Endosulfan: Difference between revisions
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| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|264|270|273|301+310|301+312|321|330|391|405|501}} |
| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|264|270|273|301+310|301+312|321|330|391|405|501}} |
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| FlashPt = noncombustible |
| FlashPt = noncombustible |
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| FlashPt_ref = <ref name=PGCH/> |
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Revision as of 17:42, 3 April 2022
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Names | |
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IUPAC name
6,7,8,9,10,10-Hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro- 6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine-3-oxide
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Other names
Benzoepin, Endocel, Parrysulfan, Phaser, Thiodan, Thionex
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Identifiers | |
3D model (
JSmol ) |
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1262315 | |
ChEBI | |
ChEMBL | |
ChemSpider | |
ECHA InfoCard
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100.003.709 |
EC Number |
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KEGG | |
PubChem CID
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RTECS number
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UNII | |
UN number | 2761 |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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Properties | |
C9H6Cl6O3S | |
Molar mass | 406.90 g·mol−1 |
Appearance | Brown crystals[1] |
Odor | slight sulfur dioxide odor[1] |
Density | 1.745 g/cm3 |
Melting point | 70 to 100 °C (158 to 212 °F; 343 to 373 K) |
Boiling point | decomposes[1] |
0.33 mg/L | |
Vapor pressure | 0.00001 mmHg (25 °C)[1] |
Hazards | |
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): | |
Main hazards
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T, Xi, N |
GHS labelling: | |
![]() ![]() ![]() | |
Danger | |
H301, H302, H410 | |
P264, P270, P273, P301+P310, P301+P312, P321, P330, P391, P405, P501 | |
NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |
Flash point | noncombustible[1] |
NIOSH (US health exposure limits): | |
PEL (Permissible)
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none[1] |
REL (Recommended)
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TWA 0.1 mg/m3 [skin][1] |
IDLH (Immediate danger) |
N.D.[1] |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Endosulfan is an off-
Uses
Endosulfan has been used in agriculture around the world to control insect pests including
Production
The World Health Organization estimated worldwide annual production to be about 9,000 tonnes (t) in the early 1980s.[15] From 1980 to 1989, worldwide consumption averaged 10,500 tonnes per year, and for the 1990s use increased to 12,800 tonnes per year.
Endosulfan is a derivative of
History of commercialization and regulation
- Early 1950s: Endosulfan was developed.
- 1954: Hoechst AG (now Sanofi) won USDA approval for the use of endosulfan in the United States.[18]
- 2000: Home and garden use in the United States was terminated by agreement with the EPA.[14]
- 2002: The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service recommended that endosulfan registration should be cancelled,[19] and the EPA determined that endosulfan residues on food and in water pose unacceptable risks. The agency allowed endosulfan to stay on the US market, but imposed restrictions on its agricultural uses.[14]
- 2007: International steps were taken to restrict the use and trade of endosulfan. It is recommended for inclusion in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Such inclusion would ban all use and manufacture of endosulfan globally.[21] Meanwhile, the Canadian government announced that endosulfan was under consideration for phase-out,[22] and Bayer CropScience voluntarily pulled its endosulfan products from the U.S. market[23] but continues to sell the products elsewhere.[24]
- 2008: In February, environmental, consumer, and farm labor groups including the Stockholm Convention moved endosulfan along in the procedure for listing under the treaty,[30] while India blocked its addition to the Rotterdam Convention.[31]
- 2009: The Stockholm Convention's Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee (POPRC) agreed that endosulfan is a persistent organic pollutant and that "global action is warranted", setting the stage of a global ban.[32] New Zealand banned endosulfan.[33]
- 2010: The POPRC nominated endosulfan to be added to the Stockholm Convention at the Conference of Parties (COP) in April 2011, which would result in a global ban.[34] The EPA announced that the registration of endosulfan in the U.S. will be cancelled[7][35] Australia banned the use of the chemical.[36]
- 2011: The Supreme Court of India banned manufacture, sale, and use of toxic pesticide endosulfan in India. The apex court said the ban would remain effective for eight weeks during which an expert committee headed by DG, ICMR, will give an interim report to the court about the harmful effect of the widely used pesticide.[37]
- 2011: the Argentinian Service for Sanity and Agroalimentary Quality (SENASA) decided on August 8 that the import of endosulfan into the South American country will be banned from July 1, 2012 and its commercialization and use from July 1, 2013. In the meantime, a reduced quantity can be imported and sold.[38]
Health effects
Endosulfan is alleged to be responsible for many fatal pesticide poisoning incidents around the world by NGOs opposing pesticide usage.[39] Endosulfan is also a xenoestrogen—a synthetic substance that imitates or enhances the effect of estrogens—and it can act as an endocrine disruptor, causing reproductive and developmental damage in both animals and humans.[40] It has also been found to act as an aromatase inhibitor.[40] Whether endosulfan can cause cancer is debated. With regard to consumers' intake of endosulfan from residues on food, the Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations has concluded that long-term exposure from food is unlikely to present a public health concern, but short-term exposure can exceed acute reference doses.[41]
Toxicity
Endosulfan is acutely
EPA's acute reference dose for dietary exposure to endosulfan is 0.015 mg/kg for adults and 0.0015 mg/kg for children. For chronic dietary expsoure, the EPA references doses are 0.006 mg/(kg·day) and 0.0006 mg/(kg·day) for adults and children, respectively.[14]
Endocrine disruption
Reproductive and developmental effects
Some studies have documented that endosulfan can also affect human development. Researchers studying children from many villages in
A 2007 study by the California Department of Public Health found that women who lived near farm fields sprayed with endosulfan and the related organochloride pesticide dicofol during the first eight weeks of pregnancy are several times more likely to give birth to children with autism.[53] However a 2009 assessment concluded that epidemiology and rodent studies that suggest male reproductive and autism effects are open to other interpretations, and that developmental or reproductive toxicity in rats occurs only at endosulfan doses that cause neurotoxicity.[49]
Cancer
Endosulfan is not listed as known, probable, or possible carcinogen by the EPA, IARC, or other agencies. No epidemiological studies link exposure to endosulfan specifically to cancer in humans, but in vitro assays have shown that endosulfan can promote proliferation of human breast cancer cells.[54] Evidence of carcinogenicity in animals is mixed.[18]
In a 2016 study[55] by the Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore published in Carcinogenesis, endosulfan was found to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a concentration and time-dependent manner leading to double-stranded breaks in the DNA and also found to favour subsequent erroneous DNA repair.
