Prostaglandin DP1 receptor

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PTGDR
Identifiers
Gene ontology
Molecular function
Cellular component
Biological process
Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Ensembl

ENSG00000168229

ENSMUSG00000071489

UniProt

Q13258

P70263

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_000953
NM_001281469

NM_008962

RefSeq (protein)

NP_000944
NP_001268398

NP_032988

Location (UCSC)Chr 14: 52.27 – 52.28 MbChr 14: 45.09 – 45.1 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

The prostaglandin D2 receptor 1 (DP1), a

receptor ligands
is associated with a variety of physiological and pathological responses in animal models.

Gene

The PTGDR1 gene is located on chromosome 14 at position q22.1, (i.e. 14q22.1), a chromosomal locus associated with asthma and other allergic disorders.

kilodalton protein but also multiple alternative spliced transcript variants.[7]

Expression

DP1 is expressed primarily by cells involved in mediating allergic and inflammatory reactions, i.e. human and rodent

mRNA transcripts have also been detected in the meninges of the mouse brain by multiple reports and, by single reports, in the rat meninges as well as the mouse thalamus, hippocampus, cerebellum, brainstem, and retina.[11][12]

Ligands

Activating ligands

PGD2 binds to and activates DP1 at concentrations in the 0.5 to 1

PGI2=thromboxane A2, with PGD2 being more than 100-fold more potent than PGE2 in binding to and stimulating DP1.[13] PDJ2, Δ12-PDJ2, and 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2, which form in vitro and in vivo rapidly as non-enzymatic rearrangements of PGD2 (see cyclopentenone prostaglandins), also bind to and activate DP1, with PDJ2 doing so almost as effectively as PDG2 and the latter two PGJs doing so 100-fold and 300-fold less potently than PDG2.[14][15] Other compounds, e.g. L-644,698, BW 245C, BW A868C, and ZK 110841, have been synthesized, found to be about as potent as PGD2 in binding to and stimulating DP1, and used to study the function of this receptor.[14]

The drug treprostinil is a high affinity ligand for and potent activator of not only DP1 but also two other prostanoid receptors, EP2 and IP.[16]

Inhibiting ligands

Asapiprant (S-555739) and laropiprant are selective receptor antagonists of DP1 whereas vidupiprant is a receptor antagonist for both DP1 and DP2.[17]

Mechanisms of cell activation

Among the 8 human prostanoid receptors, DP1, along with

β-adrenergic receptor kinase 2 [BARK1]) and arrestin 2 (also known as arrestin beta 1 [ARRB1]). These agents act to uncouple DP1 from its G proteins and to internalize in a process that limits the DP1's cell-activation life-time in a process termed homologous desensitization.[19] Activation of protein kinase Cs likewise trigger DP1 to uncouple from G proteins and internalize although in model studies DP1 has not been shown to cause the activation of PKC (see Protein kinase C#Function).[19]

Activities

Allergy

Tissue studies

Studies in mouse as well as human tissues and cells find that DP1 stimulation has numerous pro-allergic effects. DP1 activation blocks the production of

T lymphocytes to Th-2 rather than Th-1 helper cells and thereby promotes allergic rather than non-allergic inflammatory responses (see T helper cell#Th1/Th2 Model for helper T cells and T helper cell#Limitations to the Th1/Th2 model. DH1 activation also promotes allergic reactions by suppressing the function of natural killer cells, prolonging the survival of eosinophils, and stimulation the maturation of dermal mast cell.[20][21]

Animal studies

Studies of experimentally-induced allergic responses in animals further implicate DP1 in allergy. DP1

regulatory T cells.[22] Furthermore, DP1 activation reduces eosinophilia in allergic inflammation and blocks antigen-presenting langerhans cell function in mice.[23]
This results suggest that DP1 can promote or suppress allergic responses depending on the animal model tested and, perhaps, the type of allergic reaction investigated.

