V-Dem Democracy Indices
0.900–1.000 0.800–0.899 0.700–0.799 0.600–0.699 | 0.500–0.599 0.400–0.499 0.300–0.399 0.200–0.299 | 0.100–0.199 0.000–0.099 No data |
The Democracy Indices by V-Dem are
The V-Dem Institute's measures of democracy are the most elaborate and granular among several democracy indexes (such as the
Democracy indices
As of 2022, the V-Dem Institute publishes 483 bespoke indicators and republishes 59 other indicators.[4][5] V-Dem publishes five core indices with several other supplementary indices. The core indices are the electoral democracy index, the liberal democracy index, the participatory democracy index, the Deliberative Democracy Index and the egalitarian democracy index.[6]
- The Electoral Democracy Index
- This index measures the principle of electoral or representative democracy, including whether elections were free and fair, as well as the prevalence of a free and independent media. This index is part of all the other indices as a central component of democracy.[7]
- Liberal Democracy Index
- This index incorporates measures of checks and balances, and civil liberties along with the concepts measured in the electoral democracy index.[7]
- Participatory Democracy Index
- This index measures the degree to which citizens participate in their own government through local democratic institutions, civil society organizations, direct democracy, and the concepts measured in the electoral democracy index.[7]
- Deliberative Democracy Index
- This index measures the degree to which decisions are made in the best interest of the people as opposed to due to coercion or narrow interest groups, in addition to the basic electoral democracy index.[7]
- Egalitarian Democracy Index
- This index measures the level of equal access to resources, power, and freedoms across various groups within a society, in addition to the level of electoral democracy.[7]
Rankings
The table below shows for V-Dem Democracy Indices published in 2024 with 2 high-level V-Dem Democracy indices and 4 mid-level Democracy Component indices evaluating the state of democracy in year 2023.[8][9][10]
Country | Democracy Indices | Democracy Component Indices | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Electoral | Liberal | Liberal | Egalitarian | Participatory | Deliberative | |
Denmark | 0.915 | 0.883 | 0.977 | 0.972 | 0.716 | 0.967 |
Ireland | 0.896 | 0.831 | 0.933 | 0.875 | 0.634 | 0.905 |
Estonia | 0.895 | 0.845 | 0.955 | 0.887 | 0.638 | 0.85 |
Belgium | 0.895 | 0.814 | 0.909 | 0.931 | 0.648 | 0.91 |
Switzerland | 0.89 | 0.844 | 0.962 | 0.931 | 0.882 | 0.98 |
