Spanish language in the Philippines
During the period of
It served as the country's first official language as proclaimed in the Malolos Constitution of the First Philippine Republic in 1899 and continued to be widely used during the first few decades of U.S. rule (1898–1946). Gradually however, the American government began promoting the use of English at the expense of Spanish, characterizing it as a negative influence of the past. By the 1920s, English became the primary language of administration and education.[4] While it continued to serve as an official language after independence in 1946, the state of Spanish continued to decline until its removal from official status in 1973. Today, the language is no longer present in daily life and despite interest in some circles to learn or revive it, it continues to see dwindling numbers of speakers and influence. Roughly 400,000 Filipinos (less than 0.5% of the population) were estimated to be proficient in Spanish in 2020.[5]
The Spanish language is regulated by the
Background
Overview
Spanish was the language of government, education and trade throughout the three centuries of Spanish rule and continued as the country's
While Spanish was introduced through the colonial public education system, it was never spoken on a wide scale in the Philippines. Only populations in urban areas or in places with a significant Spanish presence used the language on a daily basis or learned it as a second or third language.[3]
During the early part of the U.S. administration of the Philippine Islands, Spanish was widely spoken and relatively well maintained throughout the American colonial period.[6][9][10] Even so, Spanish was a language that bound leading men in the Philippines like Trinidad Hermenegildo Pardo de Tavera y Gorricho to President Sergio Osmeña and his successor, President Manuel Roxas. As a senator, Manuel L. Quezon (later President), delivered a speech in the 1920s entitled "Message to My People" in English and in Spanish.[11]
Official language
Spanish remained an official language of government until a new constitution ratified on January 17, 1973, designated English and Pilipino, spelled in that draft of the constitution with a "P" instead of the more modern "F", as official languages. Shortly thereafter, Presidential Proclamation No. 155 dated March 15, 1973 ordered that the Spanish language should continue to be recognized as an official language so long as government documents in that language remained untranslated. A later constitution ratified in 1987 designated Filipino and English as official languages.[1] Also, under this Constitution, Spanish, together with Arabic, was designated an optional and voluntary language.[2]
Influence
There are thousands of Spanish loanwords in 170 native Philippine languages, and Spanish orthography has influenced the spelling system used for writing most of these languages.[12]
Chavacano
Chavacano (also called Zamboangueño) is a Spanish-based creole language spoken mainly in the southern province of Zamboanga and, to a much lesser extent, in the province of Cavite in the northern region of Luzon.[13] An estimated 689,000 people speak Chavacano.[14][15] In 2010, the Instituto Cervantes de Manila estimated the number of Spanish speakers in the Philippines in the area of three million,[16] which included the native and the non-native Chavacano and Spanish speakers.
History
Spanish colonial period
Spanish was the language of government, education and trade throughout the three centuries (333 years) of the Philippines being part of the
Initially, the stance of the Roman Catholic Church and its
In the early 17th century, a Tagalog printer, Tomás Pinpin, set out to write a book in romanized phonetic script to teach the Tagalogs how to learn
By law, each town had to build two schools, one for boys and the other for girls, to teach the Spanish language and the Christian catechism. There were never enough trained teachers, however, and several provincial schools were mere sheds open to the rain. That discouraged the attendance at school, and illiteracy was high in the provinces until the 19th century, when public education was introduced. The conditions were better in larger towns. To qualify as an independent civil town, a barrio or group of barrios had to have a priest's residence, a town hall, boys' and girls' schools; streets had to be straight and at right angles to one another so that the town could grow in size; and the town had to be near a good water source and land for farming and grazing.[21]
Better school conditions in towns and cities led to more effective instruction in the Spanish language and in other subjects. Between 1600 and 1865, a number of colleges and universities were established, which graduated many important colonial officials and church prelates, bishops, and archbishops, several of whom served the churches in
In Manila, the Spanish language had been more or less widespread to the point that it has been estimated at 50% of the population knew Spanish in the late 19th century.[24] In his 1898 book "Yesterdays in the Philippines", covering a period beginning in 1893, the American Joseph Earle Stevens, an American who resided in Manila from 1893 to 1894, wrote:
