Macedonians (ethnic group)

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For the population of North Macedonia, see Demographics of North Macedonia. For the ancient people, see Ancient Macedonians. For other uses, see Macedonian (disambiguation) and Macedonian Slavs (disambiguation).

Macedonians
Македонци
Makedonci
Torlak speakers in Serbia

Macedonians (

Eastern Orthodox Christians, who share a cultural and historical "Orthodox Byzantine–Slavic heritage" with their neighbours. About two-thirds of all ethnic Macedonians live in North Macedonia and there are also communities in a number of other countries
.

The concept of a Macedonian ethnicity, distinct from their Orthodox Balkan neighbours, is seen to be a comparatively newly emergent one.

Second World War.[c]
The formation of the ethnic Macedonians as a separate community has been shaped by population displacement[54] as well as by language shift,[55][dubious – discuss] both the result of the political developments in the region of Macedonia during the 20th century. Following the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, the decisive point in the ethnogenesis of the South Slavic ethnic group was the creation of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia after World War II, a state in the framework of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. This was followed by the development of a separate Macedonian language and national literature, and the foundation of a distinct Macedonian Orthodox Church and national historiography.

History

Main article: History of the Macedonians (ethnic group)
See also:
Macedonian historiography and Macedonian nationalism

Ancient and Roman period

In antiquity, much of central-northern Macedonia (the

Late Antiquity and into the Early Middle Ages.[60][61]

Medieval period

Linguistically, the South Slavic languages from which Macedonian developed are thought to have expanded in the region during the post-Roman period, although the exact mechanisms of this linguistic expansion remains a matter of scholarly discussion.

Kuver's "Sermesianoi"[67] – a mix of Byzantine Greeks, Bulgars and Pannonian Avars – settled the "Keramissian plain" (Pelagonia) around Bitola in the late 7th century.[68][69][70][71] Later pockets of settlers included "Danubian" Bulgars[72][73] in the 9th century; Magyars (Vardariotai)[74] and Armenians in the 10th–12th centuries,[75] Cumans and Pechenegs in the 11th–13th centuries,[76] and Saxon miners in the 14th and 15th centuries.[77] Vlachs (Aromanians) and Arbanasi (Albanians) also inhabited this area in the Middle ages and mingeled with the local Slavic-speakers.[78][79]

Having previously been Byzantine clients, the Sklaviniae of Macedonia switched their allegiance to the Bulgarians with their incorporation into the

First Bulgarian State—into Bulgarians and transforming the Bulgar state into a Bulgarian state.[87][88] Subsequently, the literary and ecclesiastical centre in Ohrid became a second cultural capital of medieval Bulgaria.[89][90]

Ottoman period

See also: Macedonian Bulgarians and Slavic speakers in Ottoman Macedonia

After the final Ottoman conquest of the Balkans by the Ottomans in the 14/15th century, all Eastern Orthodox Christians were included in a specific ethno-religious community under Graeco-Byzantine jurisdiction called Rum Millet. Belonging to this religious commonwealth was so important that most of the common people began to identify themselves as Christians.[91] However ethnonyms never disappeared and some form of primary ethnic identity was available.[92] This is confirmed from a Sultan's Firman from 1680 which describes the ethnic groups in the Balkan territories of the Empire as follows: Greeks, Albanians, Serbs, Vlachs and Bulgarians.[93]

Throughout the Middle Ages and Ottoman rule up until the early 20th century

confessional community
.

The

ethnophyletism" (Greek: εθνοφυλετισμός).[105] At the time of its creation, the only Vardar Macedonian bishopric included in the Exarchate was Veles.[106]

However, in 1874, the Christian population of the

1876 Conference of Constantinople included all of present-day North Macedonia (except for the Debar region) and parts of present-day Greek Macedonia.[109] The borders of new Bulgarian state, drawn by the 1878 Treaty of San Stefano, also included Macedonia, but the treaty was never put into effect and the Treaty of Berlin (1878)
"returned" Macedonia to the Ottoman Empire.

For Christian Slav peasants, however, the choice between the Patriarchate and the Exarchate was not tainted with national meaning, but was a choice of Church or millet. Thus adherence to the Bulgarian national cause was attractive as a means of opposing oppressive Christian chiflik owners and urban merchants, who usually identified with the Greek nation, as a way to escape arbitrary taxation by Patriarchate bishops, via shifting allegiance to the Exarchate and on account of the free (and, occasionally, even subsidized) provision of education in Bulgarian schools.[110][111] Alignment of the Slavs of Macedonia with the Bulgarian, the Greek or sometimes the Serbian national camp did not imply adherence to different national ideologies: these camps were not stable, culturally distinct groups, but parties with national affiliations, described by contemporaries as "sides", "wings", "parties" or "political clubs".[112]

Identity

Georgi Pulevski is the first known person, who in 1875 put forward the idea on the existence of a separate (Slavic) Macedonian language and ethnicity.[113]

The first expressions of

own local dialect and what's more, of their own, separate Macedonian church leadership."[119] The activities of these people were also registered by the Serbian politician Stojan Novaković,[120] who promoted the idea to use the Macedonian nationalism in order to oppose the strong pro-Bulgarian sentiments in the area.[121] The nascent Macedonian nationalism, illegal at home in the theocratic Ottoman Empire, and illegitimate internationally, waged a precarious struggle for survival against overwhelming odds: in appearance against the Ottoman Empire, but in fact against the three expansionist Balkan states and their respective patrons among the great powers.[122]

The first known author that overtly speaks of a Macedonian nationality and language was

Patriarchate of Constantinople to allow a separate Macedonian church, and ultimately on 4 December 1891 he sent a letter to the Pope Leo XIII to ask for a recognition and a protection from the Roman Catholic Church, but failed. Soon after, he repented and returned to pro-Bulgarian positions.[135] In the 1880s and 1890s, Isaija Mažovski designated Macedonian Slavs as "Macedonians" and "Old Slavic Macedonian people", and also distinguished them from Bulgarians as follows: "Slavic-Bulgarian" for Mažovski was synonymous with "Macedonian", while only "Bulgarian" was a designation for the Bulgarians in Bulgaria.[136]

In 1890, Austrian researcher of Macedonia Karl Hron reported that the Macedonians constituted a separate ethnic group by history and language. Within the next few years, this concept was also welcomed in Russia by linguists including Leonhard Masing, Pyotr Lavrov, Jan Baudouin de Courtenay, and Pyotr Draganov.[137][138] Draganov, of Bulgarian descent, conducted research in Macedonia and determined that the local language had its own identifying characteristics compared to Bulgarian and Serbian. He wrote in a Saint Petersburg newspaper that the Macedonians should be recognized by Russia in a full national sense.[139]

Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization leader Boris Sarafov in 1901 stated that Macedonians had a unique "national element" and, the following year, he stated "We the Macedonians are neither Serbs nor Bulgarians, but simply Macedonians... Macedonia exists only for the Macedonians." However after the failure of the Ilinden Uprising, Sarafov wanted to keep closer ties with Bulgaria, supporting the Bulgarian aspirations towards the area.[140][141] Gyorche Petrov, another IMRO member, stated Macedonia was a "distinct moral unit" with its own "aspirations",[142] while describing its Slavic population as Bulgarian.[143]

National antagonisms and Macedonian separatism

See also:
Macedonian Question

Macedonian separatism

Krste Misirkov in 1903 attempted to codify a standard Macedonian language and appealed for eventual recognition of a separate Macedonian nation when the necessary historical circumstances would arise.

In 1903,

Archbishopric of Ohrid should be restored; and the Slavic people of Macedonia should be recognized as a separate ethnic community, when the necessary historical circumstances would arise.[144]

However, throughout the book, Misirkov lamented that "no local Macedonian patriotism exists" and stated that the Slavic Macedonian population had always called itself "Bulgarian".

Torlakian dialects were, in fact, Bulgarian.[153]

Another major figure of the Macedonian awakening was

Macedonian Voice
) in which he and fellow members of the Saint Petersburg Macedonian Colony propagated the existence of a Macedonian people separate from the Greeks, Bulgarians and Serbs, and sought to popularize the idea for an independent Macedonian state.

The "Macedonian Slavs" in cartography

From 1878 until 1918 most independent European observers viewed the

IMRO's appeals to "Macedonians" into an ethnic one.[165] Bulgarian cartographer Anastas Ishirkov countered Cvijić's views, pointing to the involvement of Macedonian Slavs in Bulgarian nationalist uprisings and the Macedonian origins of Bulgarian nationalists before 1878. Although Cvijic's arguments attracted the attention of Great Powers, they did not endorse at the time his view on the Macedo-Slavs.[166]

  • Austrian ethnographic map of the vilayets of Kosovo, Saloniki, Scutari, Janina and Monastir, ca. 1900.
    Austrian ethnographic map of the vilayets of Kosovo, Saloniki, Scutari, Janina and Monastir, ca. 1900.
  • Ethnographical Map of Central and Southeastern Europe - War Office, London (1916)
    Ethnographical Map of Central and Southeastern Europe - War Office, London (1916)
  • Ethnographic map of the Balkans from the Serbian author Jovan Cvijic (1918)
    Ethnographic map of the Balkans from the Serbian author Jovan Cvijic (1918)
  • Greek map by Georgios Sotiriadis submitted to the Paris Peace Conference (1919)
    Greek map by Georgios Sotiriadis submitted to the Paris Peace Conference (1919)
  • Ethnographic map of the Balkans in the New Larned History (1922)
    Ethnographic map of the Balkans in the New Larned History (1922)

Cvijić further elaborated the idea that had first appeared in Peucker's map and in his map of 1909 he ingeniously mapped the Macedonian Slavs as a third group distinct from Bulgarians and Serbians, and part of them "under Greek influence".

Serbo-Croats, on the basis of the transitional character of their dialect per the linguistic researches of Vatroslav Jagić and Aleksandar Belić, and the Serb features of their customs, such as the zadruga.[174] For Cvijić, the Macedo-Slavs were a transitional population, with any sense of nationality they displayed being weak, superficial, externally imposed and temporary.[175] Despite arguing that they should be considered neutral, he postulated their division into Serbs and Bulgarians based on dialectical and cultural features in anticipation of Serbian demands regarding the delimitation of frontiers.[176]

A Balkan committee of experts rejected Cvijić's concept of the Macedo-Slavs in 1914.

University of Athens, to map the Macedo-Slavs as a distinct group in his work of 1918, that mirrored Greek views of the time and was used as an official document to advocate for Greece's positions in the Paris peace conference.[181][182] After World War I, Cvijić's map became the point of reference for all Balkan ethnographic maps,[183] while his concept of Macedo-Slavs was reproduced in almost all maps,[184] including German maps, that acknowledged a Macedonian nation.[185]

Macedonian Nationalism and Interwar Communism

After the

Kingdom of Greece, the Kingdom of Bulgaria and the Kingdom of Serbia, the idea of belonging to a separate Macedonian nation was further spread among the Slavic-speaking population. The suffering during the wars, the endless struggle of the Balkan monarchies for dominance over the population increased the Macedonians' sentiment that the institutionalization of an independent Macedonian nation would put an end to their suffering. On the question of whether they were Serbs or Bulgarians, the people more often started answering: "Neither Bulgar, nor Serb... I am Macedonian only, and I'm sick of war."[186][187] Stratis Myrivilis noted a specific instance of a Slav-speaking family wanting to be referred to, not as "Bulgar, Srrp, or Grrts", but as "Makedon ortodox".[188] By the 1920s, following a negative reaction to the national proselytization of the previous decades, a majority of Christian Slavs inhabiting Greek and Vardar Macedonia used the collective name "Macedonians" to describe themselves, either as a nation or as a distinct ethnicity.[189] The 1928 Greek census recorded 81,844 Slavo-Macedonian speakers, distinct from 16,755 Bulgarian speakers.[190] In 1924 the Politis–Kalfov Protocol was signed between Greece and Bulgaria, concerning the protection of the Bulgarian minority In Greece. However, it was not ratified by the Greek side, because public opinion stood against the recognition of any “Bulgarian” minority".[191] Prior to the 1930s, "it seems to have been acceptable" for Greeks to refer to Slavophones of Macedonia as Macedonians and their language as Macedonian. Ion Dragoumis
had argued this viewpoint.

Dimitar Vlahov played a crucial role in the adoption of the Resolution of the Comintern on the Macedonian question that, for the first time by an international organization, recognized the existence of a separate Macedonian nation, in 1934

The consolidation of an international Communist organization (the

Balkan
communists. The Balkan communist parties supported the national consolidation of the ethnic Macedonian people and created Macedonian sections within the parties, headed by prominent IMRO (United) members.

World War II and Yugoslav nation-state building

The sense of belonging to a separate Macedonian nation gained credence during World War II when ethnic Macedonian communist partisan detachments were formed. In 1943 the Communist Party of Macedonia was established and the resistance movement grew up.

People's Republic of Macedonia within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
(SFRJ).

Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia after the Second World War
.

The available data indicates that despite the policy of assimilation, pro-Bulgarian sentiments among the Macedonian Slavs in Yugoslavia were still sizable during the interwar period.

state policy
. Its main agenda was a result from the need to distinguish between the Bulgarians and the new Macedonian nation, because Macedonians could confirm themselves as a separate community with its own history, only through differentiating itself from Bulgaria. This policy has continued in the new Republic of Macedonia after 1990, although with less intensity. Thus, the Bulgarian part of the identity of the Slavic-speaking population in Vardar Macedonia has died out.

Contemporary state of identity and polemics

Kiro Gligorov was the first president of the Republic of Macedonia (now North Macedonia) after the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991.

Following the collapse of Yugoslavia, the issue of Macedonian identity emerged again. Nationalists and governments alike from neighbouring countries, especially Greece and Bulgaria, espouse the view that the Macedonian ethnicity is a modern, artificial creation. Such views have been seen by Macedonian historians to represent irredentist motives on Macedonian territory.

Rum millet and they can claim them as their heritage.[122] Loring Danforth states similarly, the ancient heritage of modern Balkan countries is not "the mutually exclusive property of one specific nation" but "the shared inheritance of all Balkan peoples".[215]

A more radical and uncompromising strand of Macedonian nationalism has recently emerged called "ancient Macedonism", or "

Antiquisation". Proponents of this view see modern Macedonians as direct descendants of the ancient Macedonians. This view faces criticism by academics as it is not supported by archaeology or other historical disciplines and also could marginalize the Macedonian identity.[216][217] Surveys on the effects of the controversial nation-building project Skopje 2014 and on the perceptions of the population of Skopje revealed a high degree of uncertainty regarding the latter's national identity. A supplementary national poll showed that there was a great discrepancy between the population's sentiment and the narrative the state sought to promote.[218]

Additionally, during the last two decades, tens of thousands of citizens of North Macedonia have applied for Bulgarian citizenship.

placebo identity.[226] Some Macedonians view the Bulgarian policy as part of a strategy to destabilize the Macedonian national identity.[227] As a nation engaged in a dispute over its distinctiveness from Bulgarians, Macedonians have always perceived themselves as threatened by their neighbor.[228] Bulgaria insists its neighbor admit the common historical roots of their languages and nations, a view Skopje continues to reject.[229] As a result, Bulgaria blocked the official start of EU accession talks with North Macedonia.[230]

Despite sizable number of Macedonians that have acquired Bulgarian citizenship since 2002 (ca. 9.7% of the Slavic population), only 3,504 citizens of North Macedonia declared themselves as ethnic Bulgarians in the 2021 census (roughly 0.31% from the Slavic population).[231] The Bulgarian side does not accept these results as completely objective, citing as an example the census has counted less than 20,000 people with Bulgarian citizenship in the country, while in fact they are over 100,000.[232]

Ethnonym

See also:
Macedonians (obsolete terminology)

The national name derives from the

Byzantine province of Macedonia, situated around modern Turkish Edirne.[238]

With the conquest of the Balkans by the

close ties between them and the Greeks, linking both sides to the ancient Macedonians, as a counteract against the growing Bulgarian cultural influence into the region.[243][244]

Although the local intellectuals initially rejected the Macedonian designation as Greek,

Serbianization of the local Slavic speakers, because the very name Macedonia was prohibited in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.[249][250] Ultimately the designation Macedonian, changed its status in 1944, and went from being predominantly a regional, ethnographic denomination, to a national one.[251]

Population

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    The vast majority of Macedonians live along the valley of the river Vardar, the central region of the Republic of North Macedonia. They form about 64.18% of the population of North Macedonia (1,297,981 people according to the 2002 census). Smaller numbers live in eastern Albania, northern Greece, and southern Serbia, mostly abutting the border areas of the Republic of North Macedonia. A large number of Macedonians have immigrated overseas to Australia, the United States, Canada, New Zealand and to many European countries: Germany, Italy, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Austria among others.

