CD99
| CD99 | |||
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Gene ontology | |||
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| Sources:Amigo / QuickGO | |||
Ensembl |
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| UniProt |
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| RefSeq (mRNA) |
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| RefSeq (protein) |
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| Location (UCSC) | Chr X: 2.69 – 2.74 Mb | n/a | |||||||
| PubMed search | [2] | n/a | |||||||
| View/Edit Human | |||
CD99 antigen (
X inactivation, and it was the first such pseudoautosomal gene to be discovered in humans.[6]
Expression
It is expressed on all
thymocytes[7][8][9] and is believed to augment T-cell adhesion[10][11] and apoptosis of double positive T cells.[12] It has been found in endothelial cells and in the periodontium, including gingival fibroblasts and gingival epithelial cells.[5] It also participates in migration and activation.[13] There is also experimental evidence that it binds to cyclophilin A.[14]
It is found on the cell surface of
haemangiopericytoma, and meningioma.[6] EWS/FLI is thought to regulate CD99, but knockdown of EWS/FLI results in only a modest reduction in CD99. When CD99 expression is knocked down in human cells with Ewing's sarcoma and those cells are grafted onto mice, tumor and bone metastasis development is reduced.[15]
Reducing CD99 expression results in higher β-III tubulin expression and more neurite outgrowth.[15]
Upregulating CD99 expression in the cell line L428, a Hodgkin's lymphoma line, resulted in those cells redifferentiating towards B cells. Consequently, the loss of B-cell differentiation in Hodgkin's lymphoma may be due to CD99 downregulation.[18]
Men appear to express higher levels of CD99 than women.[19]
Prognostic Value
In patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) with the germinal center B-cell (GCB, classified according to the Muris algorithm) subtype, positive expression of CD99 resulted in better 2-year event free survival (EFS) and 2-year overall survival (OS) compared to negative expression of CD99. In patients with DLBCL with non-GCB, however, negative expression of CD99 resulted in better 2-year EFS and 2-year OS.[20] In patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), higher CD99 expression in the stroma results in better prognosis.[21]
Interactions
There is evidence that through suppressing β1 integrin affinity, CD99 inhibits cell-extracellular matrix adhesion.[22]
References
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000002586 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Entrez Gene: CD99 CD99 molecule".
- S2CID 4273099.
- ^ PMID 22795566.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-84110-100-2.
- PMID 8399135.
- PMID 7506950.
- PMID 9670951.
- PMID 11069091.
- PMID 10709783.
- PMID 9058785.
- PMID 17464179.
- PMID 15388255.
- ^ PMID 20197622.
- ^ "CD99". NordiQC. Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2010-09-15.
- PMID 23486730.
- PMID 23443779.
- S2CID 7092987.
- S2CID 26024499.
- S2CID 10052485.
- PMID 22449702.
Further reading
- Goodfellow PJ, Mondello C, Darling SM, Pym B, Little P, Goodfellow PN (1988). "Absence of methylation of a CpG-rich region at the 5' end of the MIC2 gene on the active X, the inactive X, and the Y chromosome". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85 (15): 5605–9. PMID 2456574.
- Banting GS, Pym B, Darling SM, Goodfellow PN (1989). "The MIC2 gene product: epitope mapping and structural prediction analysis define an integral membrane protein". Mol. Immunol. 26 (2): 181–8. PMID 2465491.
- Gelin C, Aubrit F, Phalipon A, Raynal B, Cole S, Kaczorek M, Bernard A (1989). "The E2 antigen, a 32 kd glycoprotein involved in T-cell adhesion processes, is the MIC2 gene product". EMBO J. 8 (11): 3253–9. PMID 2479542.
- Darling SM, Goodfellow PJ, Pym B, Banting GS, Pritchard C, Goodfellow PN (1987). "Molecular genetics of MIC2: a gene shared by the human X and Y chromosomes". Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 51 (1): 205–12. PMID 3472717.
- Buckle V, Mondello C, Darling S, Craig IW, Goodfellow PN (1985). "Homologous expressed genes in the human sex chromosome pairing region". Nature. 317 (6039): 739–41. S2CID 4236963.
