Acepromazine
ATC code | |
---|---|
Legal status | |
Legal status | |
Pharmacokinetic data | |
Bioavailability | 6.6 L/kg, high volume of distribution |
Elimination half-life | 3 hours in horses, 15.9 hours in canines |
Excretion | urine |
Identifiers | |
| |
JSmol) | |
| |
| |
(verify) |
Acepromazine, acetopromazine, or acetylpromazine (commonly known as ACP, Ace, or by the trade names Atravet or Acezine 2, number depending on mg/ml dose) is a phenothiazine derivative antipsychotic drug. It was used in humans during the 1950s as an antipsychotic,[4] but is now almost exclusively used on animals as a sedative and antiemetic. A closely related analogue, chlorpromazine, is still used in humans.
The standard pharmaceutical preparation, acepromazine maleate, is used in
Pharmacology
The clinical pharmacology of acepromazine is similar to that of other phenothiazine derived anti-psychotic agents. The primary behavioral effects are attributed to its potent antagonism of post-synaptic
Veterinary use
Canine and feline
The most common uses of acepromazine in animals are as an oral sedative before stressful events (such as thunderstorms), an injectable tranquilizer for particularly aggressive or fractious animals, and in combination with analgesics and other sedatives. It is also labeled for use in preventing motion sickness.
Adverse effects in cats
While acepromazine is also used in cats, its absorption is erratic and can vary between individuals. It also generally induces less sedation than in dogs.[13][14] It also causes spontaneous motor activity (in both cats and dogs, but more often in cats) by blocking dopamine receptors in the striatum and substantia nigra.[15]
Adverse effects in dogs
Literature from the 1950s raised concerns about phenothiazine-induced seizures in human patients. For this reason, caution has typically been advised when contemplating acepromazine use in epileptic canine patients, as it was widely believed to lower the seizures threshold. More current studies, however, have failed to show a positive association between use of acepromazine and seizure activity[9]: 116 [16] and show a possible role for acepromazine in seizure control: in a retrospective study at University of Tennessee, acepromazine was administered for tranquilization to 36 dogs with a prior history of seizures and to decrease seizure activity in 11 dogs. No seizures were seen within 16 hours of acepromazine administration in the 36 dogs that received the drug, and the seizures abated for 1.5 to 8 hours (n=6) or did not recur (n=2) in eight of 10 dogs that were actively seizing. Excitement-induced seizures were reduced for 2 months in one dog.[17] A second retrospective study also concluded that administration of acepromazine to dogs with prior or acute seizure history did not potentiate seizures, and there was some trend toward seizure reduction.[18] The original seizure cautions reported in the 1950s were in human patients on relatively high doses of the antipsychotic chlorpromazine while the doses of acepromazine used in the two published veterinary studies cited above are much lower.
In some boxers, acepromazine can cause
In giant-breed dogs and sighthounds, the sedative effects of acepromazine may last for 12–24 hours, which is much longer than the usual 3–4 hours.[16][20]
Dogs with a mutation in the ABCB1 (MDR1) gene
Tests for this mutation are available.[22]
Equine
In
Additionally, acepromazine is used as a
Acepromazine should not be used in horses intended for human consumption.[24]
Adverse effects
Side effects are not common, but the use of acepromazine in
Acepromazine also lowers blood pressure, and should therefore be used with caution in horses that are experiencing anemia, dehydration, shock, or colic. It should not be used in horses dewormed with piperazine.[23]
References
- ^ "Acepromazine Maleate Injection for Animal Use". Drugs.com. Retrieved 2017-06-11.
- ^ "Acepromazine: Pet Anxiety Medication for Dogs & Cats". 1800PetMeds. Retrieved 2017-06-11.
- ^ Anvisa (2023-03-31). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-03.
- PMID 13536530.
- ^ PMID 26970940.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-4709-5965-7.
- ^ a b Forney B. "Acepromazine Maleate for Veterinary Use". Wedgewood pharmacy. Retrieved 2017-06-10.
- ^ a b Choudhary G. "Determination of Acepromazine and its Major Metabolite in Equine Serum by LC-MS/MS using the Finnigan LCQ Deca XP Plus Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer" (PDF). Thermo Electron Corporation.
- ^ ISBN 9780702028588.
- PMID 28404438.
- ^ Kolahian S (2014). "Efficacy of Different Antiemetics with Different Mechanism of Action on Xylazine Induced Emesis in Cats" (PDF). Iranian Journal of Veterinary Surgery. 9 (1): 10.
- ^ Park E. Motion sickness. In: General Medical Officer (GMO) Manual: Clinical Section. Wilmette, IL: Brookside Press; 1999.
- ^ a b Marroum PJ (1990). Pharmacokinetic studies of acepromazine in the cat and the horse, studies in lipophilicity, red blood cell partitioning and protein binding (PhD). University of Florida.
- ISBN 9781893441132.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8138-2061-3.
- ^ a b Brooks W. "Acepromazine (PromAce)". The Pet Pharmacy. Retrieved 2017-06-11.
- PMID 16822767.
- .
- S2CID 97040034.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4160-6593-7.
- ^ S2CID 1780375.
- ^ "Multidrug Sensitivity in Dogs". Washington State University.
- ^ a b Thayer A (2009). "HA Special Care Drug Chart" (PDF). Retrieved 2017-06-19.
- ISBN 9780954803704.