Marriage law
This article needs to be updated.(December 2023) |
Family law |
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Family |
Marriage law is the legal requirements, an aspect of family law, that determine the validity of a marriage, and which vary considerably among countries.
Summary table
Country/territory | Civil marriages | Religious marriages | Customary marriages[definition needed] | Divorce | Same-sex marriages |
Polygamous marriages |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Afghanistan | Foreigners only | Recognized | — | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal[a] |
Albania | Performed | Not recognized | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Algeria | Performed | Recognized | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal[a] |
Andorra | Performed | — | Not recognized | Legal | Legal | Illegal |
Angola | Performed | — | Recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Argentina | Performed | — | Not recognized | Legal | Legal | Illegal |
Armenia | Performed | Not recognized | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized[b] | Illegal |
Australia | Performed | Recognized[1] | Not recognized | Legal | Legal | Illegal |
Austria | Performed | Not recognized[1] | Not recognized | Legal | Legal | Illegal |
Azerbaijan | Performed | — | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Bahamas | Performed | — | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Bahrain | Foreigners only | Recognized | — | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal[a] |
Bangladesh | Performed | Recognized | — | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal[a] |
Belarus | Performed | Not recognized[1] | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Belize | Performed | — | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Bhutan | Performed | — | Recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal |
Belgium | Performed | Not recognized[1] | Not recognized | Legal | Legal | Illegal |
Benin | Performed | — | Recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Decriminalized |
Botswana | Performed | — | Recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Brazil | Performed | Not recognized | Not recognized | Legal | Legal | Illegal |
Brunei | Performed | Recognized | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal[a] |
Bulgaria | Performed | Not recognized | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Burkina Faso | Performed | — | Recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal[c] |
Burundi | Performed | — | — | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Cameroon | Performed | — | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal |
Canada | Performed | Recognized[1] | Not recognized | Legal | Legal | Illegal |
Central African Republic | Performed | — | — | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal |
China | Performed | Not recognized | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Colombia | Performed | Recognized[1] | Not recognized | Legal | Legal | Illegal |
Cyprus | Performed | Recognized[2] | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Egypt | Performed | Recognized | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal[a] |
Republic of Congo | Performed | — | — | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal |
Ivory Coast | Performed | — | — | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Chile | Performed | Not recognized[1] | Not recognized | Legal | Legal | Illegal |
Comoros | Performed | — | — | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal |
Croatia | Performed | — | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Czech Republic | Performed | — | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Denmark | Performed | Recognized[2] | Not recognized | Legal | Legal | Illegal |
Djibouti | Performed | — | — | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal |
Ecuador | Performed | — | Not recognized | Legal | Legal | Illegal |
Equatorial Guinea | Performed | — | Recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal[c] |
Eritrea | Performed | — | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Estonia | Performed | Recognized[2] | Not recognized | Legal | Legal | Illegal |
Eswatini | Performed | — | Recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal |
Ethiopia | Performed | Recognized[1] | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Finland | Performed | Recognized[2] | Not recognized | Legal | Legal | Illegal |
France | Performed | Not recognized[2] | Not recognized | Legal | Legal | Illegal |
Gabon | Performed | — | — | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal |
Gambia | Performed | Recognized | Recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal |
Georgia | Performed | — | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Germany | Performed | — | Not recognized | Legal | Legal | Illegal |
Ghana | Performed | Recognized[1] | Recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal[c] |
Greece | Performed | Recognized[2] | Not recognized | Legal | Legal | Illegal |
Guinea | Performed | — | — | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Guinea-Bissau | Performed | — | Recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal[c] |
Guyana | Performed | — | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Hong Kong | Performed | Recognized | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Hungary | Performed | — | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Iceland | Performed | Recognized[1] | Not recognized | Legal | Legal | Illegal |
India[3] | Performed | Recognized[1] | Recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Muslims only[a] |
