Trimipramine
Clinical data | |
---|---|
Trade names | Surmontil, others |
Other names | Trimeproprimine; IF-6120; IL-6001; RP-7162; 2'-Methylimipramine; β-Methylimipramine |
AHFS/Drugs.com | |
MedlinePlus | a602010 |
License data |
|
Pregnancy category |
|
Routes of administration | Oral, intramuscular injection, intravenous |
ATC code | |
Legal status | |
Legal status | |
Identifiers | |
| |
JSmol) | |
| |
| |
(verify) |
Trimipramine, sold under the brand name Surmontil among others, is a
Medical uses
Trimipramine's primary use in medicine is in the treatment of major depressive disorder,[11][12] especially where sedation is helpful due to its prominent sedative effects.[12] The drug is also an effective anxiolytic, and can be used in the treatment of anxiety.[8][9] In addition to depression and anxiety, trimipramine is effective in the treatment of insomnia, and unlike most other hypnotics, does not alter the normal sleep architecture.[8] In particular, it does not suppress REM sleep, and dreams are said to "brighten" during treatment.[8][13]
Trimipramine also has some weak antipsychotic effects with a profile of activity described as similar to that of
A major
The effective dosage of trimipramine in depression is 150 to 300 mg/day.[9] Doses of trimipramine used for insomnia range from 25 to 200 mg/day.[15][16][17] However, it has been advised that doses be kept as low as possible, and a low dose of 25 mg/day has been recommended.[15]
Contraindications
Contraindications include:[2][3][4][5][11][12]
- Recent myocardial infarction
- Any degree of heart block or other cardiac arrhythmias
- Mania
- Severe liver disease
- During breastfeeding
- Hypersensitivity to trimipramine or to any of the excipients
Side effects
The side effects of trimipramine have been said to be similar to those of other tertiary amine TCAs, with a preponderance of
It is described as being associated with minimal or no
Heavy exposure to any tricyclic antidepressants was associated with an elevated rate ratio for breast cancer 11–15 years later.[19] However, on tests done on Drosophila melanogaster, nongenotoxic TCAs (amitriptyline, maprotiline, nortriptyline, and protriptyline), and genotoxic TCAs (amoxapine, clomipramine, desipramine, doxepin, imipramine, and trimipramine) were identified.[19]
List of side effects
Common adverse effects include:[2][3][4][5][11][12]
- Sedation — especially common with trimipramine compared to the other TCAs
- Anticholinergic effects including:
- - dry mouth
- - blurred vision
- - mydriasis
- - decreased lacrimation
- - constipation
- - urinary hesitancy or retention
- - reduced GI motility
- - tachycardia (high heart rate)
- - anticholinergic delirium (particularly in the elderly and in Parkinson's disease)
- Weight gain
- Orthostatic hypotension
- Sexual dysfunction including impotence, loss of libido and other sexual adverse effects
- Tremor
- Dizziness
- Sweating
- Anxiety
- Insomnia
- Agitation
- Rash
Adverse effects with an unknown incidence includes:[2][3][4][5][11][12]
- Confusion
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Extrapyramidal side effects (e.g. parkinsonism, dystonia, etc.)