Environmental fate
Endosulfan is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant. The chemical is
The compound breaks down into endosulfan sulfate, endosulfan diol, and endosulfan furan, all of which have structures similar to the parent compound and, according to the EPA, "are also of toxicological concern…The estimated half-lives for the combined toxic residues (endosulfan plus endosulfan sulfate) [range] from roughly 9 months to 6 years." The EPA concluded, "[b]ased on environmental fate laboratory studies, terrestrial field dissipation studies, available models, monitoring studies, and published literature, it can be concluded that endosulfan is a very persistent chemical which may stay in the environment for lengthy periods of time, particularly in acid media." The EPA also concluded, "[e]ndosulfan has relatively high potential to
In 2009, the committee of scientific experts of the Stockholm Convention concluded, "endosulfan is likely, as a result of long range environmental transport, to lead to significant adverse human health and environmental effects such that global action is warranted."[60] In May 2011, the Stockholm Convention committee approved the recommendation for elimination of production and use of endosulfan and its isomers worldwide. This is, however, subject to certain exemptions. Overall, this will lead to its elimination from the global markets.[61]
Status by region
India
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Yellow_toxicity_label.svg/100px-Yellow_toxicity_label.svg.png)
Although classified as a
The
Rajendra Singh Rana has written a letter to
Mrs. Vibhavari Dave, local leader and
The
The Supreme Court passed interim order on May 13, 2011, in a Writ Petition filed by Democratic Youth Federation of India, (DYFI), a youth wing of Communist Party of India (Marxist) in the backdrop of the incidents reported in Kasargode, Kerala, and banned the production, distribution and use of endosulfan in India because the pesticide has debilitating effects on humans and the environment.[69][70] The Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) welcomed this order, and called it a 'resounding defeat' for the pesticide industry which has been promoting this deadly toxin. A 2001 study by CSE had linked the aerial spraying of the pesticide with the growing health disorders in Kasaragode. However some scientists have called this study flawed.[81] KM Sreekumar of the Padannakkad College of Agriculture in Kasargod and Prathapan KD of the Kerala Agricultural University in a paper claim that the extensive spread of diseases in the area cannot be solely attributed to the use of Endosulfan and criticised the CSE for inflating the level of endosulfan reported in the blood.[82] In July 2012, the Government asked the Supreme Court to allow use of the pesticide in all states except Kerala and Karnataka, as these states are ready to use it for pest control.[83] But the court did not consider this request. India will phase out all endosulfan use by 2017.[84] On January 10, 2017, The Supreme Court ordered the State Governments to release the remaining undisbursed payment of compensation quantified (Rupees Five lakhs each) to all the affected persons within three months.[85]
New Zealand
Endosulfan was banned in New Zealand by the Environmental Risk Management Authority effective January 2009[33] after a concerted campaign by environmental groups and the Green Party.
Philippines
A shipment of about 10
United States
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Endosulfan_USA_2013.png/282px-Endosulfan_USA_2013.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Endosulfan_use_2002_USGS.png/282px-Endosulfan_use_2002_USGS.png)
In the United States, endosulfan is only registered for agricultural use, and these uses are being phased out. but production and export has since stopped.
In California, endosulfan contamination from the
In 2007, the EPA announced it was rereviewing the safety of endosulfan.
An official statement by
Australia
Australia banned endosulfan on October 12, 2010,[98][99][100] with a two-year phase-out for stock of endosulfan-containing products.[98] Australia had, in 2008, announced endosulfan would not be banned.[101] Citing New Zealand's ban, the Australian Greens called for "zero tolerance" of endosulfan residue on food.[5]
Taiwan
US apples with endosulfan are now allowed to be exported to Taiwan, although the ROC government denied any US pressure on it.[102]
Brazil
Brazil decreed total ban of the substance from July 31, 2013, being forbidden imports of the product from July 31, 2011, date in which national production and utilization begins to be phased out gradually.[103]
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(help)[permanent dead link] - ^ "MANA And EPA Agree To Voluntary Plan On Endosulfan". MANA Crop Protection. June 10, 2010. Archived from the original on September 7, 2012.
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- ^ Taiwan Academics slam end of pesticide ban for U.S. fruit
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External links
- CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
- 2009 Environmental Justice Foundation report detailing impacts of Endosulfan, highlighting why it should be banned globally
- Resources on Endosulfan, India Environment Portal
- Levels of endosulfan residues on food in the U.S.
- Endosulphan Victims in Kerala
- Protect Endosufan Network — Information about endosulfan from Protect Endosufan Network.
- State of endosulfan, Down To Earth
- Interim report on endosulfan submitted by expert committee to the Supreme Court of India, Aug 4, 2011
- Weeping wombs of Kasaragod Tehelka Magazine, Vol 8, Issue 18, Dated 07 May 2011