New Zealand | 0.886 | 0.831 | 0.95 | 0.866 | 0.703 | 0.831 |
Norway | 0.886 | 0.836 | 0.955 | 0.961 | 0.655 | 0.988 |
Sweden | 0.884 | 0.852 | 0.98 | 0.903 | 0.651 | 0.905 |
Luxembourg | 0.878 | 0.798 | 0.91 | 0.939 | 0.578 | 0.975 |
France | 0.877 | 0.81 | 0.93 | 0.811 | 0.632 | 0.939 |
Czech Republic | 0.871 | 0.805 | 0.933 | 0.913 | 0.585 | 0.88 |
Costa Rica | 0.868 | 0.816 | 0.953 | 0.886 | 0.648 | 0.945 |
Finland | 0.86 | 0.82 | 0.972 | 0.896 | 0.637 | 0.942 |
Canada | 0.856 | 0.755 | 0.882 | 0.777 | 0.648 | 0.822 |
Germany | 0.856 | 0.812 | 0.967 | 0.941 | 0.662 | 0.976 |
Australia | 0.854 | 0.804 | 0.957 | 0.832 | 0.704 | 0.921 |
Netherlands | 0.854 | 0.8 | 0.951 | 0.891 | 0.62 | 0.943 |
United Kingdom | 0.852 | 0.772 | 0.914 | 0.81 | 0.66 | 0.843 |
Latvia | 0.852 | 0.768 | 0.908 | 0.862 | 0.674 | 0.825 |
United States of America | 0.848 | 0.772 | 0.92 | 0.651 | 0.657 | 0.838 |
Portugal | 0.845 | 0.751 | 0.887 | 0.795 | 0.611 | 0.872 |
Uruguay | 0.845 | 0.77 | 0.922 | 0.821 | 0.768 | 0.849 |
Austria | 0.844 | 0.773 | 0.926 | 0.893 | 0.65 | 0.827 |
Spain | 0.843 | 0.757 | 0.902 | 0.841 | 0.645 | 0.828 |
Argentina | 0.84 | 0.69 | 0.803 | 0.769 | 0.616 | 0.696 |
Chile | 0.838 | 0.786 | 0.956 | 0.723 | 0.661 | 0.939 |
Italy | 0.837 | 0.757 | 0.911 | 0.904 | 0.747 | 0.911 |
Iceland | 0.834 | 0.744 | 0.896 | 0.87 | 0.659 | 0.845 |
Slovakia | 0.823 | 0.739 | 0.909 | 0.792 | 0.686 | 0.583 |
Taiwan | 0.823 | 0.722 | 0.878 | 0.913 | 0.751 | 0.897 |
Japan | 0.818 | 0.731 | 0.901 | 0.927 | 0.565 | 0.9 |
Lithuania | 0.798 | 0.735 | 0.938 | 0.868 | 0.692 | 0.822 |
Jamaica | 0.798 | 0.678 | 0.847 | 0.829 | 0.59 | 0.807 |
Barbados | 0.796 | 0.678 | 0.849 | 0.825 | 0.295 | 0.887 |
Vanuatu | 0.796 | 0.691 | 0.872 | 0.764 | 0.556 | 0.754 |
Brazil | 0.784 | 0.692 | 0.887 | 0.592 | 0.643 | 0.925 |
Malta | 0.779 | 0.64 | 0.807 | 0.894 | 0.653 | 0.803 |
Cyprus | 0.774 | 0.636 | 0.817 | 0.869 | 0.574 | 0.837 |
Slovenia | 0.758 | 0.653 | 0.864 | 0.884 | 0.71 | 0.867 |
Cape Verde | 0.754 | 0.648 | 0.863 | 0.725 | 0.538 | 0.695 |
Trinidad and Tobago | 0.753 | 0.635 | 0.84 | 0.788 | 0.577 | 0.928 |
Suriname | 0.753 | 0.631 | 0.837 | 0.713 | 0.572 | 0.773 |
Greece | 0.751 | 0.582 | 0.752 | 0.835 | 0.641 | 0.868 |
Seychelles | 0.743 | 0.659 | 0.894 | 0.831 | 0.288 | 0.942 |
Croatia | 0.733 | 0.639 | 0.879 | 0.768 | 0.625 | 0.68 |
Panama | 0.73 | 0.571 | 0.76 | 0.541 | 0.518 | 0.737 |
Israel | 0.723 | 0.634 | 0.889 | 0.762 | 0.603 | 0.759 |
Moldova | 0.713 | 0.608 | 0.86 | 0.8 | 0.665 | 0.93 |
Colombia | 0.704 | 0.565 | 0.793 | 0.528 | 0.648 | 0.695 |
South Korea | 0.703 | 0.604 | 0.863 | 0.863 | 0.61 | 0.844 |
Peru | 0.699 | 0.576 | 0.819 | 0.519 | 0.622 | 0.506 |
East Timor | 0.698 | 0.507 | 0.692 | 0.555 | 0.554 | 0.72 |
South Africa | 0.687 | 0.584 | 0.851 | 0.629 | 0.563 | 0.865 |
Dominican Republic | 0.685 | 0.438 | 0.577 | 0.46 | 0.595 | 0.837 |
Nepal | 0.681 | 0.523 | 0.742 | 0.592 | 0.614 | 0.555 |
São Tomé and Príncipe | 0.675 | 0.563 | 0.835 | 0.67 | 0.561 | 0.678 |
Kosovo | 0.674 | 0.494 | 0.702 | 0.685 | 0.524 | 0.6 |
Romania | 0.669 | 0.501 | 0.72 | 0.674 | 0.657 | 0.35 |
Bulgaria | 0.666 | 0.588 | 0.898 | 0.76 | 0.663 | 0.914 |
Ghana | 0.661 | 0.562 | 0.858 | 0.683 | 0.381 | 0.854 |
Ecuador | 0.646 | 0.467 | 0.689 | 0.488 | 0.759 | 0.54 |
Namibia | 0.646 | 0.519 | 0.792 | 0.425 | 0.486 | 0.706 |
Lesotho | 0.644 | 0.503 | 0.758 | 0.727 | 0.531 | 0.689 |
The Gambia | 0.641 | 0.517 | 0.798 | 0.659 | 0.592 | 0.728 |
Liberia | 0.639 | 0.436 | 0.638 | 0.561 | 0.469 | 0.836 |
Armenia | 0.634 | 0.422 | 0.611 | 0.811 | 0.442 | 0.69 |
Solomon Islands | 0.619 | 0.481 | 0.759 | 0.517 | 0.514 | 0.495 |
Senegal | 0.617 | 0.459 | 0.719 | 0.688 | 0.582 | 0.844 |
Georgia | 0.604 | 0.473 | 0.761 | 0.784 | 0.542 | 0.803 |
Maldives | 0.599 | 0.453 | 0.728 | 0.61 | 0.49 | 0.782 |
Poland | 0.588 | 0.444 | 0.729 | 0.877 | 0.555 | 0.719 |
Bolivia | 0.586 | 0.353 | 0.53 | 0.595 | 0.632 | 0.541 |
Montenegro | 0.581 | 0.467 | 0.785 | 0.771 | 0.561 | 0.759 |
Malawi | 0.58 | 0.485 | 0.83 | 0.479 | 0.567 | 0.753 |
Sri Lanka | 0.58 | 0.421 | 0.688 | 0.625 | 0.549 | 0.61 |
Paraguay | 0.579 | 0.426 | 0.697 | 0.315 | 0.535 | 0.493 |
Kenya | 0.564 | 0.456 | 0.789 | 0.59 | 0.603 | 0.833 |
North Macedonia | 0.56 | 0.359 | 0.584 | 0.598 | 0.61 | 0.64 |
Botswana | 0.558 | 0.434 | 0.753 | 0.658 | 0.432 | 0.587 |
Indonesia | 0.541 | 0.36 | 0.604 | 0.445 | 0.595 | 0.816 |
Mexico | 0.534 | 0.299 | 0.476 | 0.452 | 0.654 | 0.545 |
Honduras | 0.534 | 0.394 | 0.695 | 0.389 | 0.544 | 0.675 |
Zambia | 0.529 | 0.424 | 0.771 | 0.582 | 0.652 | 0.883 |
Mongolia | 0.527 | 0.405 | 0.732 | 0.607 | 0.398 | 0.769 |
Bhutan | 0.527 | 0.445 | 0.819 | 0.831 | 0.558 | 0.921 |
Guyana | 0.512 | 0.332 | 0.578 | 0.686 | 0.513 | 0.38 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0.512 | 0.346 | 0.616 | 0.655 | 0.527 | 0.678 |
Albania | 0.51 | 0.402 | 0.75 | 0.706 | 0.555 | 0.444 |
Malaysia | 0.506 | 0.359 | 0.655 | 0.726 | 0.533 | 0.662 |
Guatemala | 0.505 | 0.309 | 0.536 | 0.294 | 0.489 | 0.46 |
Fiji | 0.504 | 0.41 | 0.779 | 0.638 | 0.432 | 0.78 |
Benin | 0.498 | 0.325 | 0.58 | 0.729 | 0.487 | 0.516 |
Sierra Leone | 0.497 | 0.384 | 0.728 | 0.642 | 0.585 | 0.912 |
Nigeria | 0.491 | 0.327 | 0.597 | 0.493 | 0.609 | 0.614 |
Mauritius | 0.479 | 0.36 | 0.696 | 0.729 | 0.57 | 0.809 |
Papua New Guinea | 0.475 | 0.383 | 0.761 | 0.493 | 0.527 | 0.524 |
Madagascar | 0.474 | 0.241 | 0.404 | 0.313 | 0.5 | 0.44 |
Tunisia | 0.472 | 0.301 | 0.558 | 0.813 | 0.548 | 0.766 |
Ivory Coast | 0.454 | 0.253 | 0.457 | 0.522 | 0.611 | 0.822 |
Hungary | 0.44 | 0.325 | 0.668 | 0.631 | 0.571 | 0.361 |
Tanzania | 0.435 | 0.39 | 0.844 | 0.708 | 0.532 | 0.777 |
Philippines | 0.43 | 0.287 | 0.581 | 0.334 | 0.567 | 0.749 |
Guinea-Bissau | 0.421 | 0.233 | 0.425 | 0.454 | 0.345 | 0.401 |
Togo | 0.416 | 0.215 | 0.409 | 0.626 | 0.477 | 0.735 |
Ukraine | 0.415 | 0.249 | 0.5 | 0.654 | 0.58 | 0.761 |
Somaliland | 0.404 | 0.247 | 0.508 | 0.28 | 0.509 | 0.507 |
Singapore | 0.403 | 0.331 | 0.735 | 0.81 | 0.134 | 0.738 |
Niger | 0.389 | 0.282 | 0.595 | 0.613 | 0.599 | 0.792 |
El Salvador | 0.388 | 0.111 | 0.151 | 0.315 | 0.469 | 0.261 |
India | 0.377 | 0.275 | 0.621 | 0.429 | 0.507 | 0.612 |
Iraq | 0.367 | 0.21 | 0.452 | 0.449 | 0.462 | 0.589 |
Lebanon | 0.364 | 0.237 | 0.529 | 0.503 | 0.472 | 0.667 |
Serbia | 0.364 | 0.253 | 0.579 | 0.747 | 0.55 | 0.486 |
Mauritania | 0.363 | 0.184 | 0.373 | 0.338 | 0.52 | 0.548 |
Kyrgyzstan | 0.358 | 0.199 | 0.432 | 0.582 | 0.392 | 0.367 |
Mozambique | 0.353 | 0.221 | 0.496 | 0.513 | 0.539 | 0.56 |
Angola | 0.349 | 0.173 | 0.358 | 0.293 | 0.179 | 0.367 |
Pakistan | 0.344 | 0.212 | 0.484 | 0.243 | 0.545 | 0.531 |
Kuwait | 0.333 | 0.313 | 0.8 | 0.58 | 0.186 | 0.66 |
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 0.317 | 0.122 | 0.244 | 0.353 | 0.398 | 0.631 |
Central African Republic | 0.302 | 0.1 | 0.189 | 0.282 | 0.306 | 0.373 |
Cameroon | 0.298 | 0.131 | 0.289 | 0.498 | 0.25 | 0.229 |
Gabon | 0.293 | 0.175 | 0.429 | 0.632 | 0.56 | 0.533 |
Zanzibar | 0.289 | 0.23 | 0.608 | 0.696 | 0.462 | 0.698 |
Thailand | 0.288 | 0.228 | 0.598 | 0.472 | 0.388 | 0.341 |
Zimbabwe | 0.288 | 0.174 | 0.436 | 0.36 | 0.532 | 0.543 |
Turkey | 0.287 | 0.113 | 0.245 | 0.53 | 0.416 | 0.195 |
Kazakhstan | 0.284 | 0.144 | 0.345 | 0.597 | 0.299 | 0.446 |
Ethiopia | 0.283 | 0.11 | 0.238 | 0.518 | 0.385 | 0.612 |
Uganda | 0.28 | 0.217 | 0.577 | 0.421 | 0.392 | 0.693 |
Comoros | 0.275 | 0.106 | 0.232 | 0.592 | 0.534 | 0.483 |
Algeria | 0.27 | 0.121 | 0.287 | 0.716 | 0.23 | 0.434 |
Morocco | 0.263 | 0.249 | 0.706 | 0.566 | 0.411 | 0.727 |
Jordan | 0.256 | 0.253 | 0.729 | 0.566 | 0.284 | 0.692 |
Palestine (West Bank) | 0.254 | 0.138 | 0.359 | 0.623 | 0.422 | 0.388 |
Bangladesh | 0.253 | 0.096 | 0.219 | 0.243 | 0.303 | 0.298 |
Djibouti | 0.253 | 0.122 | 0.303 | 0.528 | 0.397 | 0.387 |
