Yan'an

Yan'an

Yan'an was near the endpoint of the Long March, and became the center of the Chinese Communist Revolution from late 1935 to early 1947. Chinese communists celebrate Yan'an as the birthplace of the revolution.

As of 2019, Yan'an has approximately 2,255,700 permanent residents.^[2]: 4–5

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Yan'an was populated at least as early as the

The demographic impacts of this was felt for decades, as the local economy cratered, and insufficient government support hindered recovery efforts:[8]^{: 128–129} In 1823, Bao'an (present-day Zhidan County) had a population of 51,000, but only 170 remained in 1868; while Yan'an (present-day Baota District) had 61,200 inhabitants in 1823, but only about 10,000 in 1930.^[8]: 128 One account from a British traveler in 1911 described Yan'an as "a city of pretentious Government Offices long fallen into decay...Gazing down a vista of dim distant years one caught a glimpse of past splendour; but the living forces of which it had been the drapery and symbols had long since died out, leaving stagnation, corruption and decay to reign in its halls".^{[8]: 129–130}

After the fall of the Qing dynasty, the city became part of the newly created Republic of China, and was reorganized by the Republican government in 1913 under Yulin Circuit [zh].^[3]

Throughout the Republic of China,

In 1934, two regional

Having rebelled against Chiang, the local warlords decided to hand over Yan'an to the Communists, who were now allies. They pulled out, and in January 1937, the Red Army entered Yan'an,[3] without a fight. This is described by Agnes Smedley in her book Battle Hymn of China. She was in Xi'an at the time and got to Yan'an shortly after the take-over.^{[11][citation needed]}

On September 6, 1937, Yan'an became the seat of the communist government of what became known as the

During the

Yan'an was briefly captured in the Battle of Yan'an by the Kuomintang forces in the Chinese Civil War.^{[18][citation needed]} The Communist leadership learned of a planned attack in advance and decided to pull out.^{[citation needed]} From then until their capture of Beijing they were usually based somewhere else, often with a mobile headquarters.^{[citation needed]}

In May 1950, under the People's Republic of China, Yan'an was re-organized as Yan'an District, and was further re-organized as a special district (Chinese: 专区) in October.^[3] Yan'an was later established as an area (Chinese: 地区).^[3]

On November 5, 1996, Yan'an Area was revoked and established as a prefecture-level city.^[3]

Yan'an's experienced fast-paced urbanization during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period (2006–2010).^[12]: 125 From 2011 to 2015, it underwent a red tourism-oriented beautification project.^[12]: 127

Xi Jinping visited Yan'an in 2015.

Yan'an is located in

[21] Yan'an has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dwa) that borders on a steppe climate (Köppen BSk), with cold, dry, and moderately long winters, and hot, somewhat humid summers. Spring and autumn are short transition seasons in between. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −5.5 °C (22.1 °F) in January to 23.1 °C (73.6 °F) in July, and the annual mean is 9.90 °C (49.8 °F). The area receives 511 millimeters (20.1 in) of precipitation, 47% of which falls in July and August. Yan'an averages around 300 days of sunshine per year.

Map
Baota Ansai Yanchang County Yanchuan County Zhidan County Wuqi County Ganquan County Fu County Luochuan County Yichuan County Huanglong County Huangling County Zichang (city)
Name	Hanzi	Hanyu Pinyin	Population (2019)[2]: 4–6	Area (km2)[3]	Density (/km2)
Baota District	宝塔区	Bǎotǎ Qū	497,100	3,537.6	140.52
Ansai District	安塞区	Ānsài Qū	177,600	2,951.3	60.18
Zichang City	子长市	Zǐcháng Shì	219,400	2,393.4	91.67
Yanchang County	延长县	Yáncháng Xiàn	127,900	2,361.6	54.16
Yanchuan County	延川县	Yánchuān Xiàn	170,100	1,986.5	85.63
Zhidan County	志丹县	Zhìdān Xiàn	145,800	3,790.2	38.47
Wuqi County	吴起县	Wúqǐ Xiàn	152,600	3,788.5	40.28
Ganquan County	甘泉县	Gānquán Xiàn	79,100	2,276.1	34.75
Fu County	富县	Fù Xiàn	156,800	4,179.9	37.51
Luochuan County	洛川县	Luòchuān Xiàn	228,200	1,791.3	127.39
Yichuan County	宜川县	Yíchuān Xiàn	121,500	2,937.2	41.37
Huanglong County	黄龙县	Huánglóng Xiàn	49,200	2,751.0	17.88
Huangling County	黄陵县	Huánglíng Xiàn	130,400	2,286.7	57.03

As of 2019, Yan'an has approximately 2,255,700 permanent residents, a slight decrease from the 2,259,400 recorded in 2018.^[2]: 4–5 As of 2019, there are 2,336,587 people with a Yan'an hukou registration.^[2]: 4–7 This discrepancy reflects China's system of internal migration, as many hukou holders in more rural areas migrate to larger and more developed cities.

