Hamilton, Ontario: Difference between revisions
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942digital (talk | contribs) added new area code for Hamilton as per NANPA, BELL, GLOBALNEWS, and WIKIPEDIA https://www.bce.ca/regulatory/new-area-codes https://globalnews.ca/news/7954380/southern-ontario-new-area-code-742/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_codes_905,_289,_and_365 Tag: Reverted |
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Revision as of 16:11, 4 November 2021
Hamilton | |
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City of Hamilton | |
![]() Counter clockwise from the top: View of Downtown Hamilton from Sam Lawrence Park, Hamilton City Hall, Bayfront Park Harbour Front Trail, Historic Art Deco and Gothic Revival Pigott Building complex, Webster's Falls, Dundurn Castle | |
Hamilton City Council | |
• MPs | List of MPs |
• MPPs | List of MPPs |
Area 289, 365, 905, 437, and 742 | |
Website | www |
Hamilton is a port city in the Canadian
Prior to European settlement, the land on which Hamilton stands was inhabited by the
Traditionally, the local economy has been led by the steel and heavy manufacturing industries. Within the last decade, there has been a shift towards the service sector, like health and sciences. Hamilton is home to the
History
In pre-
After the
The town of Hamilton was conceived by
Initially, this town was not the most important centre of the Gore District. An early indication of Hamilton's sudden prosperity occurred in 1816, when it was chosen over Ancaster, Ontario to be the new Gore District's administrative centre. Another dramatic economic turnabout for Hamilton occurred in 1832 when a canal was finally cut through the outer sand bar that enabled Hamilton to become a major port.[22] A permanent jail was not constructed until 1832, when a cut-stone design was completed on Prince's Square, one of the two squares created in 1816.[21] Subsequently, the first police board and the town limits were defined by statute on February 13, 1833.[23] Official city status was achieved on June 9, 1846, by an act of Parliament of the Province of Canada.[4][24]
By 1845, the population was 6,475. In 1846, there were useful roads to many communities as well as stagecoaches and steamboats to Toronto, Queenston, and Niagara. Eleven cargo schooners were owned in Hamilton. Eleven churches were in operation. A reading room provided access to newspapers from other cities and from England and the U.S. In addition to stores of all types, four banks, tradesmen of various types, and sixty-five taverns, industry in the community included three breweries, ten importers of dry goods and groceries, five importers of hardware, two tanneries, three coachmakers, and a marble and a stone works.[25]
As the city grew, several prominent buildings were constructed in the late 19th century, including the
Though suffering through the
Since then, many of the large industries have moved or shut down operations in a restructuring that also affected the United States.[30] In 1997, there was a devastating fire at the Plastimet plastics plant.[34] Approximately 300 firefighters battled the blaze, and many sustained severe chemical burns and inhaled volatile organic compounds when at least 400 tonnes of PVC plastic were consumed in the fire.[35]
On January 1, 2001, the new city of Hamilton was formed from the amalgamation of Hamilton and its five neighbouring municipalities: Ancaster,
The city was impacted by a widespread blackout in 2003[37] and a tornado in 2005.[38] In 2007, the Red Hill Valley Parkway opened after extensive delays.[39] The Stelco mills were idled in 2010 and permanently closed in 2013.[40] This closure capped a significant shift in the city's economy: the percentage of the population employed in manufacturing declined from 22 to 12 percent between 2003 and 2013.[13]
Geography
