transforms into rubidium oxide, a yellow solid with the chemical formula Rb₂O.^[7]

Strontium

Strontium is the second element placed in the 5th

.

d-block elements

Yttrium

Yttrium is a

, ⁸⁹Y, is also its only naturally occurring isotope.

In 1787,

The most important use of yttrium is in making

Zirconium

Zirconium is a chemical element with the symbol Zr and atomic number 40. The name of zirconium is taken from the mineral zircon. Its atomic mass is 91.224. It is a lustrous, gray-white, strong transition metal that resembles titanium. Zirconium is mainly used as a refractory and opacifier, although minor amounts are used as alloying agent for its strong resistance to corrosion. Zirconium is obtained mainly from the mineral zircon, which is the most important form of zirconium in use.

Zirconium forms a variety of

occur naturally, three of which are stable. Zirconium compounds have no biological role.

Niobium

Niobium, or columbium, is a

.

Niobium has physical and chemical properties similar to those of the element tantalum, and the two are therefore difficult to distinguish. The English chemist Charles Hatchett reported a new element similar to tantalum in 1801, and named it columbium. In 1809, the English chemist William Hyde Wollaston wrongly concluded that tantalum and columbium were identical. The German chemist Heinrich Rose determined in 1846 that tantalum ores contain a second element, which he named niobium. In 1864 and 1865, a series of scientific findings clarified that niobium and columbium were the same element (as distinguished from tantalum), and for a century both names were used interchangeably. The name of the element was officially adopted as niobium in 1949.

It was not until the early 20th century that niobium was first used commercially.

are particular advantages.

Molybdenum

Molybdenum is a

.

Molybdenum minerals have long been known, but the element was "discovered" (in the sense of differentiating it as a new entity from the mineral salts of other metals) in 1778 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele. The metal was first isolated in 1781 by Peter Jacob Hjelm.

Most molybdenum compounds have low solubility in water, but the molybdate ion MoO₄²⁻ is soluble and forms when molybdenum-containing minerals are in contact with oxygen and water.

Technetium

Technetium is the

.

Many of technetium's properties were predicted by

τεχνητός, meaning "artificial").

Its short-lived

in 1952, which are billions of years old, helped bolster the theory that stars can produce heavier elements.

Ruthenium

Ruthenium is a

.

Rhodium

Rhodium is a chemical element that is a rare, silvery-white, hard, and chemically inert transition metal and a member of the platinum group. It has the chemical symbol Rh and atomic number 45. It is composed of only one isotope, ¹⁰³Rh. Naturally occurring rhodium is found as the free metal, alloyed with similar metals, and never as a chemical compound. It is one of the rarest precious metals and one of the most costly (gold has since taken over the top spot of cost per ounce).

Rhodium is a so-called

.

The element's major use (about 80% of world rhodium production) is as one of the

is often rhodium plated for tarnish resistance.

Rhodium detectors are used in

.

Palladium

Palladium is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Pd and an atomic number of 46. It is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston. He named it after the asteroid Pallas, which was itself named after the epithet of the Greek goddess Athena, acquired by her when she slew Pallas. Palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium and osmium form a group of elements referred to as the platinum group metals (PGMs). These have similar chemical properties, but palladium has the lowest melting point and is the least dense of them.

The unique properties of palladium and other platinum group metals account for their widespread use. A quarter of all goods manufactured today either contain PGMs or have a significant part in their manufacturing process played by PGMs.

, which combine hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, heat, and water.

investment

interest.

Silver

Silver is a metallic

.

Silver has long been valued as a

antibiotics

, further research into clinical potential continues.

Cadmium

Cadmium is a chemical element with the symbol Cd and atomic number 48. This soft, bluish-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury. Like zinc, it prefers oxidation state +2 in most of its compounds and like mercury it shows a low melting point compared to transition metals. Cadmium and its congeners are not always considered transition metals, in that they do not have partly filled d or f electron shells in the elemental or common oxidation states. The average concentration of cadmium in the Earth's crust is between 0.1 and 0.5 parts per million (ppm). It was discovered in 1817 simultaneously by Stromeyer and Hermann, both in Germany, as an impurity in zinc carbonate.