Republic of the Congo | 0.245 | 0.119 | 0.305 | 0.34 | 0.546 | 0.562 |
Mali | 0.229 | 0.148 | 0.413 | 0.609 | 0.582 | 0.724 |
Uzbekistan | 0.215 | 0.081 | 0.2 | 0.449 | 0.173 | 0.445 |
Rwanda | 0.214 | 0.096 | 0.252 | 0.548 | 0.419 | 0.589 |
Haiti | 0.214 | 0.066 | 0.152 | 0.128 | 0.259 | 0.597 |
Venezuela | 0.211 | 0.055 | 0.115 | 0.285 | 0.482 | 0.067 |
Burkina Faso | 0.205 | 0.182 | 0.559 | 0.619 | 0.421 | 0.697 |
Cambodia | 0.198 | 0.057 | 0.13 | 0.219 | 0.371 | 0.187 |
Libya | 0.194 | 0.103 | 0.295 | 0.446 | 0.451 | 0.703 |
Russia | 0.19 | 0.062 | 0.151 | 0.396 | 0.379 | 0.2 |
Egypt | 0.189 | 0.129 | 0.388 | 0.317 | 0.211 | 0.303 |
Azerbaijan | 0.188 | 0.064 | 0.162 | 0.37 | 0.119 | 0.123 |
Burundi | 0.188 | 0.059 | 0.145 | 0.31 | 0.181 | 0.199 |
Equatorial Guinea | 0.183 | 0.057 | 0.14 | 0.327 | 0.113 | 0.1 |
Guinea | 0.18 | 0.088 | 0.253 | 0.388 | 0.424 | 0.22 |
Cuba | 0.176 | 0.058 | 0.151 | 0.771 | 0.236 | 0.3 |
Somalia | 0.172 | 0.136 | 0.429 | 0.29 | 0.251 | 0.734 |
Oman | 0.17 | 0.137 | 0.436 | 0.58 | 0.388 | 0.203 |
Nicaragua | 0.17 | 0.027 | 0.042 | 0.306 | 0.28 | 0.033 |
Tajikistan | 0.168 | 0.041 | 0.091 | 0.198 | 0.157 | 0.149 |
Belarus | 0.157 | 0.036 | 0.082 | 0.734 | 0.161 | 0.044 |
Iran | 0.156 | 0.082 | 0.246 | 0.5 | 0.079 | 0.186 |
Hong Kong | 0.154 | 0.124 | 0.401 | 0.721 | 0.131 | 0.17 |
Turkmenistan | 0.15 | 0.036 | 0.083 | 0.288 | 0.065 | 0.043 |
Vietnam | 0.149 | 0.114 | 0.372 | 0.662 | 0.563 | 0.613 |
Chad | 0.148 | 0.047 | 0.127 | 0.215 | 0.34 | 0.327 |
Syria | 0.146 | 0.054 | 0.153 | 0.167 | 0.137 | 0.056 |
South Sudan | 0.143 | 0.065 | 0.193 | 0.082 | 0.232 | 0.076 |
Palestine (Gaza Strip) | 0.136 | 0.07 | 0.219 | 0.582 | 0.357 | 0.202 |
Sudan | 0.135 | 0.046 | 0.132 | 0.208 | 0.279 | 0.163 |
Laos | 0.132 | 0.095 | 0.313 | 0.44 | 0.393 | 0.181 |
Yemen | 0.13 | 0.048 | 0.14 | 0.108 | 0.217 | 0.181 |
Bahrain | 0.129 | 0.054 | 0.165 | 0.391 | 0.122 | 0.209 |
Eswatini | 0.124 | 0.094 | 0.315 | 0.219 | 0.253 | 0.164 |
United Arab Emirates | 0.102 | 0.078 | 0.27 | 0.486 | 0.095 | 0.285 |
Qatar | 0.087 | 0.085 | 0.306 | 0.382 | 0.041 | 0.389 |
North Korea | 0.084 | 0.015 | 0.036 | 0.317 | 0.153 | 0.036 |
Myanmar | 0.081 | 0.016 | 0.044 | 0.207 | 0.314 | 0.221 |
Afghanistan | 0.075 | 0.03 | 0.101 | 0.112 | 0.03 | 0.093 |
China | 0.074 | 0.037 | 0.129 | 0.315 | 0.124 | 0.382 |
Eritrea | 0.068 | 0.01 | 0.025 | 0.439 | 0.028 | 0.109 |
Saudi Arabia | 0.015 | 0.046 | 0.184 | 0.446 | 0.087 | 0.249 |
Impact and usage
A variety of other organizations use V-Dem's dataset in the construction of their indicators.