Hamilton is in Southern Ontario on the western end of the Niagara Peninsula and wraps around the westernmost part of Lake Ontario; most of the city, including the downtown section, is on the south shore. Hamilton is in the geographic centre of the Golden Horseshoe. Its major physical features are Hamilton Harbour, marking the northern limit of the city, and the Niagara Escarpment running through the middle of the city across its entire breadth, bisecting the city into "upper" and "lower" parts. The maximum high point is 250m (820') above the level of Lake Ontario.[41]
According to all records from local
Between 1788 and 1793, the townships at the Head-of-the-Lake were surveyed and named. The area was first known as The Head-of-the-Lake for its location at the western end of Lake Ontario.[28] John Ryckman, born in Barton township (where present day downtown Hamilton is), described the area in 1803 as he remembered it: "The city in 1803 was all forest. The shores of the bay were difficult to reach or see because they were hidden by a thick, almost impenetrable mass of trees and undergrowth"/[46]
The Hamilton Conservation Authority owns, leases or manages about 4,500 hectares (11,100 acres) of land with the city operating 1,077 hectares (2,661 acres) of parkland at 310 locations.[49][50] Many of the parks are along the Niagara Escarpment, which runs from Tobermory at the tip of the Bruce Peninsula in the north, to Queenston at the Niagara River in the south, and provides views of the cities and towns at Lake Ontario's western end. The hiking path Bruce Trail runs the length of the escarpment.[51] Hamilton is home to more than 100 waterfalls and cascades, most of which are on or near the Bruce Trail as it winds through the Niagara Escarpment.[52] Visitors can often be seen swimming in the waterfalls during the summertime, although it is strongly recommended to stay away from the water: much of the watershed of the Chedoke and Red Hill creeks originates in storm sewers running beneath neighbourhoods atop the Niagara escarpment, and water quality in many of Hamilton's waterfalls is seriously degraded. High e. coli counts are regularly observed through testing by McMaster University near many of Hamilton's waterfalls, sometimes exceeding the provincial limits for recreational water use by as much as 400 times. The storm sewers in upstream neighbourhoods carry polluted runoff from streets and parking lots, as well as occasional raw sewage from sanitary lines that were improperly connected to the storm sewers instead of the separate sanitary sewer system. Notably, in March 2020, it was revealed that as much as 24 billion litres of untreated wastewater has been leaking into the Chedoke creek and Cootes' Paradise areas since at least 2014 due to insufficiencies in the city's sewerage and storm water management systems. [53]
Climate
Hamilton's climate is humid-continental, characterized by changeable weather patterns. In the Köppen classification, Hamilton it is on the Dfb/Dfa border found in southern Ontario because the average temperature in July is 22.0 °C (71.6 °F).[54] However, its climate is moderate compared with most of Canada. Hamilton's location on an embayment at the southwestern corner of Lake Ontario with an escarpment that divides the city's upper and lower parts results in noticeable disparities in weather over short distances. This is also the case with pollution levels, which depending on localized winds patterns or low clouds can be high in certain areas mostly originating from the city's steel industry mixed with regional vehicle pollution. With a July average of exactly 22.0 °C (71.6 °F),[55] the lower city is in a pocket of the Dfa climate zone found at the southwestern end of Lake Ontario (between Hamilton and Toronto and eastward into the Niagara Peninsula), but this does not always include the immediate lakeshore cooled off by lake water incluence, while the upper reaches of the city fall into the Dfb climate zone.