Spanish, of course, is the court and commercial language and, except among the uneducated native who have a lingua of their own or among the few members of the Anglo-Saxon colony, it has a monopoly everywhere. No one can really get on without it, and even the Chinese come in with their peculiar pidgin variety.[25]
Long contact between Spanish and the local languages, Chinese dialects, and later Japanese produced a series of pidgins, known as Bamboo Spanish, and the Spanish-based creole Chavacano. At one point, they were the language of a substantial proportion of the Philippine population.[26] Unsurprisingly, since the Philippines was administrated for centuries from New Spain in present-day Mexico, Philippine Spanish is broadly similar to Latin American Spanish not only in vocabulary but also in pronunciation and grammar.[27]
The Spanish language was the official language used by the civil and judicial administration, and it was spoken by the majority of the population in the main cities and understood by many, especially after the passing of the Education Decree of 1863. By the end of the 19th century, Spanish was either a mother tongue or a strong second language among the educated elite of the Philippine society, having been learned in childhood either directly from parents and grandparents or in school, or through tutoring.[28]
Schools
In the 16th and the 17th centuries, the oldest educational institutions in the country were set up by Spanish religious orders. The schools and universities played a crucial role in the development of the Spanish language in the islands. Colegio de Manila in
In 1863, Queen
Filipino nationalism and 19th-century revolutionary governments
Before the 19th century,
During the Philippine Revolution, many of the Filipino patriots were fluent in Spanish, though
In 1863, the Spanish language was taught freely when a primary public school system was set up for the entire population. The Spanish-speaking
José Rizal propagated Filipino consciousness and identity in Spanish. Highly instrumental in developing nationalism were his novels,
Philippine–American War
The revolutionary
Many Spanish-speaking Filipino families perished during the Philippine–American War. According to the historian James B. Goodno, author of the Philippines: Land of Broken Promises (New York, 1998), one-sixth of the total population of Filipinos, or about 1.5 million, died as a direct result of the war.[9][43][44][45]
American colonial period
After the
The census of 1903 did not inquire the respondents regarding the language they spoke and understood,[46]: 368 but it was asked in the 1918 census, in which it was reported that from a total population of 10,314,310, the number of Filipinos capable of speaking Spanish was 757,463 (or 7.34% of the total population), with 511,721 belonging to the male population and 245,742 belonging to the female population. In contrast, the number of English-speaking Filipinos was 896,258 (or 8.69% of the total population). Greater percentage of Spanish-speaking males compared to their English-speaking counterparts were found in Zamboanga, Manila, Isabela, Cotabato, Marinduque, Cagayan, Iloilo, Cavite, Albay, Leyte, Batangas, and Sorsogon. The province with the greater percentage of Spanish-speaking females compared to their English-speaking counterparts were found in Zamboanga, Cotabato, Manila, Davao, Ambos Camarines, Iloilo, and Sorsogon. The rest of the provinces had greater percentages of English-speaking people, with the provinces of Ifugao, Bontoc, Benguet, and Kalinga registering the greatest percentage of English-speaking males. The census also affirmed that those who learned to speak Spanish or English also possessed the ability to read and write in those languages.[47]
While the 1918 census confirmed the great boost in the position of the English language in the Philippines since the arrival of the first Thomasites, Spanish still retained its privileged position in society, as was made clear by Henry Jones Ford, a professor from Princeton who was sent to the Philippines by the then American President Woodrow Wilson for a "fact-finding mission".[46]: 369 In his 1916 report, Ford wrote that the "Filipino gentry speak Spanish and the masses speak native dialects which are not low languages, but are refined and capable instruments of thought",[48]: 45 adding later on the following observations:
As a matter of fact Spanish is more than ever the language of polite society, of judicial proceedings and of legislation. More people are speaking Spanish than when American occupation began and indirectly the American schools have promoted that result, inasmuch as educational advance of any kind incites desire to attain the language spoken in good society and thus establish one's position in the ilustrado class.[48]: 47
— Henry Jones Ford