Indonesia | Performed | Recognized | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal[a] |
Iran | Not performed | Recognized | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal[a] |
Iraq | Performed | Recognized | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal[a] |
Ireland | Performed | Recognized[2] | Not recognized | Legal | Legal | Illegal |
Israel | Not performed | Recognized
|
Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized[b] | Illegal |
Italy | Performed | Recognized[2] | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Jamaica | Performed | — | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Japan | Performed | Not recognized[4] | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Jordan | Not performed | Recognized | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal[a] |
Kazakhstan | Performed | — | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Decriminalized |
Kenya[5] | Performed | Recognized
|
Recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal |
Kiribati | Performed | — | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Kosovo | Performed | — | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Kuwait | Foreigners only | Recognized | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal[a] |
Laos | Performed | — | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Latvia | Performed | Recognized[2] | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Lebanon | Not performed | Recognized | — | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal[a] |
Lesotho | Performed | — | Recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal[c] |
Liberia | Performed | Recognized[1] | Recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal[c] |
Libya | Not performed | Recognized | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal[a] |
Lithuania | Performed | Recognized[2] | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Luxembourg | Performed | Not recognized[1] | Not recognized | Legal | Legal | Illegal |
Madagascar | Performed | — | — | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Malawi | Performed | — | Recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal[c] |
Malaysia | Non-muslims only | Recognized | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Muslims only |
Maldives | Performed | — | — | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal[a] |
Mali | Performed | Recognized | — | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal[a] |
Mauritania | Not performed | Recognized | — | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal[a] |
Mauritius | Performed | Recognized | — | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Mexico | Performed | Not recognized | Not recognized | Legal | Legal | Illegal |
Monaco | Performed | — | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Mongolia | Performed | — | — | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Morocco | Performed | Recognized | — | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal[a] |
Mozambique | Performed | — | — | Legal | Unrecognized | Decriminalized |
Namibia | Performed | Not recognized | Recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal[c] |
Nepal | Performed | — | — | Legal | Ambiguous | Illegal |
Netherlands | Performed | Not recognized[1] | Not recognized | Legal | Legal | Illegal |
New Zealand | Performed | Recognized[1] | Not recognized | Legal | Legal | Illegal |
Niger | Performed | — | — | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal[a] |
Nigeria | Performed | Recognized | Recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal (northern regions)[a] |
North Korea | Performed | Not recognized | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Norway | Performed | Recognized[2] | Not recognized | Legal | Legal | Illegal |
Oman | Performed | Recognized | — | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal[a] |
Pakistan | Performed | Recognized | — | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal[a] |
Palestine | Not performed | Recognized | — | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal[a] |
Papua New Guinea | Performed | — | — | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Peru | Performed | Not recognized[1] | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Philippines | Performed | Recognized[1] | — | Illegal (except Muslims) |
Unrecognized | Muslims only[a] |
Poland | Performed | Recognized
10 Christian denominations and Jewish community[6] |
Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Portugal | Performed | Recognized[1] | — | Legal | Legal | Illegal |
Qatar | Not performed | Recognized | — | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal[a] |
Romania | Performed | — | — | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Russia | Performed | Not recognized | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Decriminalized |
Rwanda[7] | Performed | Not recognized | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Saudi Arabia | Not performed | Recognized | — | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal[a] |
Senegal | Performed | Recognized | Recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal[a] |
Sierra Leone | Performed | — | Recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal[c] |
Singapore | Performed | Muslim marriages only | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Muslims only[a] |
Slovakia | Performed | Recognized[2] | — | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Slovenia | Performed | — | — | Legal | Legal | Illegal |
Somalia | Performed | — | Recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal[a] |
