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*{{Flag|Sweden}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fenjan|first=Tamara|title=– Sverige är en klientstat till USA|url=http://flamman.se/a/sverige-ar-en-klientstat-till-usa|access-date=2021-06-27|website=flamman.se|language=sv}}</ref>
*{{Flag|Sweden}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fenjan|first=Tamara|title=– Sverige är en klientstat till USA|url=http://flamman.se/a/sverige-ar-en-klientstat-till-usa|access-date=2021-06-27|website=flamman.se|language=sv}}</ref>
*{{Flag|Ukraine}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dubovyk|first=Volodymyr|date=2017-02-16|title=Is Ukraine a "Client State" of the United States?|url=http://www.ponarseurasia.org/memo/ukraine-client-state-united-states|journal=PonarsEuarasia - Policy Memos|language=en}}</ref>
*{{Flag|Ukraine}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dubovyk|first=Volodymyr|date=2017-02-16|title=Is Ukraine a "Client State" of the United States?|url=http://www.ponarseurasia.org/memo/ukraine-client-state-united-states|journal=PonarsEuarasia - Policy Memos|language=en}}</ref>
*{{Flag|United Kingdom}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Britain is a US client state and should not forget it, says the neocons' oracle {{!}} Politics {{!}} The Guardian|url=https://amp.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/nov/19/foreignpolicy.usa|access-date=2021-06-07|website=amp.theguardian.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2003-07-19|title=Will Hutton: Don't sell out to Uncle Sam|url=http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2003/jul/20/foreignpolicy.usa|access-date=2021-06-07|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=We are now a client state {{!}} Politics {{!}} The Guardian|url=https://amp.theguardian.com/politics/2003/jul/17/usa.world|access-date=2021-06-27|website=amp.theguardian.com}}</ref>
*{{Flag|United Kingdom}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Britain is a US client state and should not forget it, says the neocons' oracle {{!}} Politics {{!}} The Guardian|url=https://amp.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/nov/19/foreignpolicy.usa|access-date=2021-06-07|website=amp.theguardian.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2003-07-19|title=Will Hutton: Don't sell out to Uncle Sam|url=http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2003/jul/20/foreignpolicy.usa|access-date=2021-06-07|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=We are now a client state {{!}} Politics {{!}} The Guardian|url=https://amp.theguardian.com/politics/2003/jul/17/usa.world|access-date=2021-06-27|website=amp.theguardian.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=CNN columnist suggests the UK become the 51st state of the US following Brexit vote|url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/cnn-columnist-suggests-uk-become-020621457.html|access-date=2021-08-25|website=sg.news.yahoo.com|language=en-SG}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=UK is becoming 51st state of the US under Tories, SNP MP claims|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/18118929.uk-becoming-51st-state-us-tories---kenny-macaskill/|access-date=2021-08-25|website=HeraldScotland|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Make UK the 51st state|url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/06/29/opinions/make-the-uk-the-51st-state/index.html|access-date=2021-08-25|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref>


In certain instances, particularly in defense, the {{Flag|European Union}} has been described as a client state of the USA.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cicarelli |first=Siena|date=2021-06-01|title=The Case for EU Defense|url=https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/security/reports/2021/06/01/500099/case-eu-defense///flanguage=en}}</ref>
In certain instances, particularly in defense, the {{Flag|European Union}} has been described as a client state of the USA.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cicarelli |first=Siena|date=2021-06-01|title=The Case for EU Defense|url=https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/security/reports/2021/06/01/500099/case-eu-defense///flanguage=en}}</ref>

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A client state is a state that is economically, politically, or militarily subordinate to another more powerful state (termed controlling state in this article) in

neo-colony, protectorate, vassal state, and tributary state
.

Controlling states in history

Persia, Greece, and Rome

See also: List of Roman client rulers

Ancient states such as

feudal system
began to take hold.

Chinese dynasties

Main article:
List of tributaries of Imperial China

Ottoman Empire

Main article: Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire
Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire in 1590

The number of tributary or vassal states varied over time but notable were the

Sultanate of Aceh
.