Approximately 674,700 people lived in Yan'an's two districts (Baota and Ansai) as of 2019.^[2]: 4–6

In 2019, Yan'an recorded a

Like much of

As of 2019, the city's output in the fields of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishing totals 26.107 billion RMB.^{[2]: 12–4} Of this, farming accounted for 21.798 billion RMB, animal husbandry accounted for 2.987 billion RMB, forestry accounted for 621.17 million RMB, fishing accounted for 72.82 million RMB, and agricultural services accounted for 628.32 million RMB.^{[2]: 12–4}

The total area of Yan'an's farmland in 2019 is 183.30 thousand hectares, of which, 72.79 thousand hectares are used for growing maize.^[2]: 12-11 Sizable tracts of land in Yan'an are also used to grow vegetables and soybeans.^{[2]: 12–4} Yan'an has the second largest cotton production out of all the prefecture-level cities in Shaanxi, behind just Weinan.^{[2]: 12–13} The city also grows a large amount of rapeseeds,^{[2]: 12–13} peanuts,^{[2]: 12–13} apples,^{[2]: 12–18} jujubes,^{[2]: 12–18} and apricots.^{[2]: 12–18} Yan'an is also the second largest honey producer in Shaanxi, behind Hanzhong.^{[2]: 12–24}

As of 2019, the city's industrial output is worth 96.510 billion RMB,^{[2]: 3–12} a 6.4% increase from the previous year at constant prices.^{[2]: 3–13} In 2018, the petroleum industry alone accounted for 54.419 billion RMB of output.^[25] In addition to oil and natural gas, major industries in the city include coal mining, power generation, and cigarette production.^[25]

Yan'an is a major oil and gas center in China.^[17] In 2018, 15,292,400 tons of crude oil were extracted from the city.^[25] Of this, 8,565,800 tons were extracted by Yanchang Petroleum, and the remaining 6,726,600 tons were extracted as part of CNPC's Changqing Oil Field.^[25] The Changqing Oil Field, part of the wider Ordos basin, one of China's main petroleum-producing regions, has been home to oil extraction since the early 1970s.^[26]

The total retail sales of

The immersive song and dance drama "Thirteen Years in Yan'an" in Jin Yan'an Scenic Area. It is based on the street scenes of old Yan'an in the 1930s. It selects representative figures and deeds at that time, tells red stories through technological innovation, and reproduces the turbulent years of Yan'an for thirteen years.[27]

The city is a major center for Red tourism in China, with facilities such as the Yan'an Revolution Memorial Hall attracting Chinese citizens and Communist Party cadres seeking to learn more about the Party's history.^[17] Red tourism to Yan'an significantly increased in the years following Xi Jinping's 2015 visit, with 40.25 million tourist visits in 2016 and 73.08 million tourist visits in 2019.^[19]: 89

In 2021, the development project Golden Yan'an opened as part of the Holy Land Valley Cultural Tourism Industrial Park.^[12]: 1 This tourist town is branded as the "new landmark of Red Tourism in China" and features old-fashioned Chinese streets and shops in the style of the 1930s Yan'an Soviet.^{[12]: 1–2} The major attraction of Golden Yan'an is "The Ode of Yan'an" nightlight show.^[12]: 2 The free show depicts a series of historical moments from the Communist Party's Yan'an period presented with a light show on the mountains and an audio-visual projection on Baota Mountain.^[12]: 2Yan'an Red Street uses red culture-themed stories to connect the soul of the entire neighborhood. In addition, unlike other tourist attractions, Yan'an Red Street has created many innovative interactive experiential projects, allowing tourists to experience a Red Street journey that integrates body and soul.^[28]

Shortly before the centenary of the Chinese Communist Party, Yan'an launched the "Red Stars Flying Me to Yan'an from Thirteen Cities" imitative, which sought to promote tourism to Yan'an for the study of revolutionary history, including with drastically reduced airfare.^[12]: 1

• Yan'an Nanniwan Airport
• G2211 Changyan Expressway
• G65 Baotou–Maoming Expressway
• China National Highway 210

Yan'an is home to 251 standard primary schools and 112 standard secondary schools, enrolling 218,100 and 129,900 students, respectively.^[29] The city also has 556 kindergartens, enrolling 119,500 students. The city also has 5 special education schools, serving 372 disabled students.^[29] As of 2019, Yan'an has 13 public libraries.^{[2]: 18–19}

• Yan'an University [zh]
• China Yan'an Executive Leadership Academy
• Yan'an Middle School^[30]

Yan'an is home to 2,631 healthcare institutions as of 2019, which contain 14,560 medical beds, and are staffed by 24,298 employees.^[2]: 19-7

• Yan'an Rectification Movement
• Yan'an Talks on Literature and Art
• 2693 Yan'an

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yan'an.

Look up Yan'an, Yanan, Yenan, or Yen-an in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Yan'an.

• Official website of Yan'an Government
• Yan'an (China) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia