Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine[1]
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
2λ6,6λ6-Dithia-1,3,5,7-tetraazaadamantane-2,2,6,6-tetrone
Other names
Tetramine, TETS, DSTA, Dushuqiang, Four-two-four, 424, NSC 172824, Meishuming, Sanbudao
Identifiers
3D model (
JSmol
)
Abbreviations TETS, DSTA
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard
 100.231.255 Edit this at Wikidata
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C4H8N4O4S2/c9-13(10)5-1-6-3-8(13)4-7(2-5)14(6,11)12/h1-4H2 checkY
    Key: AGGKEGLBGGJEBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  • InChI=1/C4H8N4O4S2/c9-13(10)5-1-6-3-8(13)4-7(2-5)14(6,11)12/h1-4H2
    Key: AGGKEGLBGGJEBZ-UHFFFAOYAA
  • O=S1(=O)N2CN3CN1CN(C2)S3(=O)=O
Properties
C4H8N4O4S2
Molar mass 240.26 g/mol
Appearance White powder
Melting point 255 to 260 °C (491 to 500 °F; 528 to 533 K)
0.25 mg/mL
Hazards
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards
 extremely toxic
GHS labelling:
GHS06: Toxic
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
0.90 mg/kg (mice)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
checkY verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (TETS) is an organic compound used as a rodenticide (rat poison).[2] It is an odorless, tasteless white powder that is slightly soluble in water, DMSO and acetone, and insoluble in methanol and ethanol. It is a sulfamide derivative. It can be synthesized by reacting sulfamide with formaldehyde solution in acidified water.[3] When crystallized from acetone, it forms cubic crystals with a melting point of 255–260 °C.

Toxicity and mechanism

TETS is a

birds and can thus pose severe risk of secondary poisoning. [citation needed
]

History

Previous research has documented the effectiveness of tetramethylenedisulfotetramine against mice. The dangers of this chemical were first suspected in 1949.[7] The U.S. Forest Service, looking to protect tree seeds for reforestation, noted its lethal effect against the rodent populations. Rather than repel wandering scavengers, the chemical was proved to be toxic to the local rodent population for up to 4 years. Continued experiments conducted by the U.S. Forest Service found no direct effect between TETS and the gastro-intestinal or renal systems of spinal dogs. In this same study, no effects were seen within the peripheral or skeletal nerve system, limiting symptoms of toxicity to the brain stem. Curtis and Johnson were the first to hypothesize TETS antagonistic behavior on GABA. An in-vitro study using superior cervical ganglion neurons of rats found TETS to antagonize the depolarization actions of GABA, while having no influence on the cholinomimetic agent carbachol. This evidence suggests that TETS may act as a non-competitive inhibitor for GABA. Further research findings using crustacean models, indicated a dose-dependent, non-competitive response to TETS that is reversible.

Research

In vitro and rapid screening tools

Recent studies have indicated the usefulness of pH sensitivity in identifying Chloride ion influx, resulting from GABAA receptor excitation. Other potential screening tools include spontaneous Calcium ion oscillations seen in hippocampal cell cultures from new born mice. This phenomenon can be measured by Calcium ion sensitive fluorescent dye. Further analyses showed that these Calcium ion oscillations are sensitive to MK-801 (an NMDA open channel blocker), suggesting that

MK-801 and ketamine
show more antagonistic effects on TMDT than diazepam within cerebral cortical cell cultures of embryonic rats.

In vivo mouse models

Low dosages of ketamine and MK-801, administered separately, were associated with increased clonic seizures with no effect on tonic clonic seizures on mice exposed to TETS. Further analysis on the same sample of mice, found that dual administration of diazepine and MK-801 had a synergistic protective effect against tonic-clonic seizures and 24-hour lethality, as opposed to clonic seizures that were poorly controlled. Sequential administration diazepine and MK-801 for clonic control of seizures in TETS exposed mice, may indicate the benefits of benzodiazepine-NMDA receptor antagonist regimens used to treat TETS exposed patients.

Continued use in China

Its use worldwide has been banned since 1984, but due to continuing demand and its ease of production,[8][9] it is still readily, although illegally, available in China and can be found in some illegally imported rat poisons. The best known Chinese rodenticide, containing about 6–20% TETS, is Dushuqiang, "very strong rat poison". It has been used for mass poisonings in China: in April 2004, there were 74 casualties after eating scallion-flavored pancakes tainted by their vendor's competitor; and in September 2002, 400 people were poisoned and 38 died from contaminated food.[10][11] In 2002, there was one documented case of accidental poisoning in the US.[6]

See also

References

  1. ^ Merck Index, 11th Edition, 9158.
  2. ^ "Basic datasheet for tetramethylene disulfotetramine". Inchem.
  3. PMID 24912155
    .
  4. ^ Banks CN; Yang D; Lein PJ; Rogawski MA (2014). "Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine". In P. Wexler (ed.). Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 3rd edition. Elsevier Inc., Academic Press. pp. 509–511.
  5. PMID 22328574
    .
  6. ^
    PMID 12771101
    .
  7. doi:10.1002/ange.19490610905
    ..
  8. doi:10.1002/ange.19490610905
    .
  9. ^ US patent 2650186, Hecht, G.; Henecka, H.; Meisenheimer, M., "Rodenticidal compositions", issued 1953-08-25, assigned to Bayer Leverkusen, Germany 
  10. PMID 15940093. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 2012-04-02.
  11. PMID 14551672
    .
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