Cadmium occurs as a minor component in most zinc ores and therefore is a byproduct of zinc production. It was used for a long time as a pigment and for corrosion resistant plating on steel while cadmium compounds were used to stabilize plastic. With the exception of its use in nickel–cadmium batteries and cadmium telluride solar panels, the use of cadmium is generally decreasing. These declines have been due to competing technologies, cadmium's toxicity in certain forms and concentration and resulting regulations.^[16]

p-block elements

Indium

Indium is a

line in its spectrum that was the first indication of its existence in zinc ores, as a new and unknown element. The metal was first isolated in the following year. Zinc ores continue to be the primary source of indium, where it is found in compound form. Very rarely the element can be found as grains of native (free) metal, but these are not of commercial importance.

Indium's current primary application is to form transparent electrodes from

). It is also used for making particularly low melting point alloys, and is a component in some lead-free solders.

Indium is not known to be used by any organism. In a similar way to aluminium salts, indium(III) ions can be toxic to the kidney when given by injection, but oral indium compounds do not have the chronic toxicity of salts of heavy metals, probably due to poor absorption in basic conditions. Radioactive indium-111 (in very small amounts on a chemical basis) is used in

white blood cells

in the body.

Tin

Tin is a

, SnO₂.

This silvery,

, which are made mostly of steel.

Antimony

Antimony (

.

For some time China has been the largest producer of antimony and its compounds, with most production coming from the Xikuangshan Mine in Hunan. Antimony compounds are prominent additives for chlorine and bromine containing fire retardants found in many commercial and domestic products. The largest application for metallic antimony is as alloying material for lead and tin. It improves the properties of the alloys which are used as in solders, bullets and ball bearings. An emerging application is the use of antimony in microelectronics.

Tellurium

Tellurium is a chemical element that has the symbol Te and atomic number 52. A brittle, mildly toxic, rare, silver-white metalloid which looks similar to tin, tellurium is chemically related to selenium and sulfur. It is occasionally found in native form, as elemental crystals. Tellurium is far more common in the universe than on Earth. Its extreme rarity in the Earth's crust, comparable to that of platinum, is partly due to its high atomic number, but also due to its formation of a volatile hydride which caused the element to be lost to space as a gas during the hot nebular formation of the planet.

Tellurium was discovered in Transylvania (today part of Romania) in 1782 by Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein in a mineral containing tellurium and gold. Martin Heinrich Klaproth named the new element in 1798 after the Latin word for "earth", tellus. Gold telluride minerals (responsible for the name of Telluride, Colorado) are the most notable natural gold compounds. However, they are not a commercially significant source of tellurium itself, which is normally extracted as by-product of copper and lead production.

Tellurium is commercially primarily used in

material also consume a considerable fraction of tellurium production.

Iodine

Iodine is a chemical element with the symbol I and atomic number 53. The name is from Greek ἰοειδής ioeidēs, meaning violet or purple, due to the color of elemental iodine vapor.^[17]

Iodine and its compounds are primarily used in

. A number of iodine radioisotopes are also used in medical applications.

Iodine is found on Earth mainly as the highly water-soluble iodide I⁻, which concentrates it in oceans and brine pools. Like the other

. However, its presence in ocean water has given it a role in biology (see below).

Xenon

Xenon is a

Naturally occurring xenon consists of

Xenon is used in

Biological role

Rubidium, strontium, yttrium, zirconium, and niobium have no biological role. Yttrium can cause lung disease in humans.

Molybdenum-containing enzymes are used as catalysts by some bacteria to break the

eukaryotes

), though not in all bacteria.

Technetium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, and silver have no biological role. Although cadmium has no known biological role in higher organisms, a cadmium-dependent carbonic anhydrase has been found in marine diatoms. Rats fed a tin-free diet exhibited improper growth, but the evidence for essentiality is otherwise limited.^[31][32] Indium has no biological role and can be toxic as well as antimony.

Tellurium has no biological role, although fungi can incorporate it in place of sulfur and selenium into amino acids such as tellurocysteine and telluromethionine.^[33] In humans, tellurium is partly metabolized into dimethyl telluride, (CH₃)₂Te, a gas with a garlic-like odor which is exhaled in the breath of victims of tellurium toxicity or exposure.

Iodine is the heaviest

products.

Xenon has no biological role, and is used as a general anaesthetic.

References