- Tinnitus
- Paraesthesia
- ECG changes
- Increased liver function tests
Rare adverse effects include:[2][3][4][5][11][12]
- Seizures
- Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone
- Blood dyscrasias including:
- Myocardial infarction
- Heart block
- QTc intervalprolongation
- Sudden cardiac death
- Depression worsening
- Suicidal ideation
Overdose
Compared to other TCAs, trimipramine is relatively safe in
Interactions
Trimipramine should not be given with
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Site | Ki/IC50 (nM) | Species | Ref |
---|---|---|---|
SERT | 149–2,110 | Human | [22][23] |
NET | 2,450–4,990 | Human | [22][23] |
DAT | ≥3,780 | Human | [22][23] |
5-HT1A | 8,000 | Human | [24] |
5-HT1D | >10,000 | Pig | [25] |
5-HT2A | 32 | Human | [24] |
5-HT2C | 537 | Pig | [25] |
5-HT3 | 9,120 | Rat | [25] |
α1 | 24 | Human | [18] |
α2 | 680 | Human | [18] |
D1 |
347 | Pig | [25] |
D2 |
143–210 | Human/undefined | [18][26][25] |
D3 |
ND | ND | ND |
D4 |
275 | Undefined | [25] |
H1 | 0.27–1.48 | Human | [27][18][28] |
H2 | 41 | Human | [27] |
H3 | >100,000 | Human | [27] |
H4 | 43,700 | Human | [27] |
mACh | 58 | Human | [18] |
Values are Ki (nM). The smaller the value, the more strongly the drug binds to the site. |
The
- Very strong: H1
- Strong: 5-HT2A, α1-adrenergic
- Moderate: D2, mACh
- Weak: 5-HT2C, D1, α2-adrenergic
In spite of its atypical nature and different profile of activity, trimipramine has been shown in head-to-head clinical studies to possess equivalent effectiveness to other antidepressants, including but not limited to other TCAs (e.g., amitriptyline, imipramine, doxepin, amineptine), tetracyclic antidepressants (TeCAs) (e.g., maprotiline), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) (e.g., phenelzine, isocarboxazid), and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e.g., fluoxetine).[6][7] In addition, trimipramine has been found to possess greater anxiolytic effects than other TCAs such as amitriptyline and doxepin in head-to-head comparisons.[8] Indeed, its prominent anxiolytic effects have been said to distinguish it from most other TCAs.[9] The atypicality of trimipramine in relation to its lack of monoamine reuptake inhibition is described as challenging the monoamine hypothesis of depression.[7]
The major metabolite of trimipramine, desmethyltrimipramine, is considered to possess pharmacological activity similar to that of other demethylated tertiary amine TCA variants.[23]
Monoamine reuptake inhibition
SERT | NET | DAT | Type | Species | Tissue | Year/Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8,200 | 1,000 | 6,800 | IC50 (nM) | Rat | Brain | 1977[29] |
2,500 | 510 | 3,400 | Ki (nM) | Rat | Brain | 1984[30] |
149 | 2,450 | 3,780 | KD (nM) | Human | HEK293 |
1997[22] |
2,110 | 4,990 | 55,600 | IC50 (nM) | Human | HEK293 | 2011[23] |
Studies have generally found only very weak inhibition of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake with trimipramine,
Compound | SERT | NET | DAT |
---|---|---|---|
Trimipramine | 5.675 | 5.302 | >30 μM |
Desmethyltrimipramine | 5.206 | 5.535 | 4.530 |
2-Hydroxytrimipramine | >30 μM | 4.960 | 4.585 |
Trimipramine-N-oxide | 5.445 | 4.930 | 5.027 |
Values are pIC50. The higher the value, the more strongly the drug binds to the site. |
Trimipramine is extensively metabolized, so its metabolites may contribute to its pharmacology, including potentially to monoamine reuptake inhibition.[23][31] In what was the only study to date to have assessed the activity profiles of the metabolites of trimipramine, Haenisch et al. (2011) assayed desmethyltrimipramine, 2-hydroxytrimipramine, and trimipramine-N-oxide in addition to trimipramine and found that these metabolites showed IC50 values for the SERT, NET, and DAT similar to those of trimipramine (see table to the right).[23][31] Like other secondary amine TCAs, desmethyltrimipramine was slightly more potent than trimipramine in its norepinephrine reuptake inhibition but less potent in its inhibition of serotonin reuptake.[23] However, desmethyltrimipramine still showed only very weak inhibition of the NET.[23]
Therapeutic concentrations of trimipramine are between 0.5 and 1.2 μM (150–350 ng/mL) and hence significant monoamine reuptake inhibition would not be expected with it or its metabolites.[23] However, these concentrations are nearly 2-fold higher if the active metabolites of trimipramine are also considered, and studies of other TCAs have found that they cross the blood–brain barrier and accumulate in the brain to levels of up to 10-fold those in the periphery.[23] As such, trimipramine and its metabolites might at least partially inhibit reuptake of serotonin and/or norepinephrine, though not of dopamine, at therapeutic concentrations, and this could be hypothesized to contribute at least in part to its antidepressant effects.[23][31] This is relevant as Haenisch et al. has stated that these are the only actions known at present which could explain or at least contribute to the antidepressant effects of trimipramine.[23] That said, blockade of the 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, and α2-adrenergic receptors, as with mirtazapine,[32] has also been implicated in antidepressant effects.[33][10][34]
In any case, there is also clinical and animal evidence that trimipramine does not inhibit the reuptake of monoamines.
