User:Peter Ormond/Monarchy of Jamaica

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
King of Jamaica
Coat of arms of Jamaica
Incumbent
Charles III
since 8 September 2022
Details
StyleHis Majesty
Heir apparentWilliam, Prince of Wales
First monarchElizabeth II
Formation6 August 1962
ResidenceKing's House, Kingston[1]
Politics of Jamaica
Executive
Legislative
Elections
Judiciary
Administrative divisions
Foreign relations
flag Jamaica portal

The monarchy of Jamaica is a system of government in which a hereditary

King Charles III
. As sovereign, he is the personal embodiment of the Jamaican Crown. Although the person of the sovereign is equally shared with 14 other independent countries within the Commonwealth of Nations, each country's monarchy is separate and legally distinct. As a result, the current monarch is officially titled King of Jamaica and, in this capacity, he and other members of the royal family undertake public and private functions domestically and abroad as representatives of the Jamaican state. However, the monarch is the only member of the royal family with any constitutional role.

All executive authority of Jamaica is vested in the monarch, and royal assent is required for the Jamaican Parliament to enact laws and for letters patent and Orders in Council to have legal effect. Most of the powers are exercised by the elected members of parliament, the ministers of the Crown generally drawn from amongst them, and the judges and justices of the peace. Other powers vested in the monarch, such as the appointment of a prime minister, are significant but are treated only as reserve powers and as an important security part of the role of the monarchy.

The Crown today primarily functions as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and a nonpartisan safeguard against the abuse of power. While some powers are exercisable only by the sovereign, most of the monarch's operational and ceremonial duties are exercised by his representative, the governor-general of jamaica. Over the years, the Crown of Jamaica has evolved to become a distinctly Jamaican institution, represented by its own unique symbols.

Since Jamaican independence in 1962, there is frequent debate on whether to replace the monarchy with a republic, a position which is supported by both major political parties. The current prime minister, Andrew Holness, has announced his administration's intention to hold a referendum on the monarchy by 2025.

Origins

Queen Elizabeth II

In 1655, a British expedition under Admiral Sir William Penn and General Robert Venables captured Jamaica and they began expelling the Spanish, a task that was accomplished within five years. Spain recognized British sovereignty over Jamaica in the Treaty of Madrid (1670).[2] The Royal African Company was formed in 1672 with a monopoly of the British slave trade, and from that time Jamaica became one of the world's busiest slave markets. Jamaica also became one of Britain's most-valuable colonies in terms of agricultural production.[3]

A limited form of local government was introduced with the creation of the House of Assembly of Jamaica in 1664; however, it represented only a tiny number of rich plantation owners.[4] The British Parliament abolished the transatlantic slave trade in 1807, and Parliament subsequently approved an emancipatory act that gave all enslaved people in British colonies their freedom by 1838. In 1866, the island was declared a crown colony. Its newly appointed governor, Sir John Peter Grant, helped reorganise the colony, including establishing a police force, reformed judicial system, medical service, public works department, and government savings bank.[3]

The constitution of 1944 established a House of Representatives, whose members were elected by universal adult suffrage.

Queen Elizabeth II as head of state and Queen of Jamaica.[5]


The Queen's sister, Princess Margaret, represented her at the independence celebrations in August 1962. On 7 August, the Princess opened the first parliament of independent Jamaica, on behalf of the Queen. The Queen also sent a personal message to Jamaicans in which she welcomed the newly-independent country into the Commonwealth, and said: "I am sure that your country, which has already given an example to the world of how people of many varied origins and traditions may live together in harmony, will have a vital contribution to make to the cause of fuller cooperation, understanding and tolerance far beyond the immediate area of the world in which it is situated".[6]

The Jamaican Crown and its aspects

Further information: Commonwealth realm § The Crown in the Commonwealth realms
Elizabeth II, Queen of Jamaica, on the obverse of a Jamaican one penny, 1967

Jamaica is one of fifteen independent nations, known as

Commonwealth realms, which shares its sovereign with other realms in the Commonwealth of Nations, with the monarch's relationship with Jamaica completely independent from his or her position as monarch of any other realm. Despite sharing the same person as their respective monarch, each of the Commonwealth realms — including Jamaica — is sovereign and independent of the others.[n 1] The Jamaican monarch is represented by a viceroy—the governor-general of Jamaica—in the country.[8]

Since Jamaican independence in 1962, the pan-national Crown has had both a shared and a separate character and the sovereign's role as monarch of Jamaica is distinct to his or her position as monarch of any other realm, including the United Kingdom.[9] The monarchy thus ceased to be an exclusively British institution and in Jamaica became a Jamaican, or "domesticated" establishment.[10][11]

This division is illustrated in a number of ways: The sovereign, for example, holds a unique Jamaican title and, when he is acting in public specifically as a representative of Jamaica, he uses, where possible, Jamaican symbols, including the country's national flag, unique royal symbols, and the like. Also, only Jamaican government ministers can advise the sovereign on matters of the Jamaican state.[8]

In Jamaica, the legal personality of the State is referred to as "His Majesty in Right of Jamaica".[13]

Title

Shortly after independence, Elizabeth II, at the request of the Prime Minister of Jamaica, adopted a separate and distinct tile in her new role as Queen of Jamaica. Per a proclamation on 31 August 1962, the Queen's style and title in relation to Jamaica became: Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of Jamaica and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth.[14][15]

Since the accession of King Charles III, the monarch's title is: Charles the Third, by the Grace of God of Jamaica and of His other Realms and Territories King, Head of the Commonwealth.

This style communicates Jamaica's status as an independent monarchy, highlighting the monarch's role specifically as Sovereign of Jamaica, as well as the shared aspect of the Crown throughout the realms, by mentioning Jamaica separately from the other Commonwealth realms. Typically, the Sovereign is styled "King of Jamaica" and is addressed as such when in Jamaica, or performing duties on behalf of Jamaica abroad.[16]

In the creole language Jamaican Patois, Queen Elizabeth II was known as Missis Queen or The Queen Lady.[17]

Succession

Further information: Succession to the British throne
William, Prince of Wales, is the current heir apparent to the throne of Jamaica

Like some realms, Jamaica defers to United Kingdom law to determine the line of succession.[18][19]

Succession is by

Roman Catholic, nor married to one, and must be in communion with the Church of England upon ascending the throne. Though these constitutional laws, as they apply to Jamaica, still lie within the control of the British parliament, both the United Kingdom and Jamaica cannot change the rules of succession without the unanimous consent of the other realms, unless explicitly leaving the shared monarchy relationship; a situation that applies identically in all the other realms, and which has been likened to a treaty amongst these countries.[20]

Prime Minister Andrew Holness signing the book of condolences in memory of Queen Elizabeth II at Lancaster House, 17 September 2022

Upon a demise of the Crown (the death or abdication of a sovereign), it is customary for the accession of the new monarch to be publicly proclaimed by the governor-general in the capital, Kingston, after the accession.[21][22] Regardless of any proclamations, the late sovereign's heir immediately and automatically succeeds, without any need for confirmation or further ceremony. An appropriate period of mourning also follows, during which flags across the country are flown at half-mast to honour the late monarch.[23][24]

Constitutional role and royal prerogative

The Constitution of Jamaica gives the country a similar parliamentary system of government to the other Commonwealth realms, wherein the role of the monarch and governor-general is both legal and practical, but not political. The Crown is regarded as a corporation, in which several parts shared the authority of the whole, with the sovereign as the person at the centre of the constitutional construct,[25] meaning all powers of the state are constitutionally reposed in the monarch.[26] As head of state, the sovereign is at the apex of the Jamaican Order of Precedence.[27]

The constitution requires most of the sovereign's domestic duties to be performed by the governor-general, appointed by the monarch on the advice of the

prime minister of Jamaica.[28]

All institutions of government act under the sovereign's authority; the vast powers that belong to the Jamaican Crown are collectively known as the

Royal Prerogative
. Parliamentary approval is not required for the exercise of the Royal Prerogative; moreover, the consent of the Crown is must before either of the houses of parliament may even debate a bill affecting the sovereign's prerogatives or interests.