South Africa | Performed | Recognized | Recognized | Legal | Legal[d] | Legal[c] |
South Korea | Performed | — | — | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
South Sudan | Performed | — | Recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal |
Spain | Performed | Recognized[2] | Not recognized | Legal | Legal | Illegal |
Sri Lanka | Performed | Recognized[1] | — | Legal | Unrecognized | Muslims only[a] |
Sweden | Performed | Recognized[2] | Not recognized | Legal | Legal | Illegal |
Switzerland | Performed | — | — | Legal | Legal | Illegal |
Sudan | Performed | Recognized | — | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal[a] |
Syria | Performed | Recognized | — | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal[a] |
Taiwan | Performed | — | — | Legal | Legal | Illegal |
Tanzania | Performed | Recognized[1] | Recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal |
Thailand | Performed | — | — | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Togo | Performed | — | — | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal |
Turkey | Performed | Not recognized[1] | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Turkmenistan | Performed | — | — | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Uganda | Performed | Recognized | Recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal |
Ukraine | Performed | Not recognized[1] | Not recognized | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
United Arab Emirates | Non-muslims only[8] | Recognized | — | Legal | Unrecognized | Legal[a] |
United Kingdom | Performed | Recognized[2] | Not recognized | Legal | Legal | Illegal |
United States | Performed | — | — | Legal | Legal | Illegal |
Uruguay | Performed | — | — | Legal | Legal | Illegal |
Vatican City | — | Recognized | Not recognized | Illegal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Venezuela | Performed | — | — | Legal | Unrecognized | Illegal |
Vietnam | Performed | — | — | Legal | Not recognized | Illegal |
Yemen | Not performed | Recognized | — | Legal | Not recognized | Legal[a] |
Zambia | Performed | Recognized | Recognized | Legal | Not recognized | Legal |
Zimbabwe | Performed | Recognized | Recognized | Legal | Not recognized | Legal[c] |
Rights and obligations
...It (Marriage) does not mean that a man has unfettered right to demand and commit sexual intercourse with his wife without her consent or approval, nor it implies that the husband is in dominant position to impose himself upon the wife. The husband cannot indulge in sexual intimacy in such a manner that is discomforting to the wife to her body, mind and soul.—principal judge Dharmesh Sharma, Delhi court ruling, in lieu of marital rape law in India.[9]
A marriage, by definition, bestows rights and obligations on the married parties, and sometimes on relatives as well, being the sole mechanism for the creation of affinal ties (in-laws). Over 2.3 million weddings take place in the U.S. each year.[10] Historically, many societies have given sets of rights and obligations to husbands that have been very different from the sets of rights and obligations given to wives. In particular, the control of marital property, inheritance rights, and the right to dictate the activities of children of the marriage have typically been given to male marital partners (for more details see coverture and marital power). However, these practices were curtailed to a great deal in many countries, especially Western countries, in the twentieth century, and more modern statutes tend to define the rights and duties of a spouse without reference to gender. In various marriage laws around the world, however, the husband continues to have authority; for instance, the Civil Code of Iran states at Article 1105: "In relations between husband and wife; the position of the head of the family is the exclusive right of the husband".[11]
These rights and obligations vary considerably among legal systems, societies, and groups within a society,[12] and may include:
- Giving a husband/wife or his/her family control over some portion of a spouse's labor or property.
- Giving a husband/wife responsibility for some portion of a spouse's debts.
- Giving a husband/wife visitation rights when his/her spouse is incarcerated or hospitalized.
- Giving a husband/wife control over his/her spouse's affairs when the spouse is incapacitated.
- Establishing the second legal guardian of a parent's child.
- Establishing a joint fund of propertyfor the benefit of children.
- Establishing a relationship between the families of the spouses.
Common law marriage
Common-law marriages were valid in England until Lord Hardwicke's Act of 1753. The act did not apply to Scotland, however, and for many years thereafter couples went north across the border to thwart the ban. On the European continent, common-law marriages were frequent in the Middle Ages, but their legality was abolished in the Roman Catholic countries by the Council of Trent (1545–1563), which required that marriages be celebrated in the presence of a priest and two witnesses.[13]
The
It is sometimes mistakenly claimed
The Marriage Act 1753 also did not apply to Britain's overseas colonies of the time, so common-law marriages continued to be recognized in what became the United States and Canada. Although it is claimed that common-law marriage in the US originated in English common-law, this institution in the United States appears to have originated in the primitive conditions of colonial America where the presence of relatively few clerics or civil officials necessitated a substitute for ceremonial marriage, and the need expanded as the settlers moved into the sparsely populated regions of the West.