He also made note of the increasing usage of the native vernacular languages through which the literature of Filipino politics reached the masses, with the native newspapers and magazines in the Philippines tending to be bilingual and with the regular form being a Spanish section and a section written in the local vernacular language, while none of them was published in English. Additionally, the most widely circulated American newspaper has a Spanish section.[48]: 47
Antonio Checa Godoy assessed that between the
After the Silver Age came the period of decadence of the Philippine press written in Spanish, which Checa Godoy identified in the years of the 1920s and the 1930s. During this period, the number of Spanish-language newspapers and their circulation declined, while the presence of newspapers written in English and indigenous languages, especially Tagalog, increased and even overtook Spanish from its dominant position. The decline continued until the events of World War II, which effectively ended the Spanish-language press in the Philippines.[49][52]: 20–21
The census of 1939 showed the decline of the Spanish-speaking population in the Philippines, with the numbers slashed almost in half compared to the previous 1918 census: in a total population of approximately 16 million Filipinos, only 417,375 of them (or 2.6% of the population) are literate in the Spanish language.[6]: 96 The census also remarked regarding the declining use of Spanish in the Philippines:
In another generation, unless there is a decided increase in the use of Spanish, the persons able to speak it will have dropped to about one percent of the population.
— Census of the Philippines: 1939 (page 330)
The need for a national language other than Spanish or English began to emerge from the late 1920s onwards, as President
The years of the American colonial period have been identified as the Golden Age of Philippine Literature in Spanish by numerous scholars such as Estanislao Alinea, Luis Mariñas and Lourdes Brillantes. One explanation given to such a designation was the rich volume of literary output produced during this era using the Spanish language. Among the great Filipino literary writers of the period were Fernando María Guerrero, Jesús Balmori, Manuel Bernabé, Claro M. Recto and Antonio Abad. There were three reasons provided for this development, namely the relative freedom of expression during the American period compared to the previous Spanish colonial era, the publication venues provided by the Spanish language periodicals and periodicals written in other languages but with Spanish language sections, and the presence of the Premio Zobel. However, Estanislao Alinea also referred to those years as the "Period of Efflorescence", highlighting the fact the behind the apparent vitality and productivity of these Spanish language writers lied the period of slow decadence and gradual decline of the language itself in the Philippines.[55][56] Additionally, despite the relevance given to many of these writers in their social and nationalistic roles, even earning them an entry in the 1996 Encyclopedia of the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP), most of their literary works received scarce public reception even during their lifetime. According to Rocío Ortuño, the failure of their literary endeavours can be seen in the fact that some of their works were either left unpublished or, in case of their works published in periodicals, never compiled in volumes.[57]
Decline of Spanish
Spanish flourished in the first two decades of the 20th century because of the partial freedom of the press and as an act of defiance against the new rulers. However, it soon declined afterwards as the U.S. administration began a heavier imposition of English as the official language and medium of instruction in schools and universities.[58][10] Editorials and newspapers were increasingly forced to switch to English, leaving Spanish in a marginal position.
One of the first U.S. provisions in the Philippines, following the recommendations of the Schurman Commission, was the prohibition of Spanish as the language of instruction in public schools. Despite the fact that in 1934 it was established that American sovereignty would cease in 1946, the new Philippine Constitution stated the obligation to maintain English as the sole language of instruction. It is significant that the American language policy had among its main objectives to turn the Filipinos into "a people who can govern themselves", an end for which they would need a common language: English.[59]
In order to preserve Spanish,
Filipino nationalists and nationalist
By the 1940s, as children educated in English became adults, the use of Spanish started to decline rapidly.[64] Still, a very significant community of Spanish-speakers lived in the largest cities, with a total population of roughly 300,000. However, with the destruction of Manila during the Japanese occupation in the Second World War, the heart of Spanish in the Philippines had been dismantled.[65][66][67] Many Spanish-speaking Filipino families perished during the massacre and the bombing of the cities and municipalities between 1942 and 1945. By the end of the war, an estimated 1 million Filipinos had died.[68] Some of the Spanish-speakers who survived were forced to migrate in the later years.