The airport's open, rural location and higher altitude results in lower temperatures, generally windier conditions, and higher snowfall amounts than lower, built-up areas of the city. The highest temperature ever recorded in Hamilton was 41.1 °C (106 °F) on July 14, 1868.[56] The coldest temperature ever recorded was -30.6 °C (-23 °F) on January 25, 1884.[57]
Climate data for Hamilton, Ontario (Royal Botanical Gardens) Climate ID: 6153300; coordinates 43°17′N 79°53′W / 43.283°N 79.883°W; elevation: 102.10 m (335.0 ft); 1981−2010 normals, extremes 1866−present[a] | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 18.3 (64.9) |
18.8 (65.8) |
27.2 (81.0) |
31.1 (88.0) |
36.1 (97.0) |
38.9 (102.0) |
41.1 (106.0) |
38.9 (102.0) |
37.8 (100.0) |
32.2 (90.0) |
26.1 (79.0) |
21.2 (70.2) |
41.1 (106.0) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −0.9 (30.4) |
0.1 (32.2) |
4.8 (40.6) |
11.7 (53.1) |
18.6 (65.5) |
24.3 (75.7) |
27.3 (81.1) |
25.9 (78.6) |
21.1 (70.0) |
14.6 (58.3) |
7.7 (45.9) |
2.0 (35.6) |
13.1 (55.6) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −4.7 (23.5) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
0.5 (32.9) |
7.1 (44.8) |
13.3 (55.9) |
18.9 (66.0) |
22.0 (71.6) |
20.9 (69.6) |
16.3 (61.3) |
10.0 (50.0) |
4.1 (39.4) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
8.6 (47.5) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −8.5 (16.7) |
−7.9 (17.8) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
2.4 (36.3) |
7.9 (46.2) |
13.4 (56.1) |
16.7 (62.1) |
15.8 (60.4) |
11.4 (52.5) |
5.4 (41.7) |
0.4 (32.7) |
−4.7 (23.5) |
4.0 (39.2) |
Record low °C (°F) | −30.6 (−23.1) |
−29.4 (−20.9) |
−28.3 (−18.9) |
−14.4 (6.1) |
−7.2 (19.0) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
5.0 (41.0) |
1.1 (34.0) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
−11.1 (12.0) |
−22.8 (−9.0) |
−27.8 (−18.0) |
−30.6 (−23.1) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 56.8 (2.24) |
57.2 (2.25) |
63.7 (2.51) |
73.3 (2.89) |
85.5 (3.37) |
72.7 (2.86) |
82.7 (3.26) |
89.7 (3.53) |
80.9 (3.19) |
71.6 (2.82) |
91.3 (3.59) |
71.9 (2.83) |
897.1 (35.32) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 27.4 (1.08) |
26.4 (1.04) |
43.3 (1.70) |
70.1 (2.76) |
85.5 (3.37) |
72.7 (2.86) |
82.7 (3.26) |
89.7 (3.53) |
80.9 (3.19) |
71.6 (2.82) |
83.2 (3.28) |
46.8 (1.84) |
780.0 (30.71) |
Average snowfall cm (inches) | 32.4 (12.8) |
31.1 (12.2) |
18.3 (7.2) |
2.8 (1.1) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
7.5 (3.0) |
26.0 (10.2) |
118.1 (46.5) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 14.7 | 12.1 | 12.3 | 13.5 | 12.2 | 10.5 | 10.7 | 11.1 | 12.3 | 11.8 | 14.3 | 13.8 | 149.1 |
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 5.7 | 5.0 | 8.8 | 12.6 | 12.2 | 10.5 | 10.7 | 11.1 | 12.3 | 11.8 | 12.8 | 7.6 | 120.9 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) | 10.5 | 8.6 | 4.9 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.6 | 8.4 | 36.2 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 87.2 | 113.4 | 152.4 | 182.2 | 244.0 | 279.1 | 303.5 | 262.6 | 177.7 | 148.6 | 88.9 | 71.0 | 2,110.6 |
Percent possible sunshine | 30.0 | 38.3 | 41.3 | 45.4 | 53.7 | 60.7 | 65.1 | 60.7 | 47.3 | 43.4 | 30.4 | 25.3 | 45.1 |
Average ultraviolet index | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
Source 1: Environment and Climate Change Canada[55][58][59][60] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Weather Atlas [61] |
Economy
The most important economic activity in Ontario is manufacturing, and the Toronto–Hamilton region is the country's most highly industrialized area. The area from
With sixty percent of Canada's steel produced in Hamilton by
A stand-alone subsidiary of
Demographics
As per the
Hamilton maintains significant
Hamilton also has a