All countries in Europe have now abolished "marriage by habit and repute", with Scotland being the last to do so in 2006.[19]
Australia has recognised de facto relationships since the
In the United States by the second half of the 20th century, common-law marriages were valid in about one-third of the states, absolutely or conditionally (if entered into before a certain statute-defined date).[20]
Marriage restrictions
Marriage is an institution that is historically filled with restrictions. From age, to gender, to social status, various restrictions are placed on marriage by communities, religious institutions, legal traditions and states.[citation needed]
Marriage age
The minimum age at which a person is able to lawfully marry, and whether parental or other consents are required, vary from country to country. In the U.S. the minimum age for marriage without parental and/or judicial approval is 18 except for Nebraska (19) and Mississippi (21); but most states allow exceptions to the general minimum age in some circumstances (see Marriage age in the United States).[21] In England and Wales the general age at which a person may marry is 18, but 16- or 17-year-olds may get married with their parents' or guardians' consent. If they are unable to obtain this, they can gain consent from the courts, which may be granted by the Magistrates' Courts, or the county or High Court family divisions.
Gender restrictions
restrictions apply in all countries on the genders of the couple.In response to changing social and political attitudes, some jurisdictions and religious denominations now recognize marriages between people of the same sex. Other jurisdictions have instead "civil unions" or "domestic partnerships", while additional others explicitly prohibit same-sex marriages.
In 1989,
Further religious conflicts
These developments have created a political and religious reaction in some countries, including in England, where the Church of England, after long debate, officially banned blessings of gay couples by Church of England clergy,[28] and in the United States, which continues to experience conflicts, based upon religious grounds.
Kinship restrictions
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In the United Kingdom, the Deceased Wife's Sister's Marriage Act 1907 removed the previous prohibition for a man to marry the sister of his deceased wife. In Australia, marriage with an ancestor or descendant is prohibited, as is a marriage between a brother and a sister, whether of whole blood or half-blood and even if the brother or sister has been adopted.
All mainstream religions prohibit some marriages on the basis of the consanguinity (lineal descent) and affinity (kinship by marriage) of the prospective marriage partners, though the standards vary.[citation needed]
Social restrictions
This article needs additional citations for verification. (April 2008) |
In the Indian
Many societies have also adopted other restrictions on whom one can marry, such as prohibitions of marrying persons with the same surname, or persons with the same sacred animal.
Societies have also at times required marriage from within a certain group. Anthropologists refer to these restrictions as
In modern Israel, the status of marriage is the same as it was historically under the
In the U.S., many laws banning interracial marriage, which were state laws, were gradually repealed between 1948 and 1967. The U.S. Supreme Court declared all such laws unconstitutional in the case of Loving v. Virginia in 1967.[33]
Polygamy
Polygamy—being married to more than one spouse—is illegal in most countries. Where polygamous marriages are allowed, it is typically polygyny that is permitted. While accepted by some societies, it is far less common than monogamy.[34]
Polygamy is normally not permitted in most western countries, although some recognize bona fide polygamous marriages that were performed in other countries. Polygamy is practiced illegally by some groups in the United States and Canada, primarily by
Many societies, even some with a cultural tradition of polygamy, recognize
In Islam, polygamy is permitted by the Quran (4:3) which states "If you fear you might fail to give orphan women their ˹due˺ rights ˹if you were to marry them˺, then marry other women of your choice—two, three, or four. But if you are afraid you will fail to maintain justice (between your wives) then ˹content yourselves with˺ one or those ˹bondwomen˺(slaves) in your possession. This way you are less likely to commit injustice (to the orphan girls in your care)." [This verse is from a para which is setting out rules for adoption of orphans.] [36]
Africa has the highest rate of polygamy in the world.[37] In India, only Muslims are allowed to practice polygamy.[38]
Polygamy, taking the form of polygyny, is most common in a region known as the "polygamy belt" in
Medical examination