Executive

The flag of the Jamaican Governor-General featuring St Edward's Crown

One of the main duties of the Crown is to appoint a

call elections.[31] However, it is important to note that the Royal Prerogative belongs to the Crown and not to any of the ministers, though it might have sometimes appeared that way,[25] and the constitution allows the governor-general to unilaterally use these powers in relation to the dismissal of a prime minister, dissolution of parliament, and removal of a judge in exceptional, constitutional crisis situations.[32]

There are also a few duties which are specifically performed by the monarch, such as appointing the governor-general.[33]

The governor-general, to maintain the stability of government, appoints as prime minister the individual most likely to maintain the support of the

senators,[37] and Supreme Court justices also falls under the Royal Prerogative.[38]

Foreign affairs

Sir Patrick Allen
, 2019

The Royal Prerogative further extends to foreign affairs: the governor-general ratifies treaties, alliances, and international agreements. As with other uses of the Royal Prerogative, no parliamentary approval is required. However, a treaty cannot alter the domestic laws of Jamaica; an Act of Parliament is necessary in such cases. The governor-general, on behalf of the monarch, also accredits Jamaican

High Commissioners and ambassadors and receives diplomats from foreign states. In addition, the issuance of passports falls under the Royal Prerogative and, as such, all Jamaican passports are issued in the governor-general's name, the monarch's representative in Jamaica.[39]

Parliament

The sovereign, along with the

Senate and the House of Representatives, is one of the three components of the Parliament of Jamaica.[40] The authority of the Crown is embodied in the mace of the Parliament, which bears a crown at its apex.[41]

The monarch does not, however, participate in the legislative process; the viceroy does, though only in the granting of

dropped by the governor-general at King's House.[28]

The new parliamentary session is marked by the Opening of Parliament, during which the monarch or the governor-general reads the

Speech from the Throne.[46]

All laws in Jamaica are enacted only with the viceroy's granting of

Royal Assent in the monarch's name.[47] Thus, bills begin with the phrase: "Be it enacted by The King's Most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Representatives of Jamaica, and by the authority of the same, as follows:".[48][49] The Royal Assent, and proclamation, are required for all acts of parliament, usually granted or withheld by the governor-general, with the Broad Seal of Jamaica.[50]

Courts

The sovereign is responsible for rendering justice for all his subjects, and is thus traditionally deemed the fount of justice.[51] In Jamaica, criminal offences are legally deemed to be offences against the sovereign and proceedings for indictable offences are brought in the sovereign's name in the form of The King versus [Name].[52][53] Hence, the common law holds that the sovereign "can do no wrong"; the monarch cannot be prosecuted in his own courts for criminal offences.[54]

All judges of the Supreme Court of Jamaica are appointed by the governor-general.[55] The highest court of appeal for Jamaica is the Judicial Committee of the King's Privy Council.[35][56]

The governor-general, on behalf of the Jamaican monarch, can also grant immunity from prosecution, exercise the royal prerogative of mercy, and pardon offences against the Crown, either before, during, or after a trial. The exercise of the 'Prerogative of mercy' to grant a pardon and the commutation of prison sentences is described in section 90 of the Constitution.[57]

Cultural role

The Crown and Honours

The Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal was awarded in 2012 to about 6,000 Jamaicans to commemorate the Queen's Diamond Jubilee.[58]

Within the Commonwealth realms, the monarch is deemed the fount of honour.[59] The monarch or the governor-general confers awards and honours in Jamaica on the advice of Jamaican ministers.[60][61][62]

By the passage of The National Honours and Awards Act in 1969, Jamaica established six national orders on 18 July 1969. The governor-general serves as the Chancellor of the

Order of National Hero, and is responsible for the administration of that order.[63][64] Every year on the third Monday of October, Jamaica commemorates National Heroes Day. On that day, the governor-general holds investiture ceremonies and presents national honours and awards to deserving Jamaicans at King's House.[65][66][67]

In Jamaica, the Sovereign's jubilee is celebrated by awarding commemorative medals to members of the Jamaican frontline services. Special Jubilee medals were awarded in 2012 for the Queen's Diamond Jubilee, and in 2022 for the Queen's Platinum Jubilee.[68][69]

The Crown and the Defence Force

The seal of the Jamaica Defence Force featuring the Crown of St Edward

The Crown sits at the pinnacle of the Jamaica Defence Force. It is reflected in Jamaican naval vessels, which bear the prefix HMJS, i.e., His Majesty's Jamaica Ship.[70][71]

St Edward's Crown appears on the Jamaica Defence Force badges, which illustrates the monarchy as the locus of authority.

The power to grant commissions in the Jamaica Defence Force is vested in the monarch, and is exercised on the monarch's behalf by the governor-general.[72]


The Crown and the Constabulary Force

Every member of the Jamaica Constabulary Force has to swear allegiance to the Jamaican monarch, on taking office. Under the Constabulary Force Act, every police officer must take the following oath upon joining the force:[73]

"I, (name), do swear that I will well and truly serve Our Sovereign Lord the King, in the office of _____, without favour or affection, malice or ill-will and that I will see and cause His Majesty's Peace to be kept and preserved; and that I will prevent, to the utmost of my power, all offences against the same; and that while I shall continue to hold the said office I will, to the best of my skill and knowledge, discharge all the duties thereof faithfully, according to law. So help me God."

St Edward's Crown is used on the badge of the Jamaica Constabulary Force, and is incorporated into the rank insignias for commissioner, senior superintendent, and superintendent.[74]

Jamaican royal symbols

From the beginning of Queen Elizabeth II's reign onwards, royal symbols in Jamaica have been altered to make them distinctly Jamaican or new ones created, such as the Queen's Royal Standard for Jamaica, created in 1966. Second in precedence is the personal flag of the governor-general.[75]

A crown is also used to illustrate the monarchy as the locus of authority, appearing on various badges and rank insignia.[74]

In the role of the state personified, the monarch owns jewellery pieces that are distinctively Jamaican, such as the Jamaican Hummingbird brooch.[76] The brooch was gifted to the Queen of Jamaica, Elizabeth II, during her Golden Jubilee visit in 2002. The Duchess of Cambridge also wore the brooch during her visit to Jamaica in 2022.[77]

A 1962 Jamaican stamp featuring Queen Elizabeth II
Jamaican meter stamps displaying the Queen's royal cypher, 1996
The standard of Elizabeth II, Queen of Jamaica, created in 1966
Queen's Personal Flag for Jamaica

Queen Elizabeth II had a personal flag in her role as

Queen's Personal Flag.[79]

Royal visits

Main article: Royal tours of Jamaica
The Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall in Jamaica, March 2008

Queen Elizabeth II's first visit to Jamaica was in November 1953.[80]

At Jamaica's independence celebrations in 1962, the Queen was represented by her sister Princess Margaret, where she opened the first session of the Parliament of Jamaica on behalf of the Queen.[81][82]

The Queen visited Jamaica again in March 1966.

Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, toured Jamaica as part of his visit there to open that year's Commonwealth Games.[83] Other visits by the Queen took place in April 1975, February 1983, March 1994, and February 2002.[80]

Other members of the royal family have also paid visits to Jamaica on many occasions over the years.

