Angiotensin II receptor

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The angiotensin II receptors, (ATR1) and (ATR2), are a class of G protein-coupled receptors with angiotensin II as their ligands.[1] They are important in the renin–angiotensin system: they are responsible for the signal transduction of the vasoconstricting stimulus of the main effector hormone, angiotensin II.[2]

Structure

The AT1 and AT2 receptors share a sequence identity of ~30%, but have a similar affinity for angiotensin II, which is their main ligand.

Members

Overview table

Receptor Mechanism[3]
AT1
AT2
  • 3
AT3
AT4

AT1

Main article: Angiotensin II receptor type 1

The AT1 receptor is the best elucidated angiotensin receptor.

Location within the body

The AT1 subtype is found in the heart, blood vessels, kidney, adrenal cortex, lung and circumventricular organs of brain, basal ganglia, brainstem[4] and mediates the vasoconstrictor effects.

Mechanism

The angiotensin receptor is activated by the

adenylate cyclase and activates various tyrosine kinases.[2]

Effects

Effects mediated by the AT1 receptor include

noradrenergic activity, vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation, decreased renal blood flow, renal renin inhibition, renal tubular sodium reuptake, modulation of central sympathetic nervous system activity, cardiac contractility, central osmocontrol and extracellular matrix formation.[5]

AT2

Main article: Angiotensin II receptor type 2

AT2 receptors are more plentiful in the fetus and neonate. The AT2 receptor remains enigmatic and controversial – is probably involved in vascular growth. Effects mediated by the AT2 receptor are suggested to include inhibition of cell growth, fetal tissue development, modulation of extracellular matrix, neuronal regeneration, apoptosis, cellular differentiation, and maybe vasodilation and left ventricular hypertrophy.[6] In humans the AT2 subtype is found in molecular layer of the cerebellum. In the mouse is found in the adrenal gland, amygdaloid nuclei and, in small numbers, in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and the locus coeruleus.[7]

AT3 and AT4

Other poorly characterized subtypes include the AT3 and AT4 receptors. The AT4 receptor is activated by the angiotensin II metabolite

angiotensin IV, and may play a role in regulation of the CNS extracellular matrix, as well as modulation of oxytocin release.[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]

See also

  • Angiotensin II receptor antagonist

References

  1. PMID 10977869
    .
  2. ^
    S2CID 27624282
    .
  3. ^ Unless else specified in box, then ref is: Senselab Archived 2009-02-28 at the Wayback Machine
  4. S2CID 21317534
    .
  5. PMID 6083400
    .
  6. S2CID 10812400
    .
  7. PMID 28884431
    .
  8. S2CID 6481079
    .
  9. S2CID 22816307
    .
  10. S2CID 8280334
    .
  11. S2CID 140205109
    .
  12. S2CID 7892428
    .
  13. ^ Andersson H (2010). Design and Synthesis of Angiotensin IV Peptidomimetics Targeting the Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase (IRAP) (Ph.D. thesis). Uppsala Universitet. Retrieved 2012-01-08.
  14. S2CID 25955824
    .
  15. PMID 21719467
    .

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angiotensin_II_receptor&oldid=1198613373"