Digital Society Project
The Digital Society Project is a subset of indicators on V-Dem's survey that asks questions about social media's political status and the internet.[7] Specifically, the Digital Society Project measures a range of questions related to internet censorship, misinformation online, and internet shutdowns.[15] This annual report includes 35 indicators assessing five areas: disinformation, digital media freedom, state regulation of digital media, the polarization of online media, and online social cleavages.[16][17] It has been updated each year starting in 2019, with data covering from 2000–2021.[16] Similar to other expert analyses like Freedom House, these data are more prone to false positives when compared with remotely sensed data, such as that from Access Now or the OpenNet Initiative.[17]
Criticisms
Political scientist Jonas Wolff criticized V-Dem for gradually abandoning a pluralist conceptualization of democracy. According to him, V-Dem has moved away from its original emphasis on the conceptual varieties of democracy and adopted an uncontested view of democracy as liberal democracy while also ignoring the limitations of liberal democracy.[21]
The V-Dem dataset does not cover some countries such as
See also
- Academic Freedom Index
References
- ^ "New index rates countries by degree of freedom for scholars".
- ^ V-Dem Institute (2022). "The V-Dem Dataset". Retrieved 8 December 2022.
- ^ S2CID 230623566.
- ^ "New democracy dataset to 'revolutionize' democracy research". 8 January 2016.
- ^ Tucker, Joshua. "Open data and (15 million!) new measures of democracy". Washington Post.
- ^ Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Kyle L. Marquardt, Juraj Medzihorsky, Daniel Pemstein, Nazifa Alizada, Lisa Gastaldi, Garry Hindle, Johannes von Römer, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, and Steven Wilson. 2020. "V-Dem Methodology v10". Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project.
- ^ a b c d e f Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes vonRömer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, EitanTzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt (2021). "V-Dem Codebook v11". Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. Archived 8 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Democracy Report 2024, Varieties of Democracy
- ^ V-Dem Institute (2024). "The V-Dem Dataset". Retrieved 7 March 2024.
- ^ Coppedge, Michael, et al. Varieties of democracy: Measuring two centuries of political change. Cambridge University Press, 2020.
- ^ Nazifa Alizada, Rowan Cole, Lisa Gastaldi, Sandra Grahn, Sebastian Hellmeier, Palina Kolvani, Jean Lachapelle, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Shreeya Pillai, and Staffan I. Lindberg. 2021. Autocratization Turns Viral. Democracy Report 2021. University of Gothenburg: V-Dem Institute. https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/74/8c/748c68ad-f224-4cd7-87f9-8794add5c60f/dr_2021_updated.pdf
- ^ a b USAID (2020) FY 2021 USAID Journey to Self-Reliance Country RoadmapMethodology Guide. https://selfreliance.usaid.gov/docs/FY_2021_USAID_Journey_to_Self-Reliance_Country_Roadmap_Methodology_Guide.pdf
- ^ a b "WGI-Documents". The World Bank. Retrieved 2021-06-27.
- ^ Democracy Report 2023, Table 3, V-Dem Institute, 2023
- ^ Mechkova, V., Daniel P., Brigitte S.,&Steven W. (2020). Digital Society Project Dataset v2.Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project http://digitalsocietyproject.org/
- ^ a b Mechkova, Valeriya; Pemstein, Daniel; Seim, Brigitte; Wilson, Steven (2021). Digital Society Survey Codebook (PDF). Digital Society Project.
- ^ a b Fletcher, Terry; Hayes-Birchler, Andria (2020-07-30). Comparing Measures of Internet Censorship: Analyzing the Tradeoffs between Expert Analysis and Remote Measurement. Data for Policy 2020.
- ^ Gerardo L. Munck and Jay Verkuilen, “Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: Evaluating Alternative Indices,” Comparative Political Studies 35, 1 (2002): 5-34. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.469.3177&rep=rep1&type=pdf
- ISSN 1049-0965.
- ISSN 1049-0965.
- S2CID 250372421.
Further reading
- Vanessa A. Boese, Markus Eberhardt: "Which Institutions Rule? Unbundling the Democracy-Growth Nexus", V-Dem Institute, Series 2022:131, February 2022.
- Max Fisher, "U.S. Allies Drive Much of World's Democratic Decline, Data Shows: Washington-aligned countries backslid at nearly double the rate of non-allies, data shows, complicating long-held assumptions about American influence". The New York Times. November 16, 2021.