Public perception

Prior to the Queen's 2002 visit, the BBC reported that, "despite republican sentiments in the country, she was given an enthusiastic welcome."[84] A poll taken that year showed 57 per cent of those who responded thought the Queen's tour of Jamaica, as part of her Golden Jubilee, was important. The Jamaican polling organisation, Stone, said at the time: "Over the years local social scientists have been confounded by the fascination that Jamaicans have for Queen Elizabeth II".[85][86][87]

Republicanism

Main article: Republicanism in Jamaica

Individuals in both major political parties in Jamaica have voiced support for making Jamaica a republic. In September 2003, then Prime Minister of Jamaica P. J. Patterson called for Jamaica to abolish the monarchy by 2007.[88] Bruce Golding, while the prime minister and leader of the conservative Jamaica Labour Party, also pledged that Jamaica shall, "take steps to amend the constitution to replace the Queen with a Jamaican president who symbolises the unity of the nation", without elaborating on how a president would do so.[89][90]

Prime Minister Portia Simpson-Miller expressed her intention to make Jamaica a republic to coincide with the country's 50th anniversary of independence in August 2012,[92][93] but did not follow through with the proposed change, which would require the support of two-thirds of both houses in the Parliament of Jamaica to pass;[94] Simpson-Miller's People's National Party had a two-thirds majority in the House of Representatives, but was one seat short in the Senate and would have needed the support of at least one senator from the opposition Jamaica Labour Party in order to have the constitutional reform approved. The current leader of the JLP, Andrew Holness, who succeeded Simpson-Miller as prime minister in 2016, has announced that the Cabinet will amend the constitution to make Jamaica a republic; specifically, the government has pledged to introduce a constitutional amendment to "replace Her Majesty the Queen with a non-executive president as head of state".[95]

During the 2020 Jamaican general election, the opposition People's National Party promised to hold a referendum on becoming a republic within 18 months, if it won the election.[96] Polls suggested that 55 per cent of respondents desired the country become a republic.[97] However, the ruling Jamaica Labour Party was re-elected.[98] Two years later, in June, that government announced its intention that Jamaica become a republic by the time of the next election in 2025.[99]

List of Jamaican monarchs

Portrait Regnal name
(Birth–Death) 		Reign over Jamaica Full name Consort House
Start End
Elizabeth II
(1926–2022) 		6 August 1962 8 September 2022 Elizabeth Alexandra Mary
Philip Mountbatten
 Windsor
Governors-general: Sir Kenneth Blackburne, Sir Clifford Campbell, Sir Herbert Duffus (acting), Sir Florizel Glasspole, Edward Zacca (acting), Sir Howard Cooke, Sir Kenneth O. Hall, Sir Patrick Allen
Prime ministers: Sir Alexander Bustamante, Sir Donald Sangster, Hugh Shearer, Michael Manley, Edward Seaga, P. J. Patterson, Portia Simpson-Miller, Bruce Golding, Andrew Holness
Charles III
(1948) 		8 September 2022 present Charles Philip Arthur George
Camilla Shand
 Windsor
Governors-general: Sir Patrick Allen
Prime ministers: Andrew Holness