Children aged 14 years and under accounted for 16.23% of the city's population, a decline of 1.57% from the 2011 census. Hamiltonians aged 65 years and older constituted 17.3% of the population, an increase of 2.4% since 2011.[70][76] The city's average age is 41.3 years. 54.9% of Hamiltonians are married or in a common-law relationship, while 6.4% of city residents are divorced.[70] Same-sex couples (married or in common-law relationships) constitute 0.8% (2,710 individuals) of the partnered population in Hamilton.[77]
The most described
Environics Analytics, a geodemographic marketing firm that created 66 different "clusters" of people complete with profiles of how they live, what they think and what they consume, sees a future Hamilton with younger upscale Hamiltonians—who are tech savvy and university educated—choosing to live in the downtown and surrounding areas rather than just visiting intermittently. More two and three-storey townhouses and apartments will be built on downtown lots; small condos will be built on vacant spaces in areas such as
Visible minority and Aboriginal population ( Canada 2016 Census )
| |||
---|---|---|---|
Population group | Population | % of total population | |
Visible minority group Source:[80] |
South Asian | 22,105 | 4.2% |
Chinese |
10,070 | 1.9% | |
Black | 20,245 | 3.8% | |
Filipino |
8,150 | 1.5% | |
Latin American |
8,425 | 1.6% | |
Arab | 10,330 | 2% | |
Southeast Asian | 6,505 | 1.2% | |
West Asian |
4,800 | 0.9% | |
Other visible minority | 5,680 | 1.1% | |
Multiple visible minority |
3,745 | 0.7% | |
Total visible minority population | 100,060 | 19% | |
Aboriginal group Source:[80] |
First Nations | 8,445 | 1.6% |
Métis |
3,085 | 0.6% | |
Inuit | 125 | 0% | |
Other Aboriginal | 290 | 0.1% | |
Multiple Aboriginal identity | 185 | 0% | |
Total Aboriginal population | 12,135 | 2.3% | |
European Canadian |
415,735 | 78.7% | |
Total population in private households | 527,930 | 100% |
Government
Citizens of Hamilton are represented at all three levels of Canadian government - federal, provincial, and municipal. Hamilton is represented in the
Provincially, there are five elected
Hamilton's municipal government has a mayor, elected citywide, and 15 city councillors - one per each city wards - to serve on the Hamilton City Council. The province grants the Hamilton City Council authority to govern through the Municipal Act of Ontario.
Hamilton is served by four school boards: the English language Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board and Hamilton-Wentworth Catholic District School Board and the French language Conseil scolaire Viamonde and Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir. Each school board is governed by trustees. The English language school boards are represented by trustees elected from wards in Hamilton. The HWDSB has 11 trustees and the HWCDB has 9 trustees. The French language school boards are represented by one trustee each from Hamilton and the surrounding area.[85]
The
Crime
The Criminal Code of Canada is the chief piece of legislation defining criminal conduct and penalty. The
The homicide rate in Hamilton in 2019 was 1.83 per 100,000 population.[88] Hamilton ranked first in Canada for police-reported hate crimes in 2016, with 12.5 hate crimes per 100,000 population.[89] Organized crime also has a notable presence in Hamilton with three centralized Mafia organizations in Hamilton, the Luppino crime family, the Papalia crime family, and the Musitano crime family.[90][91]
Culture
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Dundurn_Castle_in_the_Summer.jpg/220px-Dundurn_Castle_in_the_Summer.jpg)
Hamilton's local attractions include the
As of September 2018[update], there are 40 pieces in the city's Public Art Collection. The works are owned and maintained by the city.[96][97] Founded in 1914, the Art Gallery of Hamilton is Ontario's third largest public art gallery. The gallery has over 9,000 works in its permanent collection that focus on three areas: 19th century European, Historical Canadian and Contemporary Canadian.[98] The McMaster Museum of Art (MMA), founded at McMaster University in 1967, houses and exhibits the university's art collection of more than 7,000 objects.[99]