After the war, Spanish became increasingly marginalized at an official level. As English- and American-influenced pop culture increased, the use of Spanish in all aspects gradually declined. In 1962, Philippine President Diosdado Macapagal decreed that the Philippines would mark independence day on June 12, instead of July 4, when the country gained complete independence from the United States. This reflected a tendency to paint Spain as the villain and the United States as a more benevolent colonial power.[69] Spanish language and culture were demonized again.[58][failed verification] In 1973, Spanish briefly lost its status as an official language of the Philippines, was quickly redesignated as an official language, and finally lost its official status by the ratification of a subsequent constitution in 1987.[1]
21st-century developments
The 21st century has seen a small
Under the administration of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, relations between Spain and the Philippines strengthened. Philippine–Spanish Friendship Day was established to commemorate the cultural and historical ties, friendship, and co-operation between the Philippines and Spain.[73] Additionally, the Department of Education reintroduced Spanish as an elective course in secondary schools in 2008.[74]
During her visit to the Philippines in July 2012, Queen Sofía of Spain expressed her support for the Spanish language to be revived in Philippine schools, with 24 high school across the country offering the language as a subject.[75][76] In September 2012, an agreement was made between the Philippine and Chilean governments to train Filipino schoolteachers in Spanish while in exchange, the Philippines would help train Chilean schoolteachers in English.[77]
Current status
After Spain
Since a December 2007 directive signed by former President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo in Spain for the teaching and learning of the Spanish language in the Philippine school system starting in 2008, the number of high schools offering Spanish as an elective course has grown to 80 schools spread across all regions of the country.[79] Language assistance is provided from Spain to train and provide scholarships for Spanish language teachers.[80]
As of 2010[update], interest in learning Spanish has largely been for economic purposes due to some demand for Spanish speakers from business process outsourcing companies in the Philippines or job prospects abroad in the United States, which have made a number of Filipinos flock to language centers such as Instituto Cervantes to learn Spanish.[81]
Demographics
According to the 1990 Philippine census, there were 2,660 native Spanish speakers in the Philippines.[82] In 2013, there were also 3,325 Spanish citizens living in the country.[83] Figures in 2020 showed about 400,000 Spanish speakers with at least proficient knowledge, which accounts for under 0.5% of the population.[5] This is a steep decline from 1998, when there were 1.8 million Spanish speakers, including those who spoke Spanish as a secondary language.[84]
Media
Spanish-language media were present in the 2000s with one Spanish newspaper, E-Dyario, becoming the first Spanish digital newspaper published in the Philippines. Also, Filipinas, Ahora Mismo was a nationally syndicated, 60-minute, cultural radio magazine program in the Philippines that was broadcast daily in Spanish for two years in the 2000s.[citation needed]
On September 15, 2020, a new online magazine La Jornada Filipina was launched by Arvyn Cerézo.[85][86]
Phonology
This section relies largely or entirely on a single source. (January 2023) |
The main difference between Philippine Spanish and Peninsular Spanish is that Filipinos speak with an accent inherited from local Austronesian languages. In the Philippines, the ⟨ll⟩ /ʎ/ and ⟨y⟩ /ʝ/ sounds, as in olla ("pot") and hoya ("pit"), are often distinguished. /ʎ/ prototypically occurs as [ʎ], though it is sometimes realized as [lj], especially among the most recent generation of speakers. /ʝ/, on the other hand, is typically realized as an approximant [j] in all positions, rarely ever occurring as a fricative or affricate [ʝ~ɟʝ] like in other Spanish dialects.
