Dopamine receptor D1
Dopamine receptor D1, also known as DRD1. It is one of the two types of D1-like receptor family — receptors D1 and D5. It is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DRD1 gene.[5][6][7][8]
Tissue distribution
D1 receptors are the most abundant kind of dopamine receptor in the central nervous system.
Lower levels occur in the basolateral amygdala, cerebral cortex, septum, thalamus, and hypothalamus.[9]
Function
D1 receptors regulate the memory, learning, and the growth of neurons, also is used in the reward system and locomotor activity, mediating some behaviors and modulating dopamine receptor D2-mediated events.[10][8]
They play a role in
gene expression changes that occur in the nucleus accumbens
during addiction.
They are
cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase
.
Production
The DRD1 gene expresses primarily in the
caudate putamen, the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle in mouse. Gene expression patterns from the Allen Brain Atlases in mouse and human can be found here
.
Ligands
There are a number of ligands selective for the D1 receptors. To date, most of the known ligands are based on
SKF-38393 (one derivative being the prototypical antagonist SCH-23390).[11] D1 receptor has a high degree of structural homology to another dopamine receptor, D5, and they both bind similar drugs.[12] As a result, none of the known orthosteric ligands is selective for the D1 vs. the D5 receptor, but the benzazepines generally are more selective for the D1 and D5 receptors versus the D2-like family.[11] Some of the benzazepines have high intrinsic activity whereas others do not. In 2015 the first positive allosteric modulator for the human D1 receptor was discovered by high-throughput screening.[13]
Agonists
Several D1 receptor agonists are used clinically. These include
adrogolide (ABT-431) (a prodrug of A-86929 with improved bioavailability) are the only selective, centrally active D1-like receptor agonists that have been studied clinically in humans.[16] The selective D1 agonists give profound antiparkinson effects in humans and primate models of PD, and yield cognitive enhancement in many preclinical models and a few clinical trials. The most dose-limiting feature is profound hypotension, but the clinical development was impeded largely by lack of oral bioavailability and short duration of action.[16][17][18]
In 2017, Pfizer made public information about pharmaceutically-acceptable non-catechol selective D1 agonists that are in clinical development.
List of D1 receptor agonists
- Dihydrexidine derivatives
- A-86929 – full agonist with 14-fold selectivity for D1-like receptors over D2[11][15][19]
- Dihydrexidine – full agonist with 10-fold selectivity for D1-like receptors over D2 that has been in Phase IIa clinical trials as a cognitive enhancer.[20][21] It also showed profound antiparkinson effects in MPTP-treated primates,[22] but caused profound hypotension in one early clinical trial in Parkinson's disease.[11] Although dihydrexidine has significant D2 properties, it is highly biased at D2 receptors and was used for the first demonstration of functional selectivity[23] with dopamine receptors.[24][25]
- Dinapsoline – full agonist with 5-fold selectivity for D1-like receptors over D2[11]
- Dinoxyline – full agonist with approximately equal affinity for D1-like and D2 receptors[11]
- Doxanthrine – full agonist with 168-fold selectivity for D1-like receptors over D2[11]
- Benzazepine derivatives
- SKF-81297 – 200-fold selectivity for D1 over any other receptor[11]
- SKF-82958 – 57-fold selectivity for D1 over D2[11]
- SKF-38393 – very high selectivity for D1 with negligible affinity for any other receptor[11]
- Clozapine – partial agonist at D1-like receptors[26]
- antihypertensive[11]
- 6-Br-APB – 90-fold selectivity for D1 over D2[11]
- Others
- Stepholidine – alkaloid with D1 agonist and D2 antagonist properties, showing antipsychotic effects
- A-68930
- A-77636
- CY-208,243 – high intrinsic activity partial agonist with moderate selectivity for D1-like over D2-like receptors, member of ergoline ligand family like pergolide and bromocriptine.
- SKF-89145
- SKF-89626
- 7,8-Dihydroxy-5-phenyl-octahydrobenzo[h]isoquinoline – extremely potent, high-affinity full agonist[27]
- Cabergoline – weak D1 agonism, highly selective for D2, and various serotonin receptors
- Pergolide – (similar to cabergoline) weak D1 agonism, highly selective for D2, and various serotonin receptors
- A photoswitchable agonist of D1-like receptors (azodopa[28]) has been described that allows reversible control of dopaminergic transmission in wildtype animals.
Antagonists
Many
Tourette's syndrome, with efficacy in some of these conditions seen. The drug produced mild-to-moderate, reversible depression and anxiety
in clinical studies however and has yet to complete development for any indication.
List of D1 receptor antagonists
- Benzazepine derivatives
- SCH-23,390 – 100-fold selectivity for D1 over D5[11]
- Ecopipam (SCH-39,166) – a selective D1/D5 antagonist that was being developed as an anti-obesity medication but was discontinued[11] However, it has showed promise in reducing stuttering and is currently in Phase 2 Trials for this purpose[29][30]
Modulators
- DETQ –
- LY-3154207 – potent and subtype selective PAM, in phase 2 studies for Lewy body dementia.[34]
Protein–protein interactions
Dopamine receptor D1 has been shown to interact with:
Receptor oligomers
The D1 receptor forms
- D1–D2 receptor complex[37]
- D1−NMDAR receptor complex – a target to prevent neurodegeneration[41]
- D1–D3 receptor complex[37]
- D1–NMDAR receptor complex[37]
- D1–A1 receptor complex[37]
Structure
Several
CryoEM structures of agonists bound to the dopamine D1 receptor complexed with the stimulatory heterotrimeric Gs protein have been determined. Agonist interact with extracellular loop 2 and extracellular regions of trans-membrane helices 2, 3, 6, and 7. Interactions between catechol-based agonists and three trans-membrane serine residues including S1985.42, S1995.43, and S2025.46 function as microswitches that are essential for receptor activation.[42]
See also
References
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000184845 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000021478 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
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- ^ ISBN 9780471660538., thalamus, and hypothalamus.
Localization of the D1 receptor messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression has been mapped using Northern analysis and in situ hybridization (for a review, see [54]). Expression of D1 receptor mRNA is highest in the caudate putamen, nucleus accumbens, and olfactory tubercle. Lower levels of expression are found in the basolateral amygdala, cerebral cortex, septum pellucidum
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External links
- "Dopamine Receptors: D1". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Archived from the original on 2015-01-02. Retrieved 2008-12-04.
- Receptors,+Dopamine+D1 at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.