    Balkans

    Greece

    See also:
    Slavic-speakers of Greek Macedonia

    The existence of an ethnic Macedonian minority in Greece is rejected by the Greek government. The number of people speaking Slavic dialects has been estimated at somewhere between 10,000 and 250,000.[f] Most of these people however do not have an ethnic Macedonian national consciousness, with most choosing to identify as ethnic Greeks[260] or rejecting both ethnic designations and preferring terms such as "natives" instead.[261] In 1999 the Greek Helsinki Monitor estimated that the number of people identifying as ethnic Macedonians numbered somewhere between 10,000 and 30,000,[12][262] Macedonian sources generally claim the number of ethnic Macedonians living in Greece at somewhere between 200,000 and 350,000.[263] The ethnic Macedonians in Greece have faced difficulties from the Greek government in their ability to self-declare as members of a "Macedonian minority" and to refer to their native language as "Macedonian".[261]

    Since the late 1980s there has been an ethnic Macedonian revival in Northern Greece, mostly centering on the region of Florina.[264] Since then ethnic Macedonian organisations including the Rainbow political party have been established.[265] Rainbow first opened its offices in Florina on 6 September 1995. The following day, the offices had been broken into and had been ransacked.[266] Later Members of Rainbow had been charged for "causing and inciting mutual hatred among the citizens" because the party had bilingual signs written in both Greek and Macedonian.[267] On 20 October 2005, the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) ordered the Greek government to pay penalties to the Rainbow Party for violations of 2 ECHR articles.[261] Rainbow has seen limited success at a national level, its best result being achieved in the 1994 European elections, with a total of 7,263 votes. Since 2004 it has participated in European Parliament elections and local elections, but not in national elections. A few of its members have been elected in local administrative posts. Rainbow has recently re-established Nova Zora, a newspaper that was first published for a short period in the mid-1990s, with reportedly 20,000 copies being distributed free of charge.[268][269][270]

    Serbia

    Main article: Macedonians in Serbia

    Within Serbia, Macedonians constitute an officially recognised ethnic minority at both a local and national level. Within Vojvodina, Macedonians are recognised under the Statute of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, along with other ethnic groups. Large Macedonian settlements within Vojvodina can be found in Plandište, Jabuka, Glogonj, Dužine and Kačarevo. These people are mainly the descendants of economic migrants who left the Socialist Republic of Macedonia in the 1950s and 1960s. The Macedonians in Serbia are represented by a national council and in recent years Macedonian has begun to be taught. The most recent census recorded 22,755 Macedonians living in Serbia.[271]

    Albania

    Main article:
    Macedonians of Albania

    Macedonians represent the second largest ethnic minority population in

    Korce as well as in Gora. 4,697 people declared themselves Macedonians in the 1989 census.[272]

    Bulgaria

    Main article: Ethnic Macedonians in Bulgaria

    Republic of North Macedonia resided in the province.[278]

    In 1998, Krassimir Kanev, chairman of the non-governmental organization

    UMO Ilinden-Pirin
    , a small Macedonian political party, as a separatist organization. Subsequently, activists attempted to re-establish the party but could not gather the required number of signatures.

    • Macedonians in North Macedonia, according to the 2002 census
      Macedonians in North Macedonia, according to the 2002 census
    • Concentration of Macedonians in Serbia
      Concentration of Macedonians in Serbia
    • Regions where Macedonians live within Albania
      Regions where Macedonians live within Albania
    • Macedonian Muslims in North Macedonia
      Macedonian Muslims in North Macedonia

    Diaspora

    Further information: Macedonian diaspora
    Macedonian diaspora in the world (includes people with Macedonian ancestry or citizenship).
      North Macedonia
      + 100,000
      + 10,000
      + 1,000

    Significant Macedonian communities can also be found in the traditional immigrant-receiving nations, as well as in Western European countries. Census data in many European countries (such as Italy and Germany) does not take into account the ethnicity of émigrés from the Republic of North Macedonia.

    Argentina

    Most Macedonians can be found in Buenos Aires, the Pampas and Córdoba. An estimated 30,000 Macedonians can be found in Argentina.[280]

    Australia

    Further information: Macedonian Australians

    The official number of Macedonians in Australia by birthplace or birthplace of parents is 83,893 (2001). The main Macedonian communities are found in Melbourne,

    Perth. The 2006 census recorded 83,983 people of Macedonian ancestry and the 2011 census recorded 93,570 people of Macedonian ancestry.[281]

    Brazil

    An estimated 45,000 people in Brazil are of Macedonian ancestry.[282] The Macedonians can be primarily found in Porto Alegre, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Curitiba.

    Canada

    Further information: Macedonian Canadians

    The Canadian census in 2001 records 37,705 individuals claimed wholly or partly Macedonian heritage in Canada,[283] although community spokesmen have claimed that there are actually 100,000–150,000 Macedonians in Canada.[284]

    United States

    Further information: Macedonian Americans

    A significant Macedonian community can be found in the United States. The official number of Macedonians in the US is 49,455 (2004). The Macedonian community is located mainly in Michigan, New York, Ohio, Indiana and New Jersey[285]

    Germany

    Further information: Macedonians in Germany

    There are an estimated 61,000 citizens of North Macedonia in Germany (mostly in the

    Ruhrgebiet) (2001
    ).

    Italy

    There are 74,162 citizens of North Macedonia in Italy (Foreign Citizens in Italy).

    Switzerland

    Further information:
    Macedonians in Switzerland

    In 2006 the Swiss Government recorded 60,362 Macedonian Citizens living in Switzerland.[286]

    Romania

    Further information:
    Macedonians in Romania

    Macedonians are an officially recognised minority group in Romania. They have a special reserved seat in the nation's parliament. In 2002, they numbered 731.

    Slovenia

    Further information: Macedonians in Slovenia

    Macedonians began relocating to Slovenia in the 1950s when the two regions formed a part of a single country, Yugoslavia.

    Other countries

    Other significant Macedonian communities can also be found in the other Western European countries such as Austria, France, Luxembourg, Netherlands, United Kingdom, and the whole European Union. [citation needed] Also in Uruguay, with a significant population in Montevideo.[citation needed]

    Culture

    Main article: Culture of North Macedonia

    The culture of the people is characterized with both traditionalist and modernist attributes. It is strongly bound with their native land and the surrounding in which they live. The rich cultural heritage of the Macedonians is accented in the folklore, the picturesque traditional folk costumes, decorations and ornaments in city and village homes, the architecture, the monasteries and churches, iconostasis, wood-carving and so on. The culture of Macedonians can roughly be explained as Balkanic, closely related to that of Bulgarians and Serbs.

    Architecture

    Ottoman architecture in Ohrid.
    Macedonian girls in traditional folk costumes.

    The typical Macedonian village house is influenced by Ottoman Architecture. Presented as a construction with two floors, with a hard facade composed of large stones and a wide balcony on the second floor. In villages with predominantly agricultural economy, the first floor was often used as a storage for the harvest, while in some villages the first floor was used as a cattle-pen.

    The stereotype for a traditional Macedonian city house is a two-floor building with white façade, with a forward extended second floor, and black wooden elements around the windows and on the edges.

    Cinema and theater

    Main article: Cinema of North Macedonia

    The history of film making in North Macedonia dates back over 110 years. The first film to be produced on the territory of the present-day the country was made in 1895 by

    Janaki and Milton Manaki in Bitola. In 1995 Before the Rain became the first Macedonian movie to be nominated for an Academy Award.[287]

    From 1993 to 1994, 1,596 performances were held in the newly formed republic, and more than 330,000 people attended. The Macedonian National Theater (drama, opera, and ballet companies), the Drama Theater, the Theater of the Nationalities (Albanian and Turkish drama companies) and the other theater companies comprise about 870 professional actors, singers, ballet dancers, directors, playwrights, set and costume designers, etc. There is also a professional theatre for children and three amateur theaters. For the last thirty years a traditional festival of Macedonian professional theaters has been taking place in

    Vojdan Černodrinski, the founder of the modern Macedonian theater. Each year a festival of amateur and experimental Macedonian theater companies is held in Kočani
    .

    Music and art

    Main article: Music of North Macedonia

    Macedonian music has many things in common with the music of neighboring

    Balkan
    countries, but maintains its own distinctive sound.