Filipinos also often distinguish between the ⟨z⟩/⟨c⟩ /θ/ sound and the ⟨s⟩ /s/ sound. However, the non-learned population generally merges the /θ/ sound, written ⟨z⟩/⟨c⟩, with the /s/ sound, written ⟨s⟩. Others, especially more modern speakers, may inconsistently distinguish /θ/ and /s/, sometimes even in the same word. Moreover, /θ/–/s/ distinction does not occur in Chavacano; instead, Spanish words with /θ/ or /s/ are all loaned into Chavacano with [s] being used for both phonemes.[87]
The velar fricative /x/, known in Spanish as "jota", is strongly fricated [x], resembling Peninsular Spanish. It is also occasionally pronounced as glottal [h] due to most Philippine languages lacking a /x/ phoneme but having /h/. Thus, names like "José" may be pronounced [xoˈse] or, less commonly, [hoˈse]. Realization of /x/ as [h] is also found in Andalusia, the Canary Islands, and some parts of Latin America.[88]
Influence on the languages of the Philippines
There are approximately 4,000 Spanish loan words in Tagalog (between 20% and 33% of Tagalog words),[70] and around 6,000 Spanish words in Visayan and other Philippine languages. The Spanish counting system, calendar, time, etc. are still in use with slight modifications. Archaic Spanish words have been preserved in Tagalog and the other Philippine vernaculars, such as pera (from perra, meaning "cash"), sabon ("soap", modern Spanish jabón; at the beginning of Spanish rule, the j used to be pronounced [ʃ], the voiceless postalveolar fricative or the "sh" sound), relos ("watch", modern Spanish reloj, with a [x] or [h] sound), and kuwarta ("money", from cuarta).[89]
List of Spanish words of Philippine origin
Although the greatest linguistic impact and loanwords have been from Spanish to the languages of the Philippines, the Philippine languages have also loaned some words to Spanish.
The following are some of the words of Philippine origin that can be found in the
Spanish loan word | Origin | Tagalog | English equivalent |
---|---|---|---|
abacá | Old Tagalog: abacá | abaká | abaca
|
baguio | Old Tagalog: baguio | bagyo |
hurricane
|
barangay | Old Tagalog: balan͠gay | baranggay/barangay | barangay |
bolo | Old Tagalog: bolo | bolo | bolo |
carabao | Waray-Waray: carabáo | kalabáw | carabao |
caracoa | Visayan: karakoa |
karakaw | karakoa, a war canoe |
cogón | Old Tagalog: cogón | kogón | cogon |
dalaga | Old Tagalog: dalagà | dalaga | single, young woman |
gumamela | Old Tagalog: gumamela | gumamela | Chinese hibiscus |
nipa | Visayan : nipà |
nipa | nipa palm
|
paipay | Old Tagalog: paypay or pay-pay | pamaypay | a type of fan
|
palay | Old Tagalog: palay | palay | unhusked rice |
pantalán | Cebuano: pantalán | pantalán | wooden pier |
salisipan | Old Tagalog: salicipan | salisipan | salisipan, a pirate ship |
sampaguita | Old Tagalog: sampaga | sampagita | jasmine |
sawali | Old Tagalog: sauali | sawali |
sawali, a woven bamboo mat |
tuba | Cebuano: tuba | tuba | palm wine |
yoyó | Ilocano: yoyó | yo-yó | yo-yo |
See also
- Hispanic influence on Filipino culture
- Languages of the Philippines
- Latin Union
- Philippine literature in Spanish
- Philippine–Spanish Friendship Day
- Philippines education during Spanish rule
- Spanish Filipino
Notes
- ^ a b c Article XIV, Section 3 of the 1935 Philippine Constitution Archived June 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine provided, "[...] Until otherwise provided by law, English and Spanish shall continue as official languages." The 1943 Philippine Constitution Archived June 14, 2013, at the Wayback Machine (in effect during occupation by Japanese forces, and later repudiated) did not specify official languages. Article XV, Section 3(3) of the 1973 Philippine constitution Archived June 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine ratified on January 17, 1973 specified, "Until otherwise provided by law, English and Pilipino shall be the official languages. Presidential Decree No. 155 dated March 15, 1973 ordered, "[...] that the Spanish language shall continue to be recognized as an official language in the Philippines while important documents in government files are in the Spanish language and not translated into either English or Pilipino language." Article XIV Section 7 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution specified, "For purposes of communication and instruction, the official languages of the Philippines are Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English."