Beginning in the early 20th century, a number of jurisdictions have mandated premarital medical testing or examinations for one or both parties. One of the most commonly mandated was a blood test for syphilis. Between the 1930s and 1950s, most US states passed laws requiring both parties to a marriage to undergo a Wassermann test (or equivalent) for syphilis. If one of the parties was found to have communicable syphilis, they would generally be prevented from marrying until they underwent treatment to resolve the infection. Before the availability of penicillin after World War II, the treatment of syphilis entailed a course of arsenic-based drugs for up to a year or more. These statutes were eventually repealed between the 1970s and 2000s, because they were considered to no longer be a cost-effective public health measure.[40]
In the 1980s and 1990s, many US state legislatures considered laws requiring premarital HIV testing, though only a small number were adopted, and were only briefly active before being repealed.[41] As of 2010, premarital HIV testing is legally mandated in Bahrain, certain provinces of China, Libya, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Uzbekistan.[42]
State recognition
In many jurisdictions, a civil marriage may take place as part of the religious marriage ceremony, although they are theoretically distinct. In most American states, a wedding must be officiated by the
In a few jurisdictions, a marriage relationship may also be created by the operation of the law alone, as in common-law marriage, sometimes called "marriage by habit and repute." However, the term "common-law marriage" has wider informal use, and is commonly used to refer to cohabiting couples, regardless of any rights they may have. The institution of common-law marriage, in its original legal meaning, has been abolished in almost all jurisdictions that used to have it, and only survives in a few US states. In several jurisdictions, such as parts of Canada, while the law recognizes unmarried couples for various purposes, such relations are not common-law marriages within the original meaning of this legal concept. (see common-law marriage vs. cohabitation). The informal use of the term "common-law marriage" has given rise to many public misconceptions regarding this legal institution.[43]
The status in the eyes of one authority may not be the same as for another. For example, a marriage may be recognised civilly, but not by a church, and vice versa.[citation needed] Normally a marriage entered into in one country will be recognised in other countries.[citation needed] Sometimes, however, a religious ceremony or a marriage entered into in one country is not recognized by another, such as a same-sex marriage.[44]
International recognition
Some countries give legal recognition to marriages performed in another country under the Hague Convention on Marriages (1978).[45] For this to apply, both the country of marriage and the country where recognition is sought need to be members of this convention.
If the country of marriage is not a member of the Hague Convention on Marriages (1978), then the marriage documents will need to be certified following the Apostille convention. This certification is usually performed in the country of marriage by the embassy of the country whose recognition is sought.[citation needed]
License
A
Notice
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In many countries there is a requirement to give notice of an impending marriage to the community so that objections to the marriage can be raised. This custom was in place as a mechanism to necessitate the consent of parents as well as the wider community.
Formality
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While some countries, such as
Ending a marriage
A marriage can end when one partner dies, by divorce or by annulment. Divorce laws vary significantly by country. The only countries that do not allow divorce are the Philippines and the Vatican City, an ecclesiastical state, which has no procedure for divorce. Countries that have relatively recently legalized divorce are Italy (1970), Portugal (1975), Brazil (1977), Spain (1981), Argentina (1987),[46] Paraguay (1991),[47] Colombia (1991)[a][47] Ireland (1996), Chile (2004)[48] and Malta (2011).[49]
See also
Notes
- ^ Divorce between 1976-1991 was allowed only for non-Catholics.
References
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Glossary:Marriage".
- ^ "Special Marriage Act, 1954", Wikipedia, 2023-10-22, retrieved 2023-10-28
- ^ "Getting Married in Japan as a Foreigner". August 8, 2017.
- ^ "Marriage Act, 2014" (PDF).
- ^ "Procedura zawierania małżeństwa "konkordatowego" w kontekście polskiego prawa administracyjnego" (PDF).
- ^ Ntampaka, Charles. "Family Law in Rwanda" (PDF).
- ^ "Marriage". The Official Portal of the UAE Government. Retrieved 2022-11-21.
- ^ Agarwal, Sneha (February 25, 2018). "Marriage not a contract for legal sexual pleasure: Delhi court". India Today.
- ^ "Wedding statistics in the United States". SoundVision.com.
- ^ "The civil code of the Islamic Republic of Iran" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-11. Retrieved 2015-07-17.