    The founders of modern Macedonian painting included

    Petar Hadzi Boskov, Boro Mitrikeski, Novak Dimitrovski and Tome Serafimovski
    are also outstanding.

    Economy

    In the past, the Macedonian population was predominantly involved with agriculture, with a very small portion of the people who were engaged in trade (mainly in the cities). But after the creation of the People's Republic of Macedonia which started a social transformation based on Socialist principles, middle and heavy industries were started.

    Language

    Main article: Macedonian language

    Macedonian (македонски јазик) is a member of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. Standard Macedonian was implemented as the official language of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia after being codified in the 1940s, and has accumulated a thriving literary tradition.

    The closest relative of Macedonian is

    dialects of Macedonian
    as well as varieties spoken in southern Serbia and western Bulgaria. Torlakian is often classified as part of the Eastern South Slavic dialects.

    The Macedonian alphabet is an adaptation of the Cyrillic script, as well as language-specific conventions of spelling and punctuation. It is rarely Romanized.

    Religion

    Main articles:
    Roman Catholicism in North Macedonia, Macedonian Greek Catholic Church, Protestantism in North Macedonia, and Islam in North Macedonia
    St. Panteleimon
    in Ohrid.

    Most Macedonians are members of the

    Macedonian Orthodox Church. The official name of the church is Macedonian Orthodox Church – Ohrid Archbishopric and is the body of Christians who are united under the Archbishop of Ohrid and North Macedonia, exercising jurisdiction over Macedonian Orthodox Christians in the Republic of North Macedonia and in exarchates in the Macedonian diaspora
    .

    The church gained autonomy from the

    Protestant
    churches.

    Between the 15th and the 20th centuries, during

    Macedonian Muslims
    , who constitute the second largest religious community of the country.

    Names

    Main article: Macedonian names

    Cuisine

    Main article: Macedonian cuisine
    Tavče Gravče, the national dish
    of Macedonians.

    Macedonian cuisine is a representative of the cuisine of the Balkans—reflecting Mediterranean (Greek) and Middle Eastern (Turkish) influences, and to a lesser extent Italian, German and Eastern European (especially Hungarian) ones. The relatively warm climate in North Macedonia provides excellent growth conditions for a variety of vegetables, herbs and fruits. Thus, Macedonian cuisine is particularly diverse.

    Tavče Gravče and mastika
    are considered the national dish and drink of North Macedonia, respectively.

    Symbols

    See also:
    Flags of North Macedonia and National symbols of North Macedonia

    Symbols used by members of the ethnic group include:

    Flag of the Republic of Macedonia (1992–1995) depicting the Vergina Sun
    • government of North Macedonia announced the complete removal of the Vergina Sun from all public areas, institutions and monuments in the country, with the deadline for its removal being set to 12 August 2019, in line with the Prespa Agreement.[300][301][302]

    Genetics

    mtDNA
    ) on the plots (Macedonian samples are marked as Mc in brown colored circle).

    Anthropologically, Macedonians possess genetic lineages postulated to represent Balkan prehistoric and historic

    Gagauzes.[g]

    Y-DNA studies suggest that Macedonians along with neighboring South Slavs are distinct from other Slavic-speaking populations in Europe and near half of their Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups are likely to be inherited from inhabitants of the Balkans that predated sixth-century Slavic migrations.[313] A diverse set of Y-DNA haplogroups are found in Macedonians at significant levels, including I2a1b, E-V13, J2a, R1a1, R1b, G2a, encoding a complex pattern of demographic processes.[314] Similar distributions of the same haplogroups are found in neighboring populations.[315][316] I2a1b and R1a1 are typically found in Slavic-speaking populations across Europe[317][318] while haplogroups such as E-V13 and J2 occur at high frequencies in neighboring non-Slavic populations.[315] On the other hand R1b is the most frequently occurring haplogroup in Western Europe and G2a is most frequently found in Caucasus and the adjacent areas. According to a DNA data for 17 Y-chromosomal STR loci in Macedonians, in comparison to other South Slavs and Kosovo Albanians, the Macedonian population had the lowest genetic (Y-STR) distance against the Bulgarian population while having the largest distance against the Croatian population. However, the observed populations did not have significant differentiation in Y-STR population structure, except partially for Kosovo Albanians.[319] Genetic similarity, irrespective of language and ethnicity, has a strong correspondence to geographic proximity in European populations.[310][311][320]

    In regard to population genetics, not all regions of Southeastern Europe had the same ratio of native Byzantine and invading Slavic population, with the territory of the

    Western South Slavs. Most probably on the territory of Western South Slavs was a state of desolation which produced there a founder effect.[321][322] The region of Macedonia suffered less disruption than frontier provinces closer to the Danube, with towns and forts close to Ohrid, Bitola and along the Via Egnatia. Re-settlements and the cultural links of the Byzantine Era further shaped the demographic processes which the Macedonian ancestry is linked to.[323] Nevertheless, even present-day Peloponnesian Greeks carry a small, but significant amount of Slavic ancestry; the admixture ranged from 0.2% to 14.4%.[324]