Antihistamine activity
Trimipramine is a very potent
Trimipramine is also an antagonist of the
As a hypnotic
Blockade of the H1 receptor is responsible for the sedative effects of trimipramine and other TCAs and their effectiveness in the treatment of insomnia.[39]
Most antidepressants suppress REM sleep, in parallel with their alleviation of depressive symptoms (although suppression of REM sleep is not required for antidepressant effects).[6] This includes TCAs (e.g., amitriptyline, nortriptyline), TeCAs (e.g., mianserin, maprotiline), MAOIs (e.g., clorgiline, pargyline), and SSRIs (e.g., fluoxetine, zimelidine, indalpine).[6] Trimipramine is unique in that it is an exception and produces antidepressant effects without compromising or otherwise affecting REM sleep.[6][9] Even long-term treatment with trimipramine for up to 2 years has not been found to suppress REM sleep.[40] In addition, trimipramine has been found to decrease nocturnal cortisol levels to normal and to normalize cortisol response in depressed patients; hence, it normalizes the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, whereas imipramine and other antidepressants tend to increase nocturnal cortisol secretion.[25]
In clinical studies, trimipramine has been found in doses of 50 to 200 mg/day to significantly increase sleep efficiency and total sleep time and to decrease waking time for up to 3 weeks in patients with insomnia.[6] It also improved subjectively perceived sleep quality and well-being during daytime.[6] Monitoring of patients upon discontinuation of trimipramine found that it did not cause rebound insomnia or worsening of sleep quality in subjective evaluations of sleep, although objective measurements found total sleep time below baseline in a subset of patients during trimipramine withdrawal.[6]
Antidopaminergic activity
Site | Trimipramine | Clozapine | |
---|---|---|---|
5-HT2A | 7.71 | 7.84 | |
α1A/B | 7.62 | 8.54 | |
D2 |
7.24 | 7.01 | |
D1 |
6.46 | 6.58 | |
α2B | 6.42 | 7.08 | |
5-HT2C | 6.27 | 8.40 | |
α2A | 5.86 | 7.10 | |
5-HT3 | 5.04 | 7.00 | |
5-HT1A | <5.00 | 6.17 | |
5-HT1D | <5.00 | 5.68 | |
Values are pKi (nM). The higher the value, the more strongly the drug binds to the site. |
Trimipramine is a weak but significant antagonist of the dopamine
Unlike various other TCAs, trimipramine shows marked antagonism of presynaptic dopamine autoreceptors, potentially resulting in increased dopaminergic neurotransmission.[7] This effect has also been observed with low-potency tricyclic antipsychotics like thioridazine and chlorprothixene.[7] Notably, these two antipsychotics have been claimed many times to also possess antidepressant effects.[7][40] As such, blockade of inhibitory dopamine autoreceptors and hence facilitation of dopaminergic signaling could be involved in the antidepressant effects of trimipramine.[7][40] However, other authors have attributed the claimed antidepressant effects of antipsychotics like the two previously mentioned to α2-adrenergic receptor antagonism, although trimipramine specifically has only weak affinity for this receptor.[7] Aside from antidepressant effects, low doses of antipsychotics have been found to increase REM sleep, and so dopamine autoreceptor antagonism could be involved in the unique effects of trimipramine in terms of REM sleep and sleep architecture.[40]
Pharmacokinetics
The
Trimipramine is a
Chemistry
Trimipramine is a
History
Trimipramine was developed by Rhône-Poulenc.[52] It was patented in 1959 and first appeared in the literature in 1961.[52] The drug was first introduced for medical use in 1966, in Europe.[52][53] It was not introduced in the United States until later in 1979 or 1980.[54][55]
Society and culture
Generic names
Trimipramine is the