See also

References

  1. ISBN 9781770704060
  2. ^ C. V. Black, History of Jamaica (London: Collins, 1975), p. 54.
  3. ^ a b c "Jamaica" Archived 20 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopædia Britannica.
  4. ^ Cundall, Frank. (1915) Historic Jamaica. London: Institute of Jamaica. p. 15.
  5. ^ History and present government
  6. ^ "Queen wishes Jamaica well". The Gleaner. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
  7. ^ R v Foreign Secretary, Ex parte Indian Association (as referenced in High Court of Australia: Sue v Hill [1999] HCA 30; 23 June 1999; S179/1998 and B49/1998), QB 892 at 928 (English Court of Appeal June 1999).
  8. ^ a b The Queen's role in Jamaica
  9. ^ Queen and Jamaica
  10. JSTOR 138434
    .
  11. ISBN 9781554889808
    , The Crown is an institution that has grown to become specific to the country in which it now finds itself planted. No longer just a British monarchy, the Crown is separately a Jamaican monarchy, Tuvaluan monarchy, Canadian monarchy, et cetera.
  12. ^ "Queen lays out plans for Jamaica in Throne Speech". 3 March 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  13. ^ "The Visiting Forces Act" (PDF). moj.gov.jm. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
  14. ISBN 9780199200771
  15. ^ "How to Address the Head of State (The Queen and the Governor-General)". Office of the Prime Minister. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  16. ^ Queen and Jamaica
  17. ^ "Queen speaks to Jamaican Parliament". 19 February 2002. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  18. ^ Statement by Nick Clegg MP, UK parliament website, 26 March 2015 (retrieved on same date).
  19. ^ Lord Wallace of Tankerness (13 March 2013). "Lords Hansard text for 13 Mar 201313 Mar 2013 (pt 0002)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). United Kingdom: House of Lords. col. 310.
  20. 2003 court ruling wrote that "Union under the ... Crown together with other Commonwealth countries [is a] constitutional principle". O’Donohue v. Canada, 2003 CanLII 41404 (ON S.C.)
  21. ^ "JDF gun salute marks proclamation of King Charles". The Gleaner. 10 September 2022. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
  22. ^ "Proclamation of His Majesty King Charles III". King's House. 13 September 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
  23. ^ "Period of mourning in Jamaica to mark death of Queen Elizabeth II". Loop News. 8 September 2022.
  24. ^ "No Celebratory Events During Period of Mourning for The Queen". jis.gov.jm. 11 September 2022.
  25. ^ a b Cox, Noel; Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law: Black v Chrétien: Suing a Minister of the Crown for Abuse of Power, Misfeasance in Public Office and Negligence; Volume 9, Number 3 (September 2002)
  26. ^ Elizabeth II 1962, p. 36
  27. ^ "How To Address The Head of State (The Queen and the Governor-General)". opm.gov.jm. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  28. ^ a b The role of the Governor-General
  29. ^ "Jamaican Parliament, 19 February 2002". 19 February 2002. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  30. ^ Elizabeth II (1962), Jamaica Constitution of 1962 (PDF), p. 19, retrieved 17 October 2022
  31. ^ Elizabeth II 1962, p. 34
  32. ^ Elizabeth II 1962, p. 37
  33. ^ Elizabeth II 1962, p. 17
  34. ^ Elizabeth II 1962, p. 37
  35. ^ a b The Queen's role in Jamaica
  36. ^ Elizabeth II 1962, p. 40
  37. ^ Elizabeth II 1962, p. 20
  38. ^ Elizabeth II 1962, p. 45-46
  39. ^ Passports
  40. ^ Elizabeth II 1962, p. 20
  41. ^ "The Ceremonial Mace". jis.gov.jm. 9 March 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  42. ^ Elizabeth II 1962, p. 33
  43. ^ Elizabeth II 1962, p. 20
  44. ^ Elizabeth II 1962, p. 34
  45. ^ "Throne Speech 2019: Delivered by His Excellency the Most Hon. Sir Patrick Allen, ON, GCMG, CD, KSt.J., Governor General" (PDF). 14 February 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  46. ^ "The Constitutional Status and Role of the Governor-General". King's House. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  47. ^ Elizabeth II 1962, p. 33
  48. ^ Elizabeth II 1962, p. 33
  49. ^ Parliament of Jamaica (2010). "Agricultural Development Corporation (Change of Name) Act, 2010" (PDF).
  50. ^ Elizabeth II 1962, p. 20
  51. ISBN 9780002112338
  52. ^ "Richard Brown (Appellant) v The Queen (Respondent) (Jamaica)". 9 February 2016.
  53. ^ "Lescene Edwards (Appellant) v The Queen (Respondent) (Jamaica)". 4 April 2022.
  54. ^ Halsbury's Laws of England, volume 12(1): "Crown Proceedings and Crown Practice", paragraph 101
  55. ^ Elizabeth II 1962, p. 45-46
  56. ^ "Role of the JCPC". JCPC. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  57. ^ Elizabeth II 1962, p. 42
  58. ^ "GG Presents Diamond Jubilee Medals on December 14". Jamaica Information Service. 11 December 2012.