Supercrawl is a large community arts and music festival that takes place in September in the James Street North area of the city.[100] In 2018, Supercrawl celebrated its 10th anniversary with over 220,000 visitors.[101] In March 2015, Hamilton was host to the JUNO Awards.[102]
Growth in the arts and culture sector has garnered media attention for Hamilton. A 2006 article in
Sports
Hamilton hosted Canada's first major international athletic event, the first
Hamilton is represented by the Tiger-Cats in the Canadian Football League. The team traces their origins to the 1869 "Hamilton Foot Ball Club". Hamilton is also home to the Canadian Football Hall of Fame museum.[111] The museum hosts an annual induction event in a week-long celebration that includes school visits, a golf tournament, a formal induction dinner and concludes with the Hall of Fame game involving the local CFL Hamilton Tiger-Cats at Tim Hortons Field.[112][113] The 109th championship game of the Canadian Football League, the Grey Cup, is scheduled to be played in Hamilton in 2021.[114]
In 2019, Forge FC debuted as Hamilton's soccer team in the Canadian Premier League. The team plays at Tim Hortons Field and share the venue with the Tiger-Cats. They finished their inaugural season as champions of the league.[115]
In 2019, the
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FirstOntario_Centre_-_Hamilton%2C_ON.jpg/220px-FirstOntario_Centre_-_Hamilton%2C_ON.jpg)
Hamilton hosted an NHL team in the 1920s called the
The Around the Bay Road Race circumnavigates Hamilton Harbour. Although it is not a marathon distance, it is the longest continuously held long distance foot race in North America.[118] The local newspaper also hosts the amateur Spectator Indoor Games.[118]
In addition to team sports, Hamilton is home to an auto race track,
Club | League | Venue | Established | Championships | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forge FC | Canadian Premier League | Tim Hortons Field | 2017 | 2 | |
Hamilton Honey Badgers
|
Canadian Elite Basketball League | FirstOntario Centre | 2018 | 0 | |
Hamilton Tiger-Cats | Canadian Football League | Tim Hortons Field | 1950 | 8 | |
Toronto Rock | National Lacrosse League | FirstOntario Centre | 1998 | 6 |
Club | League | Venue | Established | Championships |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dundas Blues | Provincial Junior Hockey League | J.L. Grightmire Arena | 1963 | |
Dundas Real McCoys | Allan Cup Hockey | Dave Andreychuk Arena
|
2000 | 1 |
Hamilton Bengals | Ontario Junior B Lacrosse League | Dave Andreychuk Arena
|
2015 | |
Hamilton Bulldogs
|
Ontario Hockey League | FirstOntario Centre | 2015 | 1 |
Hamilton Cardinals | Intercounty Baseball League | Bernie Arbour Memorial Stadium | 1957 | 1 |
Hamilton City SC | Canadian Soccer League non-sanctioned | Heritage Field | 2016 | 0 |
Hamilton Croatia | Hamilton & District Premier Soccer League's Elite Division | Croatian Sports and Community Centre of Hamilton | 1954 | 1 |
Hamilton Hornets R.F.C. | Niagara Rugby Union | Mohawk Sports Park | 1954 | 0 |
Hamilton Kilty B's | Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League | Dave Andreychuk Mountain Arena & Skating Centre
|
2018 | 0 |
Hamilton Steelhawks
|
Allan Cup Hockey | Dave Andreychuk Mountain Arena
|
2015 | 0 |
Hamilton Thunderbirds
|
Inter County Baseball League | Bernie Arbour Memorial Stadium | 2005 | 0 |
Hamilton United | League1 Ontario | Ron Joyce Stadium | 2020 | 0 |
Hamilton Wildcats
|
AFL Ontario | Mohawk Sports Park | 1997 | 0 |
Stoney Creek Camels R.F.C. | Niagara Rugby Union | Saltfleet District High School | 1990 | 1 |
Stoney Creek Generals | Allan Cup Hockey | Gateway Ice Centre | 2013 | 2 |
Education
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Alma_mater_-_recent_grad.jpg/220px-Alma_mater_-_recent_grad.jpg)
Hamilton is home to several post-secondary institutions that have created many direct and indirect jobs in education and research.