Brand names
Trimipramine is marketed throughout the world mainly under the brand name Surmontil.[51][57] Other notable brand names of trimipramine have included Herphonal, Rhotrimine, Sapilent, Stangyl, and Tydamine.[51][57]
Availability
Trimipramine is no longer marketed in Australia, though it was previously.[58][59]
In film
The sedative effects of Trimipramine in off-prescription, recreational use are described in the 1987 film Withnail and I where the eponymous character declares "This is the plan. We get in there and get wrecked, then we'll eat a pork pie, then we'll drop a couple of Surmontil-50's each. That means we'll miss out Monday but come up smiling Tuesday morning."[60]
References
- ^ Anvisa (2023-03-31). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "PRODUCT INFORMATION SURMONTIL Tablets and Capsules" (PDF). TGA eBusiness Services. Aspen Pharmacare Australia Pty Ltd. 28 November 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "SURMONTIL (trimipramine maleate) capsule [Duramed Pharmaceuticals Inc]". DailyMed. Duramed Pharmaceuticals Inc. December 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Surmontil, Trimip (trimipramine) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more". Medscape Reference. WebMD. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Trimipramine 50mg Capsules - Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC)". electronic Medicines Compendium. Zentiva. 19 November 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
- ^ S2CID 29596291.
- ^ S2CID 23302529.
- ^ S2CID 20347877.
- ^ S2CID 22227558.
- ^ PMID 9090573.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-9805790-9-3.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-85711-084-8.
- ^ Schredl M, Berger M, Riemann D. The effect of trimipramine on dream recall and dream emotions in depressive outpatients. Psychiatry Res. 2009 May 30;167(3):279-86. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2008.03.002. Epub 2009 Apr 28. PMID 19403177.
- ^ S2CID 250536370.
- ^ S2CID 28009108.
- PMID 29761479.
- S2CID 9177139.
- ^ PMID 6086881.
- ^ PMID 11857018.
- PMID 19031375.
- ^ Roth BL, Driscol J. "PDSP Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
- ^ PMID 9537821.
- ^ S2CID 28707541.
- ^ PMID 3816971.
- ^ S2CID 38254883.
- ^ S2CID 21236268.
- ^ S2CID 14274150.
- S2CID 45303586.
- S2CID 8183053.
- ^ PMID 6499924.
- ^ PMID 24062697.
- PMID 11607047.
- PMID 15309042.
- PMID 16433010.
- ^ PMID 17471183.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8493-6425-9.
- ISBN 978-0-8493-5680-3.
- ISBN 978-0-674-11383-1.
- PMID 23357028.
- ^ S2CID 22636330.
- PMID 22681162.
- ^ PMID 10774635.
- ^ ISBN 978-94-007-5805-6.
- ISBN 978-1-60913-345-0.
- ^ Acta Pharmacologica Et Toxicologica: Supplement. Munksgaard. 1985.
Triraipramine, butriptylin, and propizepine have a methyl substituent at the 2'-position of the sidechain, e.g. trimipramine is a 2'-methyl-imipramine.
- ISBN 978-0-471-95052-3.
- ISBN 978-3-527-64632-6.
- ISBN 978-1-56053-470-9.
- ISBN 978-0-19-162675-3.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3.
- ^ ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1.
- ^ PMID 19557250.
- ISBN 978-0-7817-2845-4.
- ISBN 978-1-4757-1137-0.
- ISBN 978-0-915274-23-9.
- ISBN 978-94-011-4439-1.
- ^ a b c d "Trimipramine Uses, Side Effects & Warnings".
- ^ "TRIMIPRAMINE – Australian Medicines Handbook". www.mps-aust.com.au. MPS Australia. 2008. Archived from the original on 4 August 2017. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
- ^ "Tricyclic antidepressants - Australian Medicines Handbook". Australian Medicines Handbook. Australian Medicines Handbook Pty Ltd. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
- ^ "IMDB Quotes page". IMDB. IMDB. Retrieved 28 March 2024.