  59. ^ Commonwealth Journal: The Journal of the Royal Commonwealth Society · Volumes 12-14, Royal Commonwealth Society, 1969, p. 99
  60. ^ "No. 42875". The London Gazette (6th supplement). 28 December 1962. p. 49.
  61. ^ "No. 43533". The London Gazette (5th supplement). 29 December 1964. p. 49.
  62. ^ "National Honours and Awards" (PDF). jis.gov.jm. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  63. ^ "The National Honours and Awards Act" (PDF). moj.gov.jm. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
  64. ^ "Jamaican Honours and Awards System" (PDF). opm.gov.jm. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
  65. ^ "National Heroes Day". publicholidays.la. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
  66. ^ "National Celebrations". jcdc.gov.jm. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
  67. ^ "Governor-General Presents National Honours and Awards". King's House. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
  68. ^ "GG Presents Diamond Jubilee Medals on December 14". Jamaica Information Service. 11 December 2012.
  69. ^ "Governor-General Congratulates Queen". Jamaica Information Service. 15 February 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  70. ^ "Radar-monitoring device boosts Coast Guard's efforts". Jamaica Observer. 4 March 2017.
  71. ^ Caribbean Ports Handbook, Creative Communications Incorporated, 1989, p. 81
  72. ^ "The Defence Act" (PDF). p. 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2022.
  73. ^ "The Constabulary Force Act" (PDF). Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  74. ^ a b "What are the ranks of police officers in Jamaica?". my-island-jamaica.com. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  75. ^ "Official Protocol Relating to the Governor-General". King's house. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  76. ^ "Hummingbird brooch". Royal Collection Trust. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  77. ^ "Kate Middleton Wears a Subtle Nod to the Queen as She and Prince William Take Off from Jamaica". People. 24 March 2022.
  78. ^ Cathcart, Helen Fogd (1966), Her Majesty the Queen: The Story of Elizabeth II., Dodd, Mead, p. 211, On her Caribbean tour in the royal yacht Britannia in 1966, as Queen of the newly self-governing territories of Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, she had adopted a personal flag "to fly on all occasions when Her Majesty is present in person.
  79. ^ Symbols and ceremonies Archived 12 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  80. ^ a b c Royal visits
  81. ^ "A Special Gleaner Feature on Pieces of the Past". 2001. Jamaica-Gleaner. Archived from the original on 18 June 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  82. ^ STATE FUNCTIONS
  83. ^ "At Work: Countries Visited". The Prince of Wales. Archived from the original on 2 February 2009. Retrieved 2013-02-03.
  84. ^ "Picture gallery: Queen in Jamaica", BBC News, 19 February 2002
  85. ^ "Queen speaks to Jamaican Parliament". BBC News. 19 February 2002. Retrieved 2008-12-20.
  86. ^ Davies, Caroline (19 February 2002). "21 gun salute welcomes Queen to Jamaica". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 2008-12-20.
  87. ^ "Caribbean Report 19-02-2002". The University of the West Indies. 19 February 2002.
  88. ^ Jamaica eyes republican future, BBC News, 22 September 2003
  89. ^ The Manifesto, Jamaican Labour Party Archived 26 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  90. ^ Staff writer (23 January 2007). "Reform of Constitution High on Agenda of Govt". Jamaica Information Service. Retrieved 27 January 2007.
  91. ^ Jamaica's PM welcomes Prince Harry – but wants to replace his grandmother
  92. ^ "Jamaica plans to become a republic". Sky News Australia. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  93. ^ "Jamaica to break links with Queen, says Prime Minister Simpson Miller". BBC News. 6 January 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  94. ^ "From Constitutional Monarchy to Republic: Barbados and Jamaica". Cayman Reporter. 2 April 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
  95. ^ "Jamaica unveils plan to ditch Queen as head of state", Daily Telegraph, 16 April 2016
  96. ^ "PNP vows to hold referendum on whether to remove Queen, if elected", Jamaica Gleaner, 8 August 2020, retrieved 3 March 2021
  97. ^ "55% of respondents say the Queen must go", Jamaica Observer, retrieved 3 March 2021
  98. ^ "PM's governance agenda needs clarity". Jamaica Gleaner. 8 September 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  99. ^ "Jamaican Government Gives 2025 Timeline to Become Republic". Caribbean News Weekly. 8 June 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2022.

External links


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