    See also

    References

    1. ^ See:[37][38][39]
    2. ^ See:[40][41][42][43][44][45]
    3. ^ See:[49][50][51][52][53]
    4. ^ See:[98][99][100][101]
    5. ^ See:[202][203][204][205][206][207][208][209]
    6. ^ See:[252][253][254][255][256][257][258][259]
    7. ^ See:[304][305][306][307][308][309][310][311][312]
    1. ^ State Statistical Office
    2. ^ "Cultural diversity: Census". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2022.
    3. ^ a b c d e f g Republic of Macedonia MFA estimate Archived 26 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
    4. ^ 2006 figures Archived 19 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
    5. ^ Foreign Citizens in Italy, 2017 Archived 6 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
    6. ^ 2020 Community Survey
    7. ^ 2005 Figures Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
    8. ^ a b Nasevski, Boško; Angelova, Dora; Gerovska, Dragica (1995). Македонски Иселенички Алманах '95. Skopje: Матица на Иселениците на Македонија. pp. 52–53.
    9. ^ "My Info Agent". Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
    10. ^ 2006 census Archived 25 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
    11. ^ 2001 census Archived 15 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
    12. ^ a b Report about Compliance with the Principles of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (Greece) – GREEK HELSINKI MONITOR (GHM) Archived 23 May 2003 at the Wayback Machine
    13. ^ "Попис у Србији 2011". Archived from the original on 9 May 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
    14. ^ Tabelle 13: Ausländer nach Staatsangehörigkeit (ausgewählte Staaten), Altersgruppen und Geschlecht — p. 74.
    15. ^ "United Nations Population Division | Department of Economic and Social Affairs". un.org. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
    16. ^ 1996 estimate Archived 5 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
    17. ^ minorityrights.org
    18. ^ Population by country of origin
    19. ^ OECD Statistics.
    20. ^ Population by country of birth 2009.
    21. ^ "Population by Ethnicity, by Towns/Municipalities, 2011 Census". Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. December 2012.
    22. ^ 2002 census (stat.si).
    23. ^ "Belgium population statistics". dofi.fgov.be. Retrieved 9 June 2008.
    24. ^ 2008 figures Archived 12 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
    25. ^ 2003 census Archived 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine,Population Estimate from the MFA Archived 26 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
    26. ^ 2005 census Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
    27. ^ czso.cz
    28. ^ a b Makedonci vo Svetot Archived 26 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
    29. ^ Polands Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947, p. 260.
    30. ^ "Rezultatele finale ale Recensământului din 2011 – Tab8. Populaţia stabilă după etnie – judeţe, municipii, oraşe, comune" (in Romanian). National Institute of Statistics (Romania). 5 July 2013. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
    31. ^ a b Ива Капкова, Етноанализът на НСИ: 8,4% в България се определят към турския етнос, 4,4% казват, че са роми; 24.11.2022, Dir.bg
    32. ^ Montenegro 2011 census.
    33. ^ "2006 census". Archived from the original on 27 November 2007. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
    34. ^ Population Estimate from the MFA Archived 30 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
    35. ^ "República de Macedonia - Emigrantes totales".
    36. ^ {{https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fstorage%2Fmediabank%2FTom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK}}
    37. ^ "Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States", p. 517 The Macedonians are a Southern Slav people, closely related to Bulgarians.
    38. ^ "Ethnic groups worldwide: a ready reference handbook", p. 54 Macedonians are a Slavic people closely related to the neighboring Bulgarians.
    39. ISBN 9780203403747
      .
    40. ^ Krste Misirkov, On the Macedonian Matters (Za Makedonckite Raboti), Sofia, 1903: "And, anyway, what sort of new Macedonian nation can this be when we and our fathers and grandfathers and great-grandfathers have always been called Bulgarians?"
    41. ISBN 978-0-7190-6605-4
      . Macedonian nationalism Is a new phenomenon. In the early twentieth century, there was no separate Slavic Macedonian identity
    42. ISBN 978-0-520-21029-5
      . On the other hand, the Macedonians are a newly emergent people in search of a past to help legitimize their precarious present as they attempt to establish their singular identity in a Slavic world dominated historically by Serbs and Bulgarians. ... The twentieth-century development of a Macedonian ethnicity, and its recent evolution into independent statehood following the collapse of the Yugoslav state in 1991, has followed a rocky road. In order to survive the vicissitudes of Balkan history and politics, the Macedonians, who have had no history, need one.
    43. ISBN 0-8014-8736-6
      . The key fact about Macedonian nationalism is that it is new: in the early twentieth century, Macedonian villagers defined their identity religiously—they were either "Bulgarian," "Serbian," or "Greek" depending on the affiliation of the village priest. ... According to the new Macedonian mythology, modern Macedonians are the direct descendants of Alexander the Great's subjects. They trace their cultural identity to the ninth-century Saints Cyril and Methodius, who converted the Slavs to Christianity and invented the first Slavic alphabet, and whose disciples maintained a centre of Christian learning in western Macedonia. A more modern national hero is Gotse Delchev, leader of the turn-of-the-century Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), which was actually a largely pro-Bulgarian organization but is claimed as the founding Macedonian national movement.
    44. ISBN 0-521-79708-X
      . Despite the recent development of Macedonian identity, as Loring Danforth notes, it is no more or less artificial than any other identity. It merely has a more recent ethnogenesis – one that can therefore more easily be traced through the recent historical record.
    45. ISBN 978-0-19-924409-6
      . Unlike the Slovene and Croatian identities, which existed independently for a long period before the emergence of SFRY Macedonian identity and language were themselves a product federal Yugoslavia, and took shape only after 1944. Again unlike Slovenia and Croatia, the very existence of a separate Macedonian identity was questioned—albeit to a different degree—by both the governments and the public of all the neighboring nations (Greece being the most intransigent)
    46. ^ Bonner, Raymond (14 May 1995). "The World; The Land That Can't Be Named". The New York Times. New York. Archived from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019. Macedonian nationalism did not arise until the end of the last century.
    47. ISBN 978-0817948832. Archived from the original
      (PDF) on 28 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019. They were also insisting that the Macedonians sacrifice their national name, under which, as we have seen throughout this work, their national identity and their nation formed in the nineteenth century.
    48. ISBN 978-0817948832. Archived from the original
      (PDF) on 28 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019. Under very trying circumstances, most ethnic Macedonians chose a Macedonian identity. That identity began to form with the Slav awakening in Macedonia in the first half of the nineteenth century.
    49. ISBN 0-691-04356-6
    50. ^ Stephen Palmer, Robert King, Yugoslav Communism and the Macedonian question, Hamden, Connecticut Archon Books, 1971, p.p.199-200
    51. ISBN 9780191528729
      . Retrieved 18 March 2015.
    52. ^
      ISBN 9781850654926
      . Retrieved 18 March 2015.
    53. ^
      ISBN 9781850652380
      . Retrieved 18 March 2015.
    54. ISBN 1498585051
      , p. 130.
    55. ISBN 9783447053549
      , pp. 87–101.
    56. ^ A J Toynbee. Some Problems of Greek History, Pp 80; 99–103
    57. ^ The Problem of the Discontinuity in Classical and Hellenistic Eastern Macedonia, Marjan Jovanonv. УДК 904:711.424(497.73)
    58. ^ A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Wiley -Blackwell, 2011. Map 2
    59. ^ Peter Heather, Goths and Romans 332–489. p. 129
    60. ^ a b Macedonia in Late Antiquity p. 551. In A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Wiley -Blackwell, 2011
    61. ^ a b Curta, Florin (2012). "Were there any Slavs in seventh-century Macedonia?". Journal of History. 47: 73.
    62. ^ Curta (2004, p. 148)
    63. ^ Fine (1991, p. 29)
    64. ^ T E Gregory, A History of Byzantium. Wiley- Blackwell, 2010. p. 169
    65. ^ Curta (2001, pp. 335–345)
    66. ^ Florin Curta. Were there any Slavs in seventh-century Macedonia? 2013
    67. ISBN 0521243041, pp. 215–216.
    68. ^ Fine 1991, pp. 71.