19th and 20th centuries

Russia and Serbia

Main article: Russia–Serbia relations

The

Austro-Hungarian Empire tried to make Serbia a client state in order to form a Christian opposition to the Ottoman Empire. That changed after a revolution in Serbia in 1900. Serbia now came under Russian protection, which was forming a pan-Orthodox opposition to the Latin Christianity represented by the Austro-Hungarian empire. In 1914, Russia repeatedly warned the Austro-Hungarian Empire against attacking Serbia. When it did attack, Russia mobilized its army.[4][5][6] Russia also wanted Bulgaria[7] and Montenegro[8]
as client states.

Great Britain and Austria both considered Serbia as a client state controlled by Russia.[9] Most historians call Serbia a client state but historian Christopher Clark disagrees. He says the Russians made a mistake in thinking Serbia was a client state. In an unpublished commentary Clark argues:

It was a risk enhancing initiative [of Russian Foreign Minister Serge Sazanov] to allow Serbia to become to see Serbia as a kind of client; ... Serbia, to my knowledge, has never been a client of anyone. [...] This is a mistake, when Great Powers think they can secure the services of "client states"; That Those "clients" are never in fact "clients"! That's a mistake that is presumably going to continue being made by our political leaderships, though one hopes one day it will stop.[10]

France

Main articles:
French client republic and Françafrique
First French Empire and French satellite states in 1812

During the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras (1789–1815), France conquered most of western Europe and established several client states. At first, during the

Rhodanic Republic), Belgium and the Netherlands (Batavian Republic
).

During the First French Empire, while Napoleon and the French army conquered Europe, such states changed, and several new states were formed. The Italian republics were transformed into the Kingdom of Italy under Napoleon's direct rule in the north, and the Kingdom of Naples in the south, first under Joseph Bonaparte's rule and later under Marshal Joachim Murat. A third state was created in the Italian Peninsula, the Kingdom of Etruria. The Batavian Republic was replaced by the Kingdom of Holland, ruled by Napoleon's third brother, Louis Bonaparte.

A total of 35 German states, all of them allies of France, seceded from the

Jerome Bonaparte, the Emperor's youngest brother; and the Grand Duchy of Würzburg
.

Following the

Kingdom of Spain under Joseph Bonaparte; as was Poland, then the Duchy of Warsaw
.

In the 20th century, France started to apply the concept of

former African colonies,[11][12]
sometimes extended to the former Belgian colonies. At present the term is used on some occasions to criticise the allegedly neocolonial relationship France has with its former colonies in Africa.

The countries involved provide oil and minerals important to the French economy. In addition, French companies have commercial interests in several countries of the continent.

British Empire

British Indian Empire. The princely states
are in yellow.

In the

Lord Lugard), and Malaya with the Federated Malay States and Unfederated Malay States; the policy of indirect rule
.

Germany

After

Slovak Republic, the Croatian State and the Albanian Kingdom
.

United States of America

SEATO nations hosted by Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos
on 24 October 1966

The term applied has been applied to authoritarian regimes with close ties to the United States during the Cold War, also referred to as U.S. proxy states, such as

Iran until 1979, Cambodia under the regime of Lon Nol from 1970 to 1975, the Philippines under Ferdinand Marcos from 1965 to 1986,[13] and Saudi Arabia. U.S. - Iran relations under the Shah (reigned 1941 to 1979) have been cited as a modern political-science case-study.[14]

The term has also been applied to states which are extremely economically dependent on a more powerful nation. The three Pacific Ocean countries associated with the United States under the Compact of Free Association (the Federated States of Micronesia, the Marshall Islands and Palau) have been called client states.

Japan

Location of Manchukuo (red) within Imperial Japan's sphere of influence in 1939

In the late 19th century, the

Japanese Empire gradually reduced Joseon Korea's status to that of a client state. In the early 20th century, this was converted to direct rule. Manchukuo, in contrast, remained a puppet state
throughout World War II.

Soviet Union

Soviet proxy or "client" states included much of the

Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam). Within the Soviet Union itself, the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR, had seats at the United Nations
, but were actually proper Soviet territory.

21st century

Argentina

Australia

People's Republic of China

France

India

Iran

These countries have to varying degrees been called client states of Iran.