- St. Catharines, Ontario has a satellite campus used primarily for teacher education in Hamilton.[123]
- Baptist Convention of Ontario and Quebec since 1957. It is located on the McMaster Universitycampus and it is affiliated with the university.
- Mohawk College of Applied Arts and Technology since 1967 with 10,000 full-time, 40,000 part-time, and 3,000 apprentice students.[124]
- Redeemer University, a private Christian liberal arts and science university opened in 1982.
From 1995 to 2001, the city was home to a satellite campus of the defunct francophone Collège des Grands-Lacs.[125]
Three school boards administer public education for students from kindergarten through high school. The
Calvin Christian School, Providence Christian School and Timothy Christian School are independent Christian elementary schools. Hamilton District Christian High School, Rehoboth Christian High School and Guido de Bres Christian High School are independent Christian high schools in the area. Both HDCH and Guido de Brès participate in the city's interscholastic athletics. Hillfield Strathallan College is on the West Hamilton mountain and is a CAIS member, non-profit school for children from early Montessori ages through grade twelve and has around 1,300 students. Columbia International College is Canada's largest private boarding high school, with 1,700 students from 73 countries.[129]
The Dundas Valley School of Art is an independent art school which has served the Hamilton region since 1964. Students range from 4 years old to senior citizens and enrollment as of February 2007 was close to 4,000. In 1998, a new full-time diploma programme was launched as a joint venture with McMaster University.[130]
The Hamilton Conservatory for the Arts is home to many of the area's talented young actors, dancers, musicians, singers and visual artists. The school has a keyboard studio, spacious dance studios, art and sculpting studios, gallery space and a 300-seat recital hall. HCA offers over 90 programs for ages 3–93, creating a "united nations" of arts under one roof.[131]
Hamilton is home to two
Infrastructure
Transportation
The primary highways serving Hamilton are
In the 1940s, the
A report by Hemson Consulting identified an opportunity to develop 1,000 hectares (2,500 acres) of greenfields (the size of the Royal Botanical Gardens) that could create an estimated 90,000 jobs by 2031. A proposed aerotropolis industrial park at Highway 6 and 403, has been debated at City Hall for years. Opponents feel the city needs to do more investigation about the cost to taxpayers.[138]
Hamilton also plays a major role in Ontario's marine shipping industry as the Port of Hamilton is Ontario's busiest port handling between 9 to 12 million tonnes of cargo annually.[139]
Health
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Juravinski_mainentrance.jpg/220px-Juravinski_mainentrance.jpg)
The city is served by the
Sister cities
Hamilton is a sister city with Flint, Michigan, and its young amateur athletes compete in the CANUSA Games, held alternatively in the two cities since 1958.[108] Flint and Hamilton hold the distinction of having the oldest continuous sister-city relationship between a U.S. and Canadian city, since 1957.[144]
Other sister cities with Hamilton include:[145]
|
Other city relationships:[145]
- Porto Alegre (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil)
See also
- Hamilton City Council
- Auchmar (Hamilton, Ontario)
- List of people from Hamilton, Ontario
Notes
- ^ Based on station coordinates provided by Environment and Climate Change Canada, climate data for was recorded near downtown Hamilton from January 1866 to August 1958, and April 1950 to present at the Royal Botanical Gardens.
References
- ^ Bailey, Thomas Melville (1991). Dictionary of Hamilton Biography. Vol. II, 1876–1924. W.L. Griffin Ltd.
- ^ Daniel Nolan (December 22, 2011). "Bieber Fever hits the Hammer". The Hamilton Spectator. Metroland Media. Archived from the original on February 19, 2014. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
- ^ Daniel Nolan (April 6, 2011). "Showdown in Steeltown". The Hamilton Spectator. Metroland Media. Archived from the original on January 4, 2015. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
- ^ a b An Act to amend the Act incorporating the Town of Hamilton, and to erect the same into a City, Statutes of the Province of Canada 1846 (9 Vict.), c. 73.
