Jaba', Haifa
Jaba'
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Etymology: Hill[4] | |
Jaba' (
History
Classic era
Disputed identification
Emil Schürer, writing in 1891, identifies this site with a village featuring prominently in the writings of the Jewish historian, Josephus.[10] In the late 1st century BCE, Herod the Great had built a village for his veteran cavalry, and, according to E. Schürer, called this town the city of horsemen.[11][12]
Archaeologist
Ottoman era
Jaba' was incorporated into the
In the 1596
In 1859, the English Consul Rogers found the population to be 150 souls, with 18 feddans of cultivation.[2]
In 1873, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) visited and found: “There are two closed rock tombs in the ledge south of the village, and a third with a courtyard 14 feet square, sunk 2 feet ; two doors lead into chambers. One has three loculi, one on each wall ; the other has two loculi and a recess 5 feet 6 inches, with two parallel graves under one arcosolium placed like kokim with the feet to the chamber. This is therefore a transitional example. (Compare Sheikh Bureik)
There are several caves north of the village, and another tomb at the head of the valley forming the recess in which the village stands."[20]
In 1882, the SWP described it: "A small village in a recess on the hill-slope close to the plain ; the houses principally of stone. It has a good olive-yard on the west below the village, in which yard the Survey Camp was placed. The water-supply is from a well on the north-west, which has a wheel and troughs. The place seems ancient, having rock-cut tombs and caves.[2]
Jaba' had an elementary school for boys, which was founded by the Ottomans in 1885.[21]
British Mandate era
In the
In the 1945 statistics this had increased to 1,140, all Muslims[5] with a total of 7,012 dunams of land.[6] Of this, 450 dunums were plantations or irrigable land, 4,255 were for cereals,[24] while 60 dunams were classified built-up, (urban), land.[25]
The site has several ancient ruins, including mosaics and tombs.[21]
1948, aftermath
Jaba was in the territory allotted to the Jewish state under the 1947 UN Partition Plan.[26] During the war the militia from the village fired on Jewish vehicles along the essential coast road.[27] In early June 1948, an Israel Defense Forces (IDF) report shows that Ja'ba, together with Ijzim and Ayn Ghazal, were asking the IDF, "to open negotiation for surrender." Nothing resulted from the request.[28] On 14 July, before the Second truce of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the Israeli cabinet discussed the three villages in "The Little Triangle". Ben-Gurion said that there was no need to hurry:
"these villages are in our pocket [...] We can act against them also after the [reinstitution of the] truce. This will be a police action... They are not regarded as enemy forces as their area is ours [i.e., in Israel] and they are inhabitants of the state...[and] these villages do not represent a military danger."[29]
The second truce, beginning on the 18 July, was not violated by the villagers.[30]
According to
In September, 1948, when the
Following the war the area was incorporated into the State of Israel. The moshav of Geva Carmel was established around one kilometer northwest of the old village site, on village land.[8]
In 1992 the village site was described: "Piles of stone rubble can be seen on the site. A shrine still standing on an elevated part of it. Pine forests grow on the land in the vicinity, which is fenced in by barbed wire. Around the village are the remains of tombs. Parts of the site is used by Israelis as grazing land."[21]
References
- ^ Mülinen, 1908, p.283
- ^ a b c Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP, II, p. 42
- ^ Sheikh ’Ameir, Sheikh ’Ameir; from personal name, according to Palmer, 1881, p. 152
- ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 147
- ^ a b Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 14
- ^ a b c Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 48
- ^ Morris, 2004, p. xviii, village #168. Also gives cause of depopulation
- ^ a b Khalidi, 1992, pp. 166, 188
- ^ Morris, 2004, p. xxii, settlement #120
- Wars of the Jews (ii.xviii.§1); Life of Josephus, p. 77.
- ^ Schürer (1891), §23 (The Hellenistic Towns), pp. 127–128.
- doi:10.4159/DLCL.josephus-jewish_war.1927. Retrieved 10 August 2016.(subscription required) .
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) – via digital Loeb Classical Library - HUCA xxiv (1952/3), pp. 75–81; Avi-Yonah(1940), p. 38
- Vita § 24
- ^ Dvorjetski (2009)
- ^ al-Bakhīt, Muḥammad ʻAdnān; al-Ḥamūd, Nūfān Rajā (1989). "Daftar mufaṣṣal nāḥiyat Marj Banī ʻĀmir wa-tawābiʻihā wa-lawāḥiqihā allatī kānat fī taṣarruf al-Amīr Ṭarah Bāy sanat 945 ah". www.worldcat.org. Amman: Jordanian University. pp. 1–35. Retrieved 2023-05-15.
- S2CID 258602184.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 158
- ^ According to the estimate of Khalidi, there were 99 persons in the village. Khalidi, 1992, p. 165
- ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 54
- ^ a b c Khalidi, 1992, p. 166
- ^ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Haifa, p. 33
- ^ Mills, 1932, p. 92
- ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 90
- ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 140
- ^ "Map of UN Partition Plan". United Nations. Archived from the original on January 24, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-09.
- ^ Morris, 2004, pp. 438
- ^ Morris, 2004, p. 96, note #172, logbook entry, IDF, for 9. June.p. 146
- ^ Morris, 2004, pp. 438- 439, note #146, p. 457
- ^ Morris, 2004, p. 441, note #169, pp. 458- 459 citing the investigating "Central Truce Supervision Board", chaired by US Brigadier General W.E. Riley. This board also found that the IDF assault on the villages had been a violation of the truce.
- ^ a b c Benvenisti, 2000, p. 152.
- ^ a b Morris, 2004, p. 439
- ^ Morris, 2004, p. 441 notes #170, 171, p. 459
Bibliography
- OCLC 977670060.
- Barron, J.B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
- ISBN 0-520-21154-5.
- Buhl, Frants, (1896): Geographie des alten Palästina. p. 210 ff
- Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1882). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 2. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. (p. 251)
- ISBN 0-860549-05-4.
- Dvorjetski, Esti (2009), "Between the Valley of Zebulun and the Valley of Jezreel: the Historical Geography of Geva-Geba-Gaba-Jaba'", Excavations of the Hellenistic site in Kibbutz Sha'ar-Ha'Amakim (Gaba) 1984-1998, Haifa: Zinman Institute of Archaeology: University of Haifa, OCLC 750741899
- Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945.
- Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
- Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.
- ISBN 0-88728-224-5.
- Mazar (Maisler), B. (1957). Beth She'arim - Report on the Excavations during 1936–40 (in Hebrew). Vol. 1 (The Catacombs I–IV). Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. p. 19.
- Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
- )
- Mülinen, Egbert Friedrich von 1908, Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Karmels "Separateabdruck aus der Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palëstina-Vereins Band XXX (1907) Seite 117-207 und Band XXXI (1908) Seite 1-258."
- Palmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Schürer, E. (1891). Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi [A History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ]. Geschichte de jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi.English. Vol. 1. Translated by Miss Taylor. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
External links
- Welcome To Jaba'
- Jaba', Zochrot
- Survey of Western Palestine, Map 8: IAA, Wikimedia commons
- Jaba' at Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center