- ISBN 1-121-64470-8.
- ^ "Common Law Marriages". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
- ^ Barlow, A., Duncan, S., James, G., and Park, A., (2005) Cohabitation, Marriage and the Law: Social Change and Legal Reform in the 21st Century (Oxford: Hart), p.53
- ^ Probert, R., "Common-Law Marriage: Myths and Misunderstandings", Child & Family Law Quarterly vol.20 issue 1 p.1
- ^ Probert, R. (2012) The Legal Regulation of Cohabitation, 1600–2012: From Fornicators to Family (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), ch. 2.
- ^ "Common-Law Marriage in Texas". January 1967. Retrieved 2024-02-09.
- ^ "Marriage Laws of the Fifty States, District of Columbia and Puerto Rico". Legal Information Institute. 14 April 2008. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
- ^ Family Law (Scotland) Act 2006.
- ^ "Common Law Marriages". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
- ^ "At What Age Do People Get Married Around the World?". Priceonomics. 16 May 2016. Retrieved 2022-01-10.
- ^ Rule, Sheila (2 October 1989). "Rights for Gay Couples in Denmark". New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
- ^ Winter, Caroline (December 4, 2014). "In 14 years, same-sex marriage has spread round the world". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 13 January 2022. Retrieved 2022-02-20.
- ^ "Same-sex marriage around the world". CBC News. Toronto. 26 May 2009. Archived from the original on 25 November 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
- ^ "The Freedom to MarryInternationally". Freedom To Marry. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
- ^ Pearson, Mary. "Where is Gay Marriage Legal?". christiangays.com. Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
- ^ Williams, Steve. "Which Countries Have Legalized Gay Marriage?". Care2.com (news.bbc.co.uk as source). Archived from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
- ^ "House of Bishops issues pastoral statement on Civil Partnerships". Church of England press release. 2005-07-25. Archived from the original on 2008-06-20. Retrieved 2006-12-05.
- ^ Government, Indian (24 Sep 2001). "THE HINDU MARRIAGE ACT, 1955" (PDF). High Court India. Retrieved 24 Sep 2001.
- ^ The First Ten Years of the Korean Constitutional Court (PDF). Seoul: The Constitutional Court of Korea. 2001. p. 123. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-19.
- ^ Miller, Akiva. "THE POLICING OF RELIGIOUS MARRIAGE PROHIBITIONS IN ISRAEL: RELIGION, STATE, AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY". Retrieved 8 February 2022.
- ^ Sommer, Allison (15 November 2018). "When Lucy Met Tzachi". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
- ^ Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967).
- ISBN 0-02-922290-7. See also: Kaingang.
- ^ "Plural Marriage and Families in Early Utah", churchofjesuschrist.org.
- ^ "Surah An-Nisa - 3". Quran.com. Retrieved 2022-06-14.
- KiB)
- ^ Muslim Marriage Act, 1956
- ^ a b c d "Polygamy is rare around the world and mostly confined to a few regions".
- .
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- ^ Burns, Katya (May 2010). "Mandatory Premarital HIV Testing: An Overview". Open Society Foundations.
- ^ ""Common Law Marriage" myth needs addressing, say MPS - Media centre - Resolution - first for family law". www.resolution.org.uk. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
- ^ "Family Policy - Issues Affecting Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender Families" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-02. Retrieved 2008-11-25.
- ^ "Convention On Celebration And Recognition Of The Validity Of Marriage". www.legallanguage.com. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
- ^ "Divorce Is Now Legal in Argentina but, So Far, Few Couples Have Taken the Break". Los Angeles Times. 12 July 1987.
- ^ a b Sex and the State: Abortion, Divorce, and the Family Under Latin. American Dictatorships and Democracies, by Mala Htun, pp 102
- ^ "Chile introduces right to divorce". BBC News. November 18, 2004. Retrieved 2013-11-01.
- ^ lawyersmalta.eu (2023-11-22). "Divorce Lawyers in Malta". Lawyers in Malta. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
50.https://books.openedition.org/pup/5197?lang=fr