Human studies

Allergen inhalation challenge of humans produces rises in the PGD2 levels in their bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. Furthermore, the administration of PGD2 into the nose or skin of human volunteers produces local symptoms of allergy and the inhalation of PGD2 into asthmatics causes constriction of the airways as well as the potentiation of airway constriction responses.[9] These reactions, similar to those produced in animal studies, may be mediated by DP1.

Central nervous system

PGD2 is the most abundant prostanoid in the brains of humans and other mammals and DP1 receptors are located on arachnoid mater trabecular cells in mouse basal forebrain. The PGD2-DP1 pathway is involved in the regulation of non-rapid eye movement sleep in rodents: infusion of PGD2 into the lateral ventricle of mice or the brain of rats induces an increase in the amount of non-rapid eye movement sleep in wild-type (WT) but not DP1-deficient animals. This sleep-induction appears to involve the DP1-dependent stimulation of adenosine formation and subsequent simulation of the adenosine A2A receptor by adenosine.[24][25] In humans, a genetic variant of ADA associated with the reduced metabolism of adenosine to inosine has been reported to deep sleep and SWA during sleep. These studies suggest that DP1 has a similar role in the sleep of humans.[25]

Pulmonary hypertension

Pulmonary arterial hypertension, Who group 1 (see Pulmonary hypertension#Causes), in humans in commonly treated with specific pulmonary artery vasodilators that increase survival such as the prostacyclin I2 (PGI2) mimetics including treprostinil, epoprostanol, iloprost, and beraprost. Recent studies find that DP1 as well as the PGI2 receptor protein are expressed in human pulmonary arteries and veins; that treprostinil but not iloprost caused pulmonary vein relaxation in part by acting through DP1 in insolated human pulmonary vascular preparations; and that the effect of treprostinil on DP1 in human pulmonary veins may contribute to its therapeutic efficacy in primary pulmonary hypertension.[26]

Reproduction

Studies in male mice indicate that DP1 activation induces the translocation of SOX9 into the nucleus thereby signaling for the maturation of Sertoli cells and embryonic gonads. Disruption of this DP1-activated circuit leads to disordered maturation of the male reproductive organs such as cryptorchidism (i.e. failure of testes descent into the scrotum) in mice and, it is suggested, may also do so in humans.[10]

Genomics studies

Human

aspirin sensitivity; the -197T>C and -613 C>T variants were also associated with increased incidences of allergic reactions to pollen and mites. A single population study associated the -731A>C variant and studies in two different population associated the 6651C>T variant with increased incidences of asthma and/or bronchial hyper-reactivity. The intrinsic variants rs17831675, rs17831682, and rs58004654 (now termed rs7709505) have been associated with an increased incidence of asthma in single population studies.[27] A metaanalasis −549 C/T, −441 C/T, and −197 C/T found that of these three variants, only −549 C/T conferred susceptibility to asthma in Europeans and that this susceptibility was limited to adults.[6]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000168229 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000071489 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ "Entrez Gene: PTGDR prostaglandin D2 receptor (DP)".
  6. ^
    S2CID 2643718
    .
  7. ^ "PTGDR prostaglandin D2 receptor [Homo sapiens (Human)] - Gene - NCBI".
  8. ^
    PMID 17767353
    .
  9. ^
    PMID 25541289
    .
  10. ^
    PMID 25269616
    .
  11. S2CID 11624385
    .
  12. ^
    PMID 7642548
    .
  13. ^ "DP1 receptor | Prostanoid receptors | IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY".
  14. ^
    PMID 9579725
    .
  15. PMID 11301410
    .
  16. PMID 27286723
    .
  17. S2CID 19977989
    .
  18. PMID 26269890
    .
  19. ^
    PMID 25343148
    .
  20. PMID 18946232
    .
  21. PMID 25179301
    .
  22. S2CID 34914925
    .
  23. PMID 21508345
    .
  24. S2CID 207058745
    .
  25. ^
    PMID 25175972
    .
  26. PMID 23850788
    .
  27. PMID 25704194
    .

Further reading

External links

  • "Prostanoid Receptors: DP1". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2008-12-09.

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

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