Russia

Japan

Saudi Arabia

  •  Bahrain - According to The Atlantic, "Bahrain has long positioned itself as a client state to Saudi Arabia as well as the U.S."[56]
  •  United Arab Emirates
  •  
    civil war in Yemen
    .

Turkey

United States of America

For other uses, see American imperialism.

There are three Pacific Island states that are under the Compact of Free Association:

Puerto Rico is officially a commonwealth of the United States, that is, it has a pact of association for the common good with the United States. It is an associated state, but unlike the other three it is not entirely independent.[58]

Various other media have listed the following as American client states:[59][60][61][58]

  •  Argentina has been described as a client state of United States.
  •  Bahamas has been described as a client state of United States.
  •  Bahrain has been described as a client state of United States.
  •  Belize has been described as a client state of United States.
  •  Chile has been described as a client state of United States.
  •  Colombia has been described as a client state of United States.
  •  Costa Rica has been described as a client state of United States.
  •  Dominican Republic has been described as a client state of United States.
  •  Ecuador has been described as a client state of United States.
  •  Egypt has been described as a client state of United States.
  •  El Salvador has been described as a client state of United States.
  •  Guatemala has been described as a client state of United States.
  •  Haiti has been described as a client state of United States.
  •  Honduras has been described as a client state of United States.
  •  Indonesia has been described as a client state of United States.
  •  Iraq has been described as a client state of United States.
  •  Israel has been described as a client state of United States.
  •  Jamaica has been described as a client state of United States.
  •  Jordan has been described as a client state of United States.
  •  Kosovo has been described as a client state of United States.
  •  Kuwait has been described as a client state of United States.
  •  Morocco has been described as a client state of United States.
  •  Panama has been described as a client state of United States.
  •  Peru has been described as a client state of United States.
  •  Qatar has been described as a client state of United States.
  •  South Korea has been described as a client state of United States.
  •  Taiwan has been described as a client state of United States.
  •  Tunisia has been described as a client state of United States.
  •  United Arab Emirates has been described as a client state of United States.
  •  Yemen (Cabinet of Yemen) has been described as a client state of United States.

While the term has also been used to describe:

In certain instances, particularly in defense, the  European Union has been described as a client state of the USA.[101]

