Türgesh
(Redirected from
Turgesh
)Türgesh Khaganate 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰏𐰾 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 699–766 | |||||||||||||
Üch Elig | |||||||||||||
• c. 750–766 | Ata Boyla Qaghan | ||||||||||||
| Historical era | Early Middle Ages | ||||||||||||
• Established | 699 | ||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 766 | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
The Türgesh or Türgish (
Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰏𐰾:𐰉𐰆𐰑, romanized: Türügeš budun, lit. 'Türgesh people'; simplified Chinese: 突骑施; traditional Chinese: 突騎施; pinyin: Tūqíshī; Wade–Giles: T'u-ch'i-shih; Old Tibetan: Du-rgyas)[1][2] were a Turkic tribal confederation. Once belonging to the Duolu wing of the Western Turkic On Oq elites, Türgeshes emerged as an independent power after the demise of the Western Turks and established a khaganate in 699. The Türgesh Khaganate lasted until 766 when the Karluks defeated them. Türgesh and Göktürks were related through marriage.[3]
Name
Atwood (2013), citing Tekin (1968), etymologizes the ethnonym Türgiş as contains gentilic suffix -ş affixed onto the name of lake Türgi-Yarğun, which was mentioned in
Tribal composition
By the 7th century, two or three sub-tribes were recorded: "Yellow" Sarï Türgesh tribe Alishi (阿利施) and the "Black" Qara Türgesh tribe(s) 娑葛 (Suoge < *Soq or *Saqal) - 莫賀 (Mohe < *Bağa).Lake Balkash between Türgesh and Qarluq.[15][16][17] Tang general Geshu Han was of Duolu Turgesh extraction[18] and bore the Nushibi tribal surname Geshu (阿舒).[19] Chinese historians, when naming the Duolu Turk tribes, might mention Khalajes along with the Türgesh, under the common appellation 突騎施-賀羅施 (Mand. Tūqíshī-hèluóshī; reconstructed Old Turkic *Türgeş-Qalaç).[20]
A late-7th century Uyghur chief was also surnamed Türgesh.[21]
Timeline
Foundation of the Turgesh Khaganate
tamgha around central square hole.[22]
Prior to independence, the Turgesh were ruled by a subordinate tutuk, later shad, of the
Saqal attacked the Tang city of Qiuci (
Suluk
as their khagan.
Timeline of Suluk
In 720 Turgesh forces led by Kül-chor defeated Umayyad forces led by Sa'id ibn Abdu'l-Aziz near Samarkand.[27]
In 722 Suluk married the Ashina Princess Jiaohe.[27]
In 724 Caliph
Hisham sent a new governor to Khorasan, Muslim ibn Sa'id, with orders to crush the "Turks" once and for all, but, confronted by Suluk on the so-called "Day of Thirst", Muslim hardly managed to reach Samarkand with a handful of survivors, as the Turgesh raided freely.[28]
In 726 the Turgesh attacked Qiuci (Kucha).[23]
In 727 the Turgesh and the Tibetan Empire attacked Qiuci (Kucha).[23]
In 728 Suluk defeated
In 731 the Turgesh were defeated at the Battle of the Defile by the Arabs, who suffered enormous casualties.[29][30]
In 735 the Turgesh attacked Ting Prefecture (Jimsar County).[31]
In the winter of 737 Suluk, along with his allies al-Harith,
Asad at the Battle of Kharistan.[23]
Kül-chor
Following his defeat
Suluk was murdered by his relative Kül-chor. Immediately, the Turgesh Khaganate was plunged into a civil war between the Black (Kara) and Yellow (Sary) factions. Kül-chor of the Sary Turgesh vanquished his rival Tumoche of the Kara Turgesh. In 740 Kül-chor submitted to the Tang dynasty but rebelled anyway when he killed the Turgesh puppet sent by the Tang court in 742. He was then captured and executed by the Tang in 744. The last Turgesh ruler declared himself a vassal of the recently established Uyghur Khaganate. In 766 the Karluks conquered Zhetysu and ended the Turgesh Khaganate.[32]
Legacy
Azi might be remnants of the Türgesh, according to Gardizi,[33] as well as Khalaj.[34][35][36] The Turgesh-associated tribe Suoge, alongsides Chuyue and Anqing, participated in the ethnogenesis of Shatuo Turks.[37][38]
According to
Altaians.[39]
List of Türgesh Khagans
| History of the Turkic peoples pre–14th century |
|---|
 |
- Wuzhile(699–706)
- Suoge(706–711)
- Suluk(716–738)
- Kut Chor (738–739)
- Kül Chor (739–744)
- El Etmish Kutluk Bilge (744–749)
- Yibo Kutluk Bilge Juzhi (749–751)
- Tengri Ermish (753–755)
- Ata Boyla (750s – 766)
Notes
- whose?]) might also settle some Chigils from the area of Chach in the Kama-Belaya region, who later became the Szeklers. This is also supported by some archaeological sources of the ancient Hungarians provided by Buddhist symbolism, like Redikor (7-9th century) and Ishimbay.
References
Citations
- ^ Bilge kagan’s Memorial Complex, TÜRIK BITIK
- JSTOR 41933476.
- ^ Muharrem Ergin (1975), Orhun Abideleri (in Turkish), p. 80.
- ^ Tekin, Talât. (1968). Grammar of Orkhon Turkish. Bloomington: Indiana University. p. 107, 269, 387.