- ^ "Hamilton, Ontario (Code 3525005) Census Profile". 2016 census. Government of Canada - Statistics Canada.
- ^ a b "Hamilton, Ontario (Code 0349) Census Profile". 2016 census. Government of Canada - Statistics Canada.
- ^ "Hamilton, Ontario (Code 537) Census Profile". 2016 census. Government of Canada - Statistics Canada.
- from the original on December 16, 2016. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
- ^ a b Weaver, John C. (March 11, 2019). "Hamilton". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
- ^ a b "City of Hamilton Act, 1999". Archived from the original on August 22, 2009. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
- ISBN 1-55028-804-0.
- ^ "World University Rankings 2021". Times Higher Education. Archived from the original on May 29, 2021. Retrieved June 1, 2021.
- ^ a b John C Weaver (March 11, 2019). "Hamilton". The Canadian Encyclopedia.
- JSTOR 25801165.
- ^ "Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment: Woodburn Bridge Replacement" (PDF). City of Hamilton. 2014.
- ^ "Eighth Annual Report" (PDF). Waterloo Historical Society. 1920. p. 109. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
- ^ "Map of Ontario treaties and reserves". Government of Ontario. February 22, 2021. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
- ^ "Between the Lakes Treaty No. 3 (1792)". Mississaugas of the Credit First Nation. May 28, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
- ^ Mackenzie, Ann. "A Short History of the United Empire Loyalists" (PDF). United Empire Loyalists' Association of Canada. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 1, 2007. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
- ^ "Battle of Stoney Creek National Historic Site of Canada". Parks Canada. Retrieved February 24, 2021.
- ^ ISBN 0-88862-593-6.
- ^ Burghardt, Andrew F. (1969). The Origin and Development of the Road Network of the Niagara Peninsula, Ontario 1770–1851. McMaster University.
- ^ Statutes of Upper Canada, 1833, 3° William IV, p. 58–68. Chapter XVII An act to define the Limits of the Town of Hamilton, in the District of Gore, and to establish a Police and Public Market therein.
- ISBN 0-9698460-7-X.
- ^ Smith, Wm. H. (1846). SMITH'S CANADIAN GAZETTEER - STATISTICAL AND GENERAL INFORMATION RESPECTING ALL PARTS OF THE UPPER PROVINCE, OR CANADA WEST. Toronto: H. & W. ROWSELL. pp. 75–76. Archived from the original on April 3, 2016. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
- ^ "A Brief History of Grand Lodge of Canada in the Province of Ontario:1855 ~ 2005 Then and Now". Grand Lodge of Canada in the Province of Ontario. Archived from the original on December 26, 2007. Retrieved January 4, 2008.(Requires navigation to article).
- ^ "Dufferin Masonic Lodge No. 291 A.F. & A.M." Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved January 4, 2009.
- ^ a b "Chronology of the Regional Municipality of Hamilton-Wentworth". Archived from the original on October 15, 2007. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
- ^ Cataract Traction, by John M. Mills (Canadian Traction Series, Volume 2)(1971).
- ^ a b "Industrial Hamilton – A Trail to the Future". Canada's Digital Collections. Archived from the original on May 28, 2009. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
- ^ "The Hamilton Memory Project; STUDEBAKER" (Press release). The Hamilton Spectator–Souvenir Edition. June 10, 2006. p. MP45.
- ^ "Oct. 30, 1958: Burlington Bay Skyway completed". The Hamilton Spectator. March 3, 2020.
- ^ "May 17, 1964: Tim Hortons store No. 1 opens on Hamilton's Ottawa Street". The Hamilton Spectator. March 1, 2020.
- ^ "Plastimet Inc. fire Hamilton, Ontario: July 9-12, 1997". Archived from the original on September 24, 2015.
- ^ "Deadly legacy: Is Plastimet killing firefighters?". The Hamilton Spectator. Archived from the original on October 24, 2013.
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