See also

References

  1. ^ Michael Graham Fry, Erik Goldstein, Richard Langhorne. Guide to International Relations and Diplomacy. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Continuum International Publishing, 2002. Pp. 9.
  2. ISBN 9783161497179
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  3. ^ Collected studies: Alexander and his successors in Macedonia, by Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond,1994,page 257,"to Demetrius of Pharos, whom she set up as a client king
  4. ^ Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Sazonov warned Austria in 1914 that Russia "Would respond militarily to any action against the client state." Christopher Clark, The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 (2012) p 481.
  5. ISBN 978-1424069606
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  6. ISBN 9781315509440
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  7. ISBN 9780521522519
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  8. ISBN 9780701172930
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  9. ISBN 9780335093076
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  10. ^ CIRSD Conference on WWI: Panel "What Kind of Failure?" - Prof. Christopher Clark, 21:36. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sV2147p9xho Published on 30 May 2014.
  11. ^ "The French African Connection". Al Jazeera. April 7, 2014. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
  12. ^ Haski, Pierre (July 21, 2013). "The Return of Françafrique". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
  13. ^ "Imelda's Tears". The New Yorker. April 12, 1998.
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  15. ^ Williams, Glen (1989). "6: Canada in the International Political Economy". In Clement, Wallace; Williams, Glen (eds.). The New Canadian Political Economy. Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. pp. 116, 130.
    ISBN 9780773506817
    . Retrieved 2018-09-19. The dependency school, dominant in the 1960s and early 1970s, argued that Canada is an economic colony with a client state. [...] while it might have been possible a decade ago to use a Latin American dependency model when describing Canada, because of its excessive degree of foreign ownership and 'American client state' status, both Canadian capitalists and the Canadian state have now 'come of age.'
  16. ^ "How Japan Took Control of Korea | HISTORY". www.history.com. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
  17. ^ a b Mizokami, Kyle (8 January 2016). "Why North Korea is betting big on nuclear weapons". The Week.
  18. ^ https://www.argentina.gob.ar/2020-misiones-de-la-armada-argentina
  19. ^ "Pacific correspondent Mike Field". Radio New Zealand. 18 June 2015.
  20. ^ "Chris Kenny visits Nauru as borders open up to allies". The Saturday Paper. 31 October 2015.
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  28. ^ "China's Myanmar Problem". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
  29. ^ Novick, Rebecca; ContributorWriter; Optimist, Eternal (2010-10-05). "Is Nepal China's Client State?". HuffPost. Retrieved 2020-01-22. {{cite web}}: |last2= has generic name (help)
  30. ^ Standard, The. "(Commentary) North Korea is not a client state that China can control". The Standard. Retrieved 2019-08-02.
  31. ^ Brautigam, Deborah. "China and Zimbabwe: After Mugabe".
  32. ^ "Editorial | African solution: Threatened countries must fight off Boko Haram". therecord.com. October 20, 2015.
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  35. ^ "Bangladesh Just Became a Vassal State". The Diplomat. 4 October 2016.
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  60. ^ Jegic, Denijal. "Trump's Kosovo-Serbia normalisation deal is all about Israel". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
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  67. ^ Kilian, Crawford (2017-06-07). "Can Canada Become a 'Hard Power'?". The Tyee. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
  68. ^ "Postaju 51. američka država? Tri milijuna Amerikanaca koji služe vojsku, ali ne mogu birati predsjednika". m.vecernji.hr. Retrieved 2021-08-11.
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  70. ^ "Denmark Becomes 51st State Every Fourth of July". Los Angeles Times. 1989-07-02. Retrieved 2021-04-18.
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  73. ^ Lieven, Anatol (2007-11-14). "A Tale of Two Client States". The National Interest. Retrieved 2020-01-21.
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  75. ^ a b c "Africa's client states". New African Magazine. 2018-06-01. Retrieved 2021-06-27.
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  87. ^ "Ronald Lasecki: Polska jest kolonią USA". salon24.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2021-07-14.
  88. ^ searchnewsglobal (2013-11-01). "România este colonie americană" (in Romanian). Retrieved 2021-06-24.
  89. ^ "SLOVENSKO SA DNES STALO AMERICKOU KOLÓNIOU". www.extraplus.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved 2021-08-09.
  90. ^ Zem, · AUTOR; Vek (2019-05-31). "Nie sme proeurópske Slovensko, ale americká kolónia - Zem&Vek". Zem&Vek - Alternatívne spravodajstvo (in Slovak). Retrieved 2021-08-09.
  91. ^ "Škandál! Minister zahraničných vecí USA sa vyjadruje o Slovensku ako o kolónii USA!". HLAVNÝ DENNÍK (in Slovak). 2021-02-26. Retrieved 2021-08-09.
  92. ^ Hamilton, Rebecca (2009-01-09). "U.S. Played Key Role in Southern Sudan's Long Journey to Independence".
  93. ^ Fenjan, Tamara. "– Sverige är en klientstat till USA". flamman.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 2021-06-27.
  94. ^ Dubovyk, Volodymyr (2017-02-16). "Is Ukraine a "Client State" of the United States?". PonarsEuarasia - Policy Memos.
  95. ^ "Britain is a US client state and should not forget it, says the neocons' oracle | Politics | The Guardian". amp.theguardian.com. Retrieved 2021-06-07.
  96. ^ "Will Hutton: Don't sell out to Uncle Sam". the Guardian. 2003-07-19. Retrieved 2021-06-07.
  97. ^ "We are now a client state | Politics | The Guardian". amp.theguardian.com. Retrieved 2021-06-27.
  98. ^ "CNN columnist suggests the UK become the 51st state of the US following Brexit vote". sg.news.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2021-08-25.
  99. ^ "UK is becoming 51st state of the US under Tories, SNP MP claims". HeraldScotland. Retrieved 2021-08-25.
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  101. ^ Cicarelli, Siena (2021-06-01). "The Case for EU Defense". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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