- ^ a b Article XIV, Sec 7: For purposes of communication and instruction, the official languages of the Philippines are Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English. The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein. Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis.
- ^ a b "Por qué Filipinas no es un país hispanoparlante si fue una colonia de España durante 300 años (y qué huellas quedan de la lengua de Cervantes)". BBC News Mundo (in Spanish). January 30, 2021. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
- ^ Ocampo, Ambeth (December 4, 2007). "The loss of Spanish". Makati City, Philippines: Philippine Daily Inquirer (INQUIRER.net). Opinion. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
- ^ a b Gómez Armas, Sara (May 19, 2021). "El español resiste en Filipinas" [Spanish resists in the Philippines]. COOLT (in Spanish). Retrieved April 8, 2023.
- ^ ISSN 2244-1638.
- ^ a b c The Malolos Constitution was written in Spanish, and no official English translation was released. Article 93 read, "Artículo 93.° El empleo de las lenguas usadas en Filipinas es potestativo. No puede regularse sino por la ley y solamente para los actos de la autoridad pública y los asuntos judiciales. Para estos actos se usará por ahora la lengua castellana.";
A literal translation originally printed as exhibit IV, Volume I, Report of the Philippine Commission to the President, January 31, 1900, Senate Document 188. Fifty-sixth Congress, first session.) read, "ART.93 The use of the languages spoken in the Philippines is optional. It can only be regulated by law, and solely as regards acts of public authority and judicial affairs. For these acts, the Spanish language shall be used for the time being.", Kalaw 1927, p. 443;
In 1972, the Philippine GovernmentNational Historical Institute (NHI) published Guevara 1972, which contained a somewhat different English translation in which Article 93 read, "Article 93. The use of languages spoken in the Philippines shall be optional. Their use cannot be regulated except by virtue of law, and solely for acts of public authority and in the courts. For these acts the Spanish language may be used in the meantime." Guevara 1972, p. 117;
Other translations also exist (e.g. Rodriguez 1997, p. 130);
As of 2008, the NHI translation seems to predominate in publication, with some sources describing it as "official" or "approved": Rappa & Wee 2006, p. 67; Woods 2005, p. 218; Corpus Juris; LawPhil; (others). - ^ a b "History of The Republic of Zamboanga (May 1899 – March 1903)". Zamboanga City, Philippines: zamboanga.com. July 18, 2009. Archived from the original on December 1, 2010. Retrieved August 13, 2010.
- ^ a b c Gómez Rivera, Guillermo. "Statistics: Spanish Language in the Philippines". Circulo Hispano-Filipino. Archived from the original on October 27, 2009. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
- ^ a b Gómez Rivera, Guillermo (February 11, 2001). "The Librada Avelino-Gilbert Newton Encounter (Manila, 1913)". Spain: buscoenlaces.es. Archived from the original on September 23, 2010. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
- ^ "Talumpati: Manuel L. Quezon". Retrieved June 26, 2010.
- ^ Gómez Rivera, Guillermo (April 10, 2001). "The evolution of the native Tagalog alphabet". Philippines: emanila.com. Views & Reviews. Archived from the original on September 19, 2013. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
- ^ Lipski, John M. "Chabacano, Spanish and the Philippine Linguistic Identity" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 29, 2009. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
- ^ Spanish creole: Quilis, Antonio (1996), La lengua española en Filipinas (PDF), Cervantes virtual, p. 54 and 55
- ^ Número de hispanohablantes en países y territorios donde el español no es lengua oficial Archived April 29, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Instituto Cervantes.
- ^ "El retorno triunfal del español a las Filipinas". Archived from the original on December 28, 2007.
- ^ Arcilla 1994, pp. 7–11
- ^ Agoncillo 1990, pp. 80, 212
- ^ a b Arcilla 1994, p. 50
- ^ Villareal, Corazón (January 17–20, 2006). "Language and Desire in Hiligaynon" (PDF). Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 11, 2007. Retrieved July 13, 2010.