    69. ^ Во некрополата "Млака" пред тврдината во Дебреште, Прилеп, откопани се гробови со наоди од доцниот 7. и 8. век. Тие се делумно или целосно кремирани и не се ниту ромеjски, ниту словенски. Станува збор наjвероjатно, за Кутригурите. Ова протобугарско племе, под водство на Кубер, а како потчинето на аварскиот каган во Панониjа, околу 680 г. се одметнало од Аварите и тргнало кон Солун. Кубер ги повел со себе и Сермесиjаните, (околу 70.000 на број), во нивната стара татковина. Сермесиjаните биле Ромеи, жители на балканските провинции што Аварите ги заробиле еден век порано и ги населиле во Западна Панониjа, да работат за нив. На Кубер му била доверена управата врз нив. In English: In the necropolis 'Malaka' in the fortress of Debreshte, near Prilep, graves were dug with findings from the late 7th and early 8th century. They are partially or completely cremated and neither Roman nor Slavic. The graves are probably remains from the Kutrigurs. This Bulgar tribe was led by Kuber... Средновековни градови и тврдини во Македонија. Иван Микулчиќ (Скопје, Македонска цивилизација, 1996) стр. 32–33.
    70. ISBN 9004163891
      , p. 460.
    71. ^ W Pohl. The Avars (History) in Regna and Gentes. The Relationship Between Late Antique and Early Medieval Peoples and Kingdoms in the Transformation of the Roman World. pp. 581, 587
    72. ^ They spread from the original heartland in north-east Bulgaria to the Drina in the west, and to Macedonia in the south-west.; На целиот тој простор, во маса метални производи (делови од воената опрема, облека и накит), меѓу стандардните форми користени од словенското население, одвреме-навреме се појавуваат специфични предмети врзани за бугарско болјарство како носители на новата државна управа. See: Средновековни градови и тврдини во Македонија. Иван Микулчиќ (Скопје, Македонска цивилизација, 1996) стр. 35; 364–365.
    73. ISBN 8677431047
      , pp. 186–187.
    74. ^ Florin Curta. 'The Edinburgh History of the Greeks, C. 500 to 1050: The Early Middle Ages. pp. 259, 281
    75. Angeliki E. Laiou
      , p. 58. Many were apparently based in Bitola, Stumnitsa and Moglena
    76. ^ Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365. Istvan Varsary. p. 67
    77. ISBN 9780765638519
      . Retrieved 18 March 2015.
    78. ^ Czamanska, Ilona. (2016). Vlachs and Slavs in the Middle Ages and Modern Era. Res Historica. 41. 11. 10.17951/rh.2016.0.11.
    79. ISBN 9789548872454
      , стр. 10-22.
    80. ^ Fine 1991, pp. 110–111.
    81. ^ Fine 1991, pp. 113, 196 Two brothers ... Constantine and Methodius were fluent in the dialect of Slavic in the environs of Thessaloniki. They devised an alphabet to convey Slavic phonetics.
    82. ^ Francis Dvornik. The Slavs p. 167
    83. ^ Ostrogorsky, History of the Byzantine State p. 310
    84. ISBN 978-0-63122039-8
      .
    85. ISBN 978-1-44433361-9
      .
    86. ISBN 978-1-85043944-8
      .
    87. ^ Fine 1991, pp. 127 [The Slavonic mission was to be a major means of making these Slavs in Macedonia—and other Slavs within the Bulgarian state as well—into Bulgarians.].
    88. ISBN 978-1-4039-6417-5
      . Boris I welcomed the refugees with open arms, offered them his atronage, and helped them establish a missionary operation centered on Ohrid in Bulgar Macedonia, where they trained youths for the clergy and translated the entire Orthodox liturgy into Slavic. The newly trained Slavic-speaking priests then were sent among the state's Slav subjects. As their influence spread and the numbers of converts multiplied, a new sense of community and state was created within the population. Separate ethnic identities slowly merged into a common Bulgarian one, and regional or tribal loyalties perceptibly shifted to the state, personified by its now-Christian ruler. A state of Bulgaria, as opposed to a Bulgar state, was born.
    89. ^ Alexander Schenker. The Dawn of Slavic. pp. 188–190. Schenker argues that Ohrid was 'innovative' and 'native Slavic' whilst Preslav very much relied on Greek modelling.
    90. ISBN 9780521894524
      .
    91. ISBN 9789052013749
      . Retrieved 18 March 2015.
    92. ^ Balkan cultural commonality and ethnic diversity. Raymond Detrez (Ghent University, Belgium).
    93. ISBN 9545284676
      , стр. 23. (Bg.)
    94. ^ Center for Documentation and Information on Minorities in Europe, Southeast Europe (CEDIME-SE) – "Macedonians of Bulgaria", p. 14. Archived 23 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine
    95. ISBN 9781850655343
      . Retrieved 18 March 2015.
    96. ^ "Средновековни градови и тврдини во Македонија, Иван Микулчиќ, Македонска академија на науките и уметностите – Скопје, 1996, стр. 72". Retrieved 18 March 2015.
    97. ^ Academician Dimitŭr Simeonov Angelov (1978). "Formation of the Bulgarian nation (summary)". Sofia-Press. pp. 413–415. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
    98. ^ When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans. J V A Fine. pp. 3–5.
    99. ^ Relexification Hypothesis in Rumanian. Paul Wexler. p. 170
    100. ^ Cumans and Tartars: Oriental military in the pre-Ottoman Balkans. Istvan Vasary. p. 18
    101. ^ Byzantium's Balkan Frontier. Paul Stephenson. p. 78–79
    102. ^ The Edinburgh History of the Greeks; 500–1250: The Middle Ages. Florin Curta. 2013. p. 294 (echoing Anthony D Smith and Anthony Kaldellis) "no clear notion exists that the Greek nation survived into Byzantine times...the ethnic identity of those who lived in Greece during the Middle Ages is best described as Roman."
    103. ^ Mats Roslund. Guests in the House: Cultural Transmission Between Slavs and Scandinavians; 2008. p. 79
    104. ISBN 1461731763, p. 168.
    105. ^ Namee, Matthew (15 March 2022). "The Longest Schism in Modern Orthodoxy: Bulgarian Autocephaly & Ethnophyletism". Orthodox History. The Orthodox Church in the Modern World.
    106. ^ Tashev, Spas. "Facsimilise of Sultan's Firman with English Translation".
    107. ^ Църква и църковен живот в Македония, Петър Петров, Христо Темелски, Македонски Научен Институт, София, 2003 г.
    108. ISBN 0822308134
      , p. 15.
    109. ISBN 0810872021
      , p. 271.
    110. ^ Vermeulen, Hans (1984). "Greek cultural dominance among the Orthodox population of Macedonia during the last period of Ottoman rule". In Blok, Anton; Driessen, Henk (eds.). Cultural Dominance in the Mediterranean Area. Nijmegen. pp. 225–255.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
    111. ^ Gounaris, Basil G. (1995). "Social Cleavages and National "Awakening" in Ottoman Macedonia". East European Quarterly. 29 (4): 409–426.
    112. ^ Gounaris, Basil G. (1995). "Social Cleavages and National "Awakening" in Ottoman Macedonia". East European Quarterly. 29 (4): 409–426.
    113. ISBN 9004290362
      , p. 454.
    114. ISBN 0-691-04356-6
    115. ^
      ISBN 900425076X
      , pp. 283–285.
    116. Carigrad
      he wrote: "We have many times heard from the Macedonists that they are not Bulgarians, but they are rather Macedonians, descendants of the Ancient Macedonians and we have always waited to hear some proofs of this, but we have never heard them."
    117. ^ Соня Баева, Петко Славейков: живот и творчество, 1827–1870, Изд-во на Българската академия на науките, 1968, стр. 10.
    118. ^ Речник на българската литература, том 2 Е-О. София, Издателство на Българската академия на науките, 1977. с. 324.
    119. ^ A letter from Slaveykov to the Bulgarian Exarch written in Solun in February 1874
    120. ^ Балканска питања и мање историјско-политичке белешке о Балканском полуострву 1886–1905. Стојан Новаковић, Београд, 1906.
    121. ^ "Since the Bulgarian idea, as it is well-known, is deeply rooted in Macedonia, I think it is almost impossible to shake it completely by opposing it merely with the Serbian idea. This idea, we fear, would be incapable, as opposition pure and simple, of suppressing the Bulgarian idea. That is why the Serbian idea will need an ally that could stand in direct opposition to Bulgarianism and would contain in itself the elements which could attract the people and their feelings and thus sever them from Bulgarianism. This ally I see in Macedonism...." except from the report of S. Novakovic to the Minister of Education in Belgrade in Cultural and Public Relations of the Macedonians with Serbia in the XIXth c., Skopje, 1960, p. 178.
    122. ^
      ISBN 978-0817948832. Archived from the original
      (PDF) on 28 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
    123. ^ Rečnik od tri jezika: s. makedonski, arbanski i turski [Dictionary of Three languages: Macedonian, Albanian, Turkish], U državnoj štampariji, 1875, p. 48f.
    124. ^ Речник от четири jазика. Ђ. Пулевски, Belgrade, 1873, p. 3
    125. ^ Rečnik od tri jezika: s. makedonski, arbanski i turski [Dictionary of Three languages: Macedonian, Albanian, Turkish], U državnoj štampariji, 1875, p. 48f.
    126. ISBN 9780930042592
      . In 1875, Gorge M. Pulevski, who identifies himself as mijak galicki 'a mijak from Galicnik'
    127. ISBN 978-90-04-25076-5
      .
    128. ISBN 978-3-0343-0196-1
      .
    129. ^ Блаже Ристовски, "Портрети и процеси од македонската литературна и национална историја", том 1, Скопје: Култура, 1989 г., стр. 281, 283, 28.
    130. ISBN 978-86-84919-42-9
      , стр. 133-144.
    131. ISBN 1442241802
      .
    132. ISBN 978-3-0343-0196-1
      .
    133. ISBN 978-90-04-25076-5
    134. ^ Theodosius of Skopje Centralen D'rzhaven istoricheski archiv (Sofia) 176, op. 1. arh.ed. 595, l.5–42 – Razgledi, X/8 (1968), pp. 996–1000.