- ^ Atwood, Christopher P., "Some Early Inner Asian Terms Related to the Imperial Family and the Comitatus" (2013). Central Asiatic Journal. 56(2012/2013). p. 69 of 49–86, note 113.
- ^ Kültegin Inscription, line E34. at Türik Bitig
- ^ Stark (2016), p. 2122
- ^ François THIERRY, "Three Notes on Türgesh Numismatics", Proceedings of the Symposium on Ancient Coins and the Culture of the Silk Road, Sichou zhi lu guguo qianbi ji Silu wenhua guoji xueshu yantaohui lunwenji 絲綢之路古國錢幣暨 絲路文化國際學術研討會 論文集, Shanghai Bowuguan, décembre 2006, Shanghaï 2011, 413–442.
- ^ Clauson, Gerard (1972), “çavuş”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 399
- ^ Ashurov, Barakatullo (2013) Tarsākyā: an analysis of Sogdian Christianity based on archaeological, numismatic, epigraphic and textual sources. PhD Thesis. SOAS, University of London. p. 40-41
- ^ Zizhi Tongjian, vol 211
- ^ Tuqishi 突騎施, Türgiš from chinaknowledge.de – An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art
- )
- ^ Inaba, M. "Nezak in Chinese Sources?" Coins, Art and Chronology II. Ed. M. Alram et.al. (2010) p. 191-202
- ^ Grousset 1970, p. 115.
- ^ Gibb 1923, p. 91.
- ^ Skaff 2012, pp. 180, 386.
- ISBN 9781317235569.
- ^ Kenzheakhmet, Nurlan (2014). ""Ethnonyms and Toponyms" of the Old Turkic Inscriptions in Chinese sources". Studia et Documenta Turcologica. II: 303.
- ^ Stark (2016), p. 2122
- ^ Golden, Peter B. The Turkic Word in Mahmud al-Kashgari, p. 530, note 138
- ^ Thierry, Francois (2006). "François Thierry, "Three Notes on Türgesh Numismatics "". Proceedings of the Symposium on Ancient Coins and the Culture of the Silk Road, Sichou zhi lu guguo qianbi ji Silu wenhua guoji xueshu yantaohui lunwenji 絲綢之路古國錢幣暨 絲路文國際學研討會 論文集, Shanghai Museum.
- ^ a b c d Bregel 2003, p. 18.
- ^ Klyashtorny S.G., The second Türk Empire (682–745). In: History of civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. III. The crossroads of civilizations: 250 to 750 AD. Editor: B. Litvinsky. Co-editors: Zhang Guang-da and R. Shabani Samghabadi.UNESCO publishing, 1996. – Pp. 335-347. (here: 346.); V.A. Belyaev, S.V. Sidorovich, Tang Tallies of Credence Found at the Ak-Beshim Ancient Site. Numismatique Asiatique. A bilingual French-English review. Revue de la Société de Numismatique Asiatique n° 33, Mars 2020. p. 50.[1]
- )
- ISBN 9985-4-4152-9
- ^ a b Golden 1992, p. 140.
- ^ a b Asimov 1998, p. 25.
- ^ Shaban 1979, p. 113.
- ^ Blankinship 1989, p. xv.
- ^ Bregel 2003, p. 19.
- ^ Asimov 1998, p. 33.
- ^ Yu. Zuev. (2002) Early Turks: Sketches of history and ideology Almaty. p. 153 (in Russian)
- Gumilyov, L. Searches for an Imaginary Kingdom: The trefoil of the Bird's Eye View' Ch. 5: The Shattered Silence (961–1100)
- ^ Pylypchuk, Ya. "Turks and Muslims: From Confrontation to Conversion to Islam (End of VII century – Beginning of XI Century)" in UDK 94 (4): 95 (4). In Ukrainian
- ^ Minorsky, V. "Commentary" on "§17. The Tukhs" in Ḥudūd al'Ālam. Translated and Explained by V. Minorsky. pp. 300–304
- ISBN 978-3-447-03274-2. p. 165
- ^ Atwood, Christopher P. (2010). "The Notion of Tribe in Medieval China: Ouyang Xiu and the Shatup Dynastic Myth". Miscellanea Asiatica (16): 693–621.
- Baskakov N.A., "Dialects of Taiga Tatars, Taba-kishi. Texts and translations", Moscow, 1965, p.9
Sources
- Asimov, M. S. (1998), History of civilizations of Central Asia, vol. IV: The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century Part One: The historical, social and economic setting, UNESCO Publishing
- Barfield, Thomas (1989), The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China, Basil Blackwell
- ISBN 978-0-88706-569-9.
- Bregel, Yuri (2003), An Historical Atlas of Central Asia, Brill
- OCLC 499987512.
- Golden, Peter B. (1992), An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State-Formation in Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East, OTTO HARRASSOWITZ · WIESBADEN
- ISBN 978-0-8135-1304-1. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
- Millward, James (2009), Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang, Columbia University Press
- Shaban, M. A. (1979), The ʿAbbāsid Revolution, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-29534-5
- Skaff, Jonathan Karam (2012). Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580-800. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-973413-9.
- Stark, Sören (2016). "Türgesh Khaganate". In McKenzie, John M.; Dalziel, Nigel R.; Charney, Michael W.; Doumanis, Nicholas (eds.). Encyclopedia of Empire. Vol. IV: S–Z. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 2122–2127.
- Xiong, Victor (2008), Historical Dictionary of Medieval China, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc.,
