List of microbiota species of the lower reproductive tract of women

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Candida albicans

This is the list of healthy

pathogens that can be found in the lower and upper reproductive tract of women can be found in the article sexually transmitted infection. The organisms listed below are capable of causing illness if for some reason there is a change in vaginal pH or a change in the ratio of one organism to another. For example, Candida is a normal inhabitant of a healthy reproductive tract but an overgrowth of this organism can cause candidiasis.[2][3][4]

Normal microbiota

Gram stain of lactobacilli and squamous epithelial cells in vaginal swab

This is the list of the normal flora that are found in the lower reproductive tract of

genetic component.[3]

Anaerobes

Bacteroides
Fusobacterium
Staphylococcus epidermidis 01
Enterococcus faecalis
Genus species Gram stain form genome sequenced reference
Peptostreptococcus spp. +
cocci
[2][4]
Clostridium spp. + bacillus [2][4][7]
Lactobacillus spp. + bacillus [2][5][7]
Lactobacillus acidophilus + bacillus X [2][5][8][9]
Lactobacillus crispatus + bacillus [1][5][7][8]
Lactobacillus johnsonii + bacillus X [7][9]
Lactobacillus
sakei
+ bacillus X [9]
Lactobacillus bulgaris + bacillus X [9]
Lactobacillus jensenii + bacillus [5][7][8]
Lactobacillus
rhamnosus
+ bacillus [8]
Lactobacillus
reuteri
+ bacillus [8]
Lactobacillus Lactobacillus casei var rhamnosus + bacillus [1][8]
Lactobacillus gasseri + bacillus [5][8]
Lactobacillus
fermentum
+ bacillus [8]
Lactobacillus iners + bacillus [1][5]
Lactobacillus helveticus + bacillus [5][8]
Lactobacillus leichmannii + bacillus [8]
Lactobacillus
brevis
+ bacillus [8]
Lactobacillus
plantarum
+ bacillus X [1][8][9]
Lactobacillus delbrueckii + bacillus [8]
Lactobacillus
vaginalis
+ bacillus [1]
Lactobacillus
salivarius
+ bacillus X [1][9]
Lactobacillus coleohominis + bacillus [1]
Lactobacillus pentosus + bacillus [1]
Propionibacterium spp. + bacillus [2][4]
Eubacterium spp. + bacillus [2]
Bifidobacterium spp. + bacillus [2]
Prevotella spp. - bacillus [2]
Bacteroides spp. - bacillus [2][7]
Bacteroides fragilis - bacillus [2]
Fusobacterium spp. - bacillus [2]
Veillonella spp. - cocci [2]
Diphtheroids
spp. + bacillus [2]
Actinomycetales spp. [7]

Aerobes

These bacteria may be detected as transients or are marginally discernable with PCR techniques. They are also opportunistic pathogens and their overgrowth is considered an infection though symptoms and signs may be absent.

Escherichia coli (257 06) Gramnegative rods
Genus species Gram stain form reference
Staphylococcus aureus + cocci [2]
Staphylococcus epidermidis + cocci [2]
Group B Streptococcus
spp. + cocci [2][7]
Enterococcus faecalis spp. + cocci [2]
Staphylococcus spp. + cocci [2]
Actinomyces israelii + bacillus [2]
Actinomyces
neuii + bacillus [1]
Escherichia coli - bacillus [2]
Klebsiella spp. - bacillus [2]
Proteus spp. - bacillus [2]
Enterobacter spp. - bacillus [2]
Acinetobacter spp. - bacillus [2]
Citrobacter spp. - bacillus [2]
Pseudomonas spp. - bacillus [2]

While the vaginal microbiota is populated predominantly by Lactobacillus spp. in 71% of women, 29% of asymptomatic, healthy women possess a microbiota essentially lacking in Lactobacillus and instead the following groups have been isolated from this population. This microbiota is affiliated with ethnicity:

Genus species Gram stain form reference
Aerococcus spp. cocci [3]
Atopobium spp. bacillus [3]
Dialister spp. bacillus [3]
Eggerthella spp. bacillus [3]
Finegoldia spp. [3]
Gardnerella spp. coccobacilli [3]
Megasphaera spp. [3]
Mobiluncus spp. bacillus [3]
Peptoniphilus spp. [3]
Prevotella spp. [3]
Sneathia spp. [3]

Yeast

Candida albicans (Gram stain)

Candida albicans and other spp.[2]

Microbiota changes

postmenopausal women restores the microbiota to that of a reproductive-aged woman. The microbiota populations change in response to the menstrual cycle. Pregnancy alters the microbiota, with a reduction in species/genus diversity.[3]
Overgrowth of Candida albicans or other Candida (
yeast infections) sometimes occurs after antibiotic therapy.[2] Bacterial vaginosis results in altered populations and ratios of the normal microbiota.[10][3][11]
There has been no link demonstrated between taking oral
probiotics and maintaining normal microbiota populations of lactobacilli.[4]

References

Further reading

External links