    135. ^ Писмо на Теодосий до вестника на Българската екзархия "Новини" от 04.02.1892 г.
    136. ^ Блаже Конески, Македонскиот XIX век. том 6, Составиле: Анастасија Ѓурчинова, Лидија Капушевска-ДракулевскаЫ Бобан Карапејовски, белешки и коментари: Георги Сталев, МАНУ, Скопје, 2020, стр. 72.
    137. ISBN 9781000289404
      .
    138. ISBN 9780822308133
      .
    139. ISBN 9788816950115
      . In quella data aveva appunto fatto ritorno da una missione in Macedonia il filologo Draganov, di origine bulgaro-bassarabiana, i cui contributi scientifici avrebbero introdotto il pubblico colto della capitale russa all'esistenza di un'area linguistica slava, in quella regione dei Balcani, dotata di caratteri individuanti propri e non assimilabili a quelli serbi e bulgari; ancora in tempi recentissimi Draganov era intervenuto a sostenere, sulle colonne di un autorevole giornale di Petroburgo, il buon diritto degli Slavi macedoni - o meglio Macedoni nel pieno sneso nazionale, e non piu solo geografico, della parola - al riconoscimento da parte russa quale nazionalita a se stante ed anzi maggioritaria in casa propria, in Macedonia.
    140. ISBN 0691099952
      , p. 175
    141. ^ Mercia MacDermott, Freedom or Death, The Life of Gotsé Delchev, Journeyman Press, London & West Nyack, 1978, p. 379.
    142. ISBN 9781000289404
      .
    143. ^ Information from a book by Gyorche Petrov on the ethnic composition of the population in Macedonia: The Macedonian population consists of Bulgarians, Turks, Albanians, Wallachians, Jews The total number of the population and that of each nationality cannot be defined exactly as there are no statistics... Bulgarians constitute the bulk of the population in the vilayet I am describing. In spite of all distortions in the official statistics, they again figure as more than half of the population. I could not personally collect any data about the number of the population, that is why I am not quoting figures. I made a description of the Bulgarian population in the section on Topography, that is why it is not necessary to repeat the same again or go into detail... (G. Petrov, Materials on the Study of Macedonia), Sofia, 1896, pp. 724-725, 731; the original is in Bulgarian. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of History, Bulgarian Language Institute, Macedonia. Documents and materials, Sofia 1978, Document # 40.]
    144. ^ The term 'project' tackles likewise the specific temporal orientation of the initial stage of formation of Macedonian ethnic nationalism: the Macedonian self-determination is seen by Misirkov as a future ideal and his national manifesto on the Macedonian Matters (Sofia, 1903) recognizes the lack of actual correlation between the concept of Macedonian Slavic ethnicity and the real self-identifications of the majority of Macedonian Slavs. In a rather demiurgical way, Misirkov is the first who exposes the basic 'ethnographic' characteristics of what he regards as 'inexistent' but 'possible' and 'necessary' Macedonian Slavic ethnicity... Tchavdar Marinov, "Between Political Autonomism and Ethnic Nationalism: Competing Constructions of Modern Macedonian National Ideology (1878–1913)", p. 3.
    145. ISBN 3825813878, p. 138.
    146. ^ Misirkov, Krste (1903). За македонцките работи [On Macedonian Matters] (PDF). Sofia. p. 117. Словените од Бугариiа и Македониiа наi напред беа само соiузници на бугарите во воiните со Византиiа. Но соiузните со бугарите словенцки полчишча беа во очите на неприiателите т.е. византиiците пак бугарцки. Значит византиiците зафатиiа да прекрстуват словените ушче од времето на Аспарухоата орда. Постоiанната борба рамо за рамо со бугарите ѝ направи ниф iеден народ со бугарцко име, но со словенцки iазик [At first, the Slavs in Bulgaria and Macedonia were only allies of the Bulgars in the wars against Byzantium. Hоwever, due to the alliance with the Bulgars, the Slavic hordes appeared in the eyes of the adversary, i.e. the Byzantines, to be Bulgars too. So the Byzantines renamed the Slavs as early as the time of Asparuh's horde. Our constant fight side by side with the Bulgars made us into one people with a Bulgarian name but Slavonic language.]{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
    147. ^ Misirkov, Krste (1903). За македонцките работи [On Macedonian Matters] (PDF). Sofia. p. 35.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
    148. ^ Misirkov, Krste (1903). "За македонцките работи" [On Macedonian Matters]. Sofia. The uprising prevented Macedonia from being partitioned, and this is one of its more worthwhile results. But partition was luckily avoided thanks really to the fact that our enemies happened to be inept and inexperienced. If Bulgaria wanted to threaten us even more seriously in the future, when our enemies were more experienced, she might enter into an agreement with Serbia concerning the partition of Macedonia between the spheres of influence. This agreement between the spheres of influence would unfailingly lead to the partition of Macedonia. This is why one of the prime duties of the Macedonian intelligentsia is once and for all to drive Serbian and Bulgarian propaganda out of Macedonia so that Macedonia can establish its own spiritual centre, and free the Macedonians from this give and take relation with the neighboring Balkan states and peoples. Hence the need to forestall the partition of Macedonia and retain it as a province of Turkey
    149. ^ Misirkov, Krste (1903). За македонцките работи [On Macedonian Matters] (PDF). Sofia. p. 105.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
    150. ^ Misirkov, Krste (1903). "За македонцките работи" [On Macedonian Matters]. Sofia. The Macedonians and Bulgarians are now left with a choice between two possibilities: either Macedonia will be divided among the neighbouring Balkan states, which would mean a loss of two thirds of Macedonia both for the Bulgarians and for the Macedonians, or else all relations with Bulgaria will be severed and the Macedonian question will be regarded on a purely neutral, Macedonian basis. When necessity phrases the issue thus it is clear that the second choice is the one which will always be preferred by everybody, for what honest Macedonian patriot would be prepared to sacrifice Kostur, Lerin, Bitola, Ohrid, Resen, Prilep, Veles, Tetovo, Skopje, etc. for the unification of Macedonia up to the left bank of the River Vardar with Bulgaria?
    151. ISBN 978-0-275-97648-4
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    152. ^ "Проф. д-р Веселин Трайков – "Кръсте П. Мисирков и за българските работи в Македония", София, 2000, Издателство "Знание"". Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
    153. ^ Misirkov, Krastyo (1910). "Бележки по южно-славянската филология и история" [Notes on South Slavic Philology and History] (PDF). Българска сбирка (in Bulgarian). 1 (XVII ed.). Sofia: 39–47.
    154. ^ Iz istorii makedonskogo literaturnogo iazyka, R.P. Usikova, 2004
    155. ^ Demeter & Bottlik 2021, p. 114.
    156. ^ Demeter & Bottlik 2021, p. 199.
    157. ^ Demeter & Bottlik 2021, p. 95.
    158. ^ Demeter & Bottlik 2021, p. 96, 93.
    159. ^ Demeter & Bottlik 2021, p. 96, 105.
    160. ^ Demeter & Bottlik 2021, p. 114.
    161. ^ Wilkinson 1951, p. 133-4.
    162. ^ Wilkinson 1951, p. 134-5.
    163. ^ Wilkinson 1951, p. 146-88.
    164. ^ Wilkinson 1951, p. 148-50.
    165. ^ Wilkinson 1951, p. 151.
    166. ^ Wilkinson 1951, p. 152-3.
    167. ^ Demeter & Bottlik 2021, p. 118.
    168. ^ Wilkinson 1951, p. 135, 164.
    169. ^ Wilkinson 1951, p. 164-5.
    170. ^ Demeter & Bottlik 2021, p. 118.
    171. ^ Demeter & Bottlik 2021, p. 121.
    172. ^ Wilkinson 1951, p. 166.
    173. ^ Demeter & Bottlik 2021, p. 119.
    174. ^ Wilkinson 1951, p. 172, 175, 177.
    175. ^ Wilkinson 1951, p. 177-8.
    176. ^ Wilkinson 1951, p. 178-9.
    177. ^ Wilkinson 1951, p. 203.
    178. ^ Wilkinson (1951), pp. 215, 221, 223.
    179. ^ Wilkinson 1951, p. 181-2.
    180. ^ Demeter & Bottlik 2021, p. 129-30.
    181. ^ Wilkinson 1951, p. 192-3.
    182. ^ Demeter & Bottlik 2021, p. 122.
    183. ^ Wilkinson 1951, p. 172.
    184. ^ Wilkinson 1951, p. 203.
    185. ^ Demeter & Bottlik 2021, p. 130.
    186. ^ Историја на македонската нација. Блаже Ристовски, 1999, Скопје.
    187. ^ "On the Monastir Road". Herbert Corey, National Geographic, May 1917 (p. 388.)
    188. ISBN 978-0-19-921442-6. On Velusina's population, see also: Brancoff, D.M. (1905). La Macédoine et sa Population Chrétienne. Παρίσι. pp. 168–9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
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    189. ^ Boškovska, Nada (2017). Yugoslavia and Macedonia Before Tito: Between Repression and Integration. London / New York: I. B. Tauris. pp. 5–10.
    190. ISBN 9780520043589
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    191. ^ <Michailidis, Iakovos D. (1996). "Minority Rights and Educational Problems in Greek Interwar Macedonia: The Case of the Primer "Abecedar"". Journal of Modern Greek Studies. 14 (2): 329–343.
    192. ^ Victor Roudometof, Nationalism, Globalization, and Orthodoxy: The Social Origins of Ethnic Conflict in the Balkans (Contributions to the Study of World History), Praeger, 2001, p.187
    193. ^ The Situation in Macedonia and the Tasks of IMRO (United) – published in the official newspaper of IMRO (United), "Македонско дело", N.185, April 1934.