But the real authors were really the Ladinos, natives from the Philippine who were the informants, translators, or even better, consultants of the missionaries.
- ^ Arcilla 1994, p. 48
- ^ Beck, Sanderson. "Summary and Evaluation". Retrieved June 29, 2010.
- ^ "Newspaper". Archived from the original on June 26, 2010. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
- ^ Rodríguez-Ponga
- ^ Stevens 1898, p. 11
- ^ Penny & Penny 2002, pp. 29–30
- ^ Penny & Penny 2002, pp. 30
- ISBN 978-0-8078-7717-3.
- ^ a b "The First Hundred Years Of The Ateneo de Manila". Archived from the original on September 15, 2012. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
- ^ "Historical Perspective of the Philippine Educational System". Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
- ^ "EDUCATION". Retrieved June 29, 2010.
- ^ Quezon, Manuel Luis (1915). "Escuelas públicas durante el régimen español" [Public schools during the Spanish regime]. Philippine Assembly, Third Legislature, Third Session, Document No.4042-A 87 Speeches of Honorable Manuel L. Quezon, Philippine resident commissioner, delivered in the House of Representatives of the United States during the discussion of Jones Bill, 26 September-14 October 1914 [Asamblea Filipina, Tercera Legislatura, Tercer Período de Sesiones, Documento N.o 4042-A 87, Discursos del Hon. Manuel L. Quezon, comisionado residente de Filipinas, Pronunciados en la Cámara de representantes de los Estados Unidos con motivo de la discusión del Bill Jones, 26, septiembre-14, octubre, 1914] (in Spanish). Manila, Philippines: Bureau of Printing. p. 35. Archived from the original on December 1, 2011. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
- ^ a b Guerrero 1987
- ^ López Jaena, Graciano (February 15, 1889). "La Solidaridad : Our purposes". Barcelona, Spain: La Solidaridad. Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved July 14, 2010.
- ^ del Pilar, Marcelo (February 15, 1889). "The teaching of Spanish in the Philippines". Barcelona, Spain: La Solidaridad. Archived from the original on August 20, 2006. Retrieved July 14, 2010.
- ^ del Pilar, Marcelo H. (April 25, 1889). "The aspirations of the Filipinos". Barcelona, Spain: La Solidaridad. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012. Retrieved July 14, 2010.
- ^ López Jaena, Graciano (February 15, 1889). "Congratulations to the young women of Malolos". Barcelona, Spain: La Solidaridad. Archived from the original on March 27, 2012. Retrieved July 14, 2010.
- ^ Gonzalez 1998, p. 521 (Note 7)
- doi:10.1080/01434639808666365. Archived from the original(PDF) on January 14, 2009.
- ISBN 978-847-962-741-6
- ^ "1899 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines Title XIV Article 93". Archived from the original on October 9, 2011. Retrieved January 1, 2012.
- ^ Guevara 1972, p. Contents
- ISBN 978-0-86232-862-7.
- ^ Filipinos and Americans during the Philippine–American War (producer: fonsucu) (September 26, 2009). Forgotten Filipinos/The Filipino genocide. YouTube (youtube.com). Archived from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
- ^ Filipinos and Americans during the Philippine–American War (producer: fonsucu) (September 26, 2009). El genocidio filipino/Los filipinos olvidados. YouTube (youtube.com). Archived from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
- ^ OCLC 958470778.
- OCLC 832813867.
- ^ ISSN 2255-5129.
- ^ Taylor, Carson (1927). History of the Philippine Press. P.I.
- JSTOR 42633609.
- ISSN 2255-5129.
- OCLC 1136641150.
- S2CID 222725824.
- ^ De La Peña, Wystan. "Revisiting the Golden Age of Fil-Hispanic Literature (1898-1941)" (PDF): 119–127.
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - ^ Burton, John W. (1985). "Philippine-Spanish Literature: The Decline of Art in a Historic Setting".