- Dworzak MN, Fritsch G, Buchinger P, Fleischer C, Printz D, Zellner A, Schöllhammer A, Steiner G, Ambros PF, Gadner H (1994). "Flow cytometric assessment of human MIC2 expression in bone marrow, thymus, and peripheral blood". Blood. 83 (2): 415–25. PMID 7506950.
- Choi EY, Park WS, Jung KC, Kim SH, Kim YY, Lee WJ, Park SH (1998). "Engagement of CD99 induces up-regulation of TCR and MHC class I and II molecules on the surface of human thymocytes". J. Immunol. 161 (2): 749–54. PMID 9670951.
- Gordon MD, Corless C, Renshaw AA, Beckstead J (1998). "CD99, keratin, and vimentin staining of sex cord-stromal tumors, normal ovary, and testis". Mod. Pathol. 11 (8): 769–73. PMID 9720506.
- Fouchet C, Gane P, Cartron JP, Lopez C (2000). "Quantitative analysis of XG blood group and CD99 antigens on human red cells". Immunogenetics. 51 (8–9): 688–94. S2CID 19170267.
- Jung KC, Park WS, Bae YM, Hahn JH, Hahn K, Lee H, Lee HW, Koo HJ, Shin HJ, Shin HS, Park YE, Park SH (2003). "Immunoreactivity of CD99 in stomach cancer". J. Korean Med. Sci. 17 (4): 483–9. PMID 12172043.
- Lee HJ, Kim E, Jee B, Hahn JH, Han K, Jung KC, Park SH, Lee H (2003). "Functional involvement of src and focal adhesion kinase in a CD99 splice variant-induced motility of human breast cancer cells". PMID 12216109.
- Veräjäkorva E, Laato M, Pöllänen P (2003). "CD 99 and CD 106 (VCAM-1) in human testis". Asian J. Androl. 4 (4): 243–8. PMID 12508122.
- Gil MC, Lee MH, Seo JI, Choi YL, Kim MK, Jung KC, Park SH, Kim TJ (2004). "Characterization and epitope mapping of two monoclonal antibodies against human CD99". PMID 12526082.
- Yoon SS, Jung KI, Choi YL, Choi EY, Lee IS, Park SH, Kim TJ (2003). "Engagement of CD99 triggers the exocytic transport of ganglioside GM1 and the reorganization of actin cytoskeleton". FEBS Lett. 540 (1–3): 217–22. S2CID 2932584.
- Kim MK, Choi YL, Kim MK, Kim SH, Choi EY, Park WS, Bae YM, Woo SK, Park SH (2003). "MHC class II engagement inhibits CD99-induced apoptosis and up-regulation of T cell receptor and MHC molecules in human thymocytes and T cell line". FEBS Lett. 546 (2–3): 379–84. S2CID 22487044.
- Jung KC, Kim NH, Park WS, Park SH, Bae Y (2003). "The CD99 signal enhances Fas-mediated apoptosis in the human leukemic cell line, Jurkat". FEBS Lett. 554 (3): 478–84. S2CID 21588654.
- Lee EJ, Lee HG, Park SH, Choi EY, Park SH (2004). "CD99 type II is a determining factor for the differentiation of primitive neuroectodermal cells". PMID 14646598.
- Mahmood MN, Salama ME, Chaffins M, Ormsby AH, Ma CK, Linden MD, Lee MW (2004). "Solitary sclerotic fibroma of skin: a possible link with pleomorphic fibroma with immunophenotypic expression for O13 (CD99) and CD34". J. Cutan. Pathol. 30 (10): 631–6. S2CID 37152987.
- Cerisano V, Aalto Y, Perdichizzi S, Bernard G, Manara MC, Benini S, Cenacchi G, Preda P, Lattanzi G, Nagy B, Knuutila S, Colombo MP, Bernard A, Picci P, Scotlandi K (2004). "Molecular mechanisms of CD99-induced caspase-independent cell death and cell-cell adhesion in Ewing's sarcoma cells: actin and zyxin as key intracellular mediators". Oncogene. 23 (33): 5664–74. PMID 15184883.
External links
- CD99+protein,+human at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- Human CD99 genome location and CD99 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.