    194. ^ Произходът на македонската нация - Стенограма от заседание на Македонския Научен Институт в София през 1947 г.
    195. ^ ...Да, тоа е точно. И не само Димитар Влахов. Павел Шатев, Панко Брашнаров, Ризо Ризов и др. Меѓутоа, овде тезата е погрешно поставена. Не е работата во тоа дали левицата се определуваше за Србија, а десницата за Бугарија. Тука се мешаат поимите. Практично, ни левицата ни десницата не ја доведуваа во прашање својата бугарска провениенција. Тоа ќе го доведе дури и Димитар Влахов во 1948 година на седница на Политбирото, кога говореше за постоењето на македонска нација, да рече дека во 1931-1932 година е направена грешка. Сите тие ветерани останаа само на нивото на политички, а не и на национален сепаратизам... Акад. Иван Катарџиев. "Верувам во националниот имунитет на македонецот". мега-интервју за списание "Форум", архива број 329, Скопје, 22.07.2000.
    196. ^ Κωστόπουλος, Τάσος (2009). ""Η Μακεδονία κάτω από το ζυγό της ελληνικής κεφαλαιοκρατίας". Ένα ρεπορτάζ του Ριζοσπάστη στις σλαβόφωνες περιοχές (1933)". Αρχειοτάξιο (in Greek). 11: 12–13.
    197. ^ Резолюция о македонской нации (принятой Балканском секретариате Коминтерна — Февраль 1934 г, Москва.
    198. ^ Nation, R.C. (1996). A Balkan Union? Southeastern Europe in Soviet Security Policy, 1944–8. In: Gori, F., Pons, S. (eds) The Soviet Union and Europe in the Cold War, 1943–53. Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 125–143.
    199. ^ Marinov, Tchavdar & Vezenkov, Alexander. (2014). 6. Communism and Nationalism in the Balkans: Marriage of Convenience or Mutual Attraction?. in R. Daskalov, D. Mishkova, Tch. Marinov, A. Vezenkov, Entangled Histories of the Balkans. Vol. 4: Concepts, Approaches, and (Self-)Representations (Brill, 2017), pp. 440-593.
    200. ^ ... Поделбата на Македонија 1913 година одигра извонредно штетна улога во свеста на Македонецот. Зошто? Затоа што ја прекина нормалната комуникација-политичка, културна, економска - меѓу Македонците. Го прекина процесот на создавање на единствена македонска историја на целиот македонски простор. Македонските прогресивни сили ги врза за прогресивните сили на земјите во коишто опстојуваа. Тие почнаа да ја прифаќаат политичката определба и филозофија на земјите меѓу кои Македонија беше поделена. Така, во текот на НОБ, кога дојде времето за поврзување, постоеше огромен јаз во свеста на Македонецот од трите дела на земјата. Сите велеа дека се Македонци, ама сите на тој поим му даваа поинаква содржина. Кои доаѓаа од Бугарија, тие сметаа дека треба да дојдат на чело и да ја водат Македонија, особено ветераните како Шатев и Влахов. Тие, практично, се чувствуваа како Бугари. ВМРО (Об.) не мрдна од обичниот политички македонски сепаратизам. Во Вардарска Македонија, пак, благодарејќи на српското ропство, тече процес на самоизразување низ литературата. Треба да се признае фактот дека постоењето на хрватско и на словенечко движење во Кралска Југославија придонесе македонското национално движење да се осознава многу подлабоко. Оттаму, појавувањето на весници како Луч во 1937 година, во кои доаѓа до израз теоријата за македонската национална самобитност... Акад. Иван Катарџиев. "Верувам во националниот имунитет на македонецот". мега-интервју за списание "Форум", архива број 329, Скопје, 22.07.2000 г.
    201. ^ History of the Balkans, Vol. 2: Twentieth Century. Barbara Jelavich, 1983.
    202. ^ "Within Greece, and also within the new kingdom of Yugoslavia, which Serbia had joined in 1918, the ejection of the Bulgarian church, the closure of Bulgarian schools, and the banning of publication in Bulgarian, together with the expulsion or flight to Bulgaria of a large proportion of the Macedonian Slav intelligentsia, served as the prelude to campaigns of forcible cultural and linguistic assimilation...In both countries, these policies of de-bulgarization and assimilation were pursued, with fluctuating degrees of vigor, right through to 1941, when the Second World War engulfed the Balkan peninsula. The degree of these policies' success, however, remains open to question. The available evidence suggests that Bulgarian national sentiment among the Macedonian Slavs of Yugoslavia and Greece remained strong throughout the interwar period, though they lacked the means to offer more than passive resistance to official policies." For more see: F. A. K. Yasamee, Nationality in the Balkans: The case of the Macedonians. Balkans: A Mirror of the New World Order, Istanbul: Eren Publishing, 1995; pp. 121–132.
    203. ISBN 0801416752
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    204. ISBN 0208008217
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    205. ISBN 1351863428
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    206. ^ In Macedonia, post-WWII generations grew up "overdosed" with strong anti-Bulgarian sentiment, leading to the creation of mainly negative stereotypes for Bulgaria and its nation. The anti-Bulgariansim (or Bulgarophobia) increased almost to the level of state ideology during the ideological monopoly of the League of Communists of Macedonia, and still continues to do so today, although with less ferocity... However, it is more important to say openly that a great deal of these anti-Bulgarian sentiments result from the need to distinguish between the Bulgarian and the Macedonian nations. Macedonia could confirm itself as a state with its own past, present and future only through differentiating itself from Bulgaria. For more see: Mirjana Maleska. With the eyes of the "other" (about Macedonian-Bulgarian relations and the Macedonian national identity). In New Balkan Politics, Issue 6, pp. 9–11. Peace and Democracy Center: "Ian Collins", Skopje, Macedonia, 2003. ISSN 1409-9454.
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    220. ^ Предоставяне на българско гражданство, Справка за преиода 22.01.2002–15.01.2012 г. (Bulgarian citizenship Information for the period 22.01.2002–15.01.2012 year); Доклад за дейността на КБГБЧ за 2012–2013 година (Report on the activities of the CBCBA for 2012–2013 year), p. 7 Доклад за дейността на КБГБЧ за периода 23.01.2013 – 22.01.2014 година (Report on the activities of the CBCBA for the period 23.01.2013–22.01.2014 year), p. 6; Годишен доклад за дейността на КБГБЧ за периода 01.01.2014–31.12.2014 година (Annual report on the activities of the CBCBA for the period 01.01.2014–31.12.2014 year), p. 5; Годишен доклад за дейността на КБГБЧ за периода 01.01.2015–31.12.2015 година (Annual report on the activities of the CBCBA for the period 01.01.2015–31.12.2015 year), p. 6; Годишен доклад за дейността на КБГБЧ за периода 01.01.2016–31.12.2016 година (Annual report on the activities of the CBCBA for the period 01.01.2016–31.12.2016 year), p. 6; Доклад за дейността на комисията по българско гражданство за периода 14 януари – 31 декември 2017 г. (Activity Report of the Bulgarian Citizenship Commission for the period 14 January – 31 December 2017); Доклад за дейността на комисията по българско гражданство за периода 01 януари – 31 декември 2018 г. (Activity Report of the Bulgarian Citizenship Commission for the period 01 January – 31 December 2018); Доклад за дейността на комисията по българско гражданство за периода 01 януари – 31 декември 2019 г. (Activity Report of the Bulgarian Citizenship Commission for the period 01 January – 31 December 2019). Доклад за дейността на комисията по българско гражданство за периода 01 януари – 31 декември 2020 г. (Activity Report of the Bulgarian Citizenship Commission for the period 01 January – 31 December 2020).
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    227. ^ Risteski, L. (2016). "Bulgarian passports" – Possibilities for greater mobility of Macedonians and/or strategies for identity manipulation? EthnoAnthropoZoom/ЕтноАнтропоЗум, (10), 80–107. https://doi.org/10.37620/EAZ14100081r
    228. ^ Ljubica Spaskovska, Country report on Macedonia, November 2012. EUDO Citizenship Observatory, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, p.20.
    229. ^ Bulgaria asks EU to stop 'fake' Macedonian identity. Deutsche Welle, 23.09.2020.
    230. ^ Bulgaria blocks EU accession talks with North Macedonia. Nov 17, 2020, National post.
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      , p.114: The "highlanders" or "Makedones" of the mountainous regions of western Macedonia are derived from northwest Greek stock; they were akin both to those who at an earlier time may have migrated south to become the historical "Dorians".
    237. ^ Nigel Guy Wilson, Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece, Routledge, 2009, p.439: The latest archaeological findings have confirmed that Macedonia took its name from a tribe of tall, Greek-speaking people, the Makednoi.
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    265. ^ Second Macedonian newspaper in Greece – "Втор весник на Македонците во Грција...Весникот се вика "Задруга"...За нецел месец во Грција излезе уште еден весник на Македонците/A Second Macedonian Newspaper in greece...The Newspaper is Called "Zadruga/Koinothta"...Barely a month ago in Greece another newspaper for the Macedonians was released."
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    Bibliography

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