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - ISSN 0019-0993.
- ^ a b Gómez Rivera, Guillermo (March 2001). "Educadores y sabios adredemente olvidados" [Forgotten Filipino Sages and Educators] (in English and Spanish). Canada: La Guirnalda Polar (lgpolar.com). Núm. 53 – Especial de Filipinas I. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved August 7, 2010.
- ^ Martos, Isabel Molina. "Aspectos sociolingüísticos del español en el Pacífico: las Islas Filipinas y las Islas Marianas". Academia.edu (in Spanish). Archived from the original on May 30, 2023. Retrieved July 6, 2023.
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Bibliography
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- ISBN 978-971-8711-06-4.
- Arcilla, José S. (1994). An Introduction to Philippine History (Fourth ed.). Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 978-971-550-261-0.
- Escalante, Rene R. (2007). The Bearer of Pax Americana: The Philippine Career of William H. Taft, 1900–1903. Quezon City, Philippines: New Day Publishers. ISBN 978-971-10-1166-6.
- Guerrero, León María (1987), The First Filipino, a Biography of José Rizal, National Heroes Commission.
- Guevara, Sulpico, ed. (1972). "The Malolos Constitution (English translation)". The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898–1899. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library..
- Kalaw, Maximo M. (1927). "Appendix D, The Political Constitution of the Philippine Republic". The development of Philippine politics. Oriental commercial..
- Penny, Ralph; Penny, Ralph John (2002). A history of the Spanish language (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-01184-6..
- Quilis, Antonio; Casado-Fresnillo, Celia (2008). La lengua española en Filipinas: Historia, situación actual, el chabacano, antología de textos. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Instituto de Lengua, Literatura y Antropología; Anejos de la Revista de Filología Española. ISBN 978-84-00-08635-0.
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- Stevens, Joseph Earle (1898), Yesterdays in the Philippines, Scribner.
- Woods, Damon L. (2005). The Philippines: A Global Studies Handbook (illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-675-6.
Further reading
- General
- Forbes, William Cameron (1945). The Philippine Islands. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674282490..
- Statistics
- Gómez Rivera, Guillermo. "Statistics: Spanish Language in the Philippines". Archived from the original on October 27, 2009.
- Gómez Rivera, Guillermo. "Estadística: El Idioma español en Filipinas" [Statistics: Spanish Language in the Philippines] (in Spanish). Archived from the original on September 23, 2010.
- Language Situation
- Andrade Jr., Pío (2001). "Education and Spanish in the Philippines". Madrid, Spain: Asociación Cultural Galeón de Manila. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2010 – via galeondemanila.org/ galeondemanila.org.
- Cano, Gloria (2017). "The Battle for Spanish as Official Language, 1899-1905". Philippine Modernities: Music, Performing Arts, and Language, 1880 to 1941. University of the Philippines Press. pp. 431–576. ISBN 978-971-542-849-1.
- Donoso, Isaac (ed,), Historia cultural de la lengua española en Filipinas, Madrid, Verbum, 2012. ISBN 978-84-7962-812-3.
- Gómez Rivera, Guillermo. "El Idioma español en Filipinas: Año 2005" [The Spanish Language in the Philippines: Year 2005] (in Spanish). Archived from the original on September 23, 2010.
- Ruescas Baztán, Javier (2010). "La Lengua Española en Filipinas (Spanish)". Madrid, Spain: Centro Virtual Cervantes. Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved September 20, 2020 – via cvc.cervantes.es.
- Rodao, Florentino (1997). "Spanish language in the Philippines : 1900–1940". Philippine Studies. 12. 45 (1): 94–107. OCLC 612174151. Archived from the originalon September 6, 2012.
External links
- The Teaching of Spanish in the Philippines, UNESCO, February 1968
- Asociacion Cultural Galeon de Manila, Spanish-Philippine cultural research group based in Madrid (in Spanish and English).
- Instituto Cervantes de Manila
- Spanish Chamber of Commerce in the Philippines