Lubya
Lubya
لوبيا Lubiya, Lubia | ||
---|---|---|
Etymology: "Bean"[1] | ||
Geopolitical entity Mandatory Palestine | | |
Subdistrict | Tiberias | |
Date of depopulation | July 16–17, 1948[3] | |
Area | ||
• Total | 39,629 dunams (39.629 km2 or 15.301 sq mi) | |
Population (1945) | ||
• Total | 2,350[2] | |
Cause(s) of depopulation | Military assault by Yishuv forces | |
Current Localities | Lavi, Lavi Pine Forest, South African Park |
Lubya (
Lubya had a total land area of 39,629 dunams (3,963ha), of which 83% was Arab-owned and the remainder public property. Most of its cultivable land was planted with cereals while only 1,500 dunams (150 ha) were planted with olive groves. The village's built-up area was 210 dunams (21 ha).[6][7][8]
History
Archaeological excavations have revealed remains dating from the Roman era, second century BCE until the fifth century CE.[9][10]
The village was known as Lubia by the
Ottoman era
Lubya belonged to the nahiya ("district") of
In 1743, the Ottoman governor of Damascus, Sulayman Pasha al-Azm died in the village while on his way to confront the rebellious de facto Arab ruler of the Galilee, Zahir al-Umar.[13] A map by Pierre Jacotin, from 1799 showed the place named Loubia.[17]
Lubya is near the site of Khan Lubya which is filled with the ruins of a pool,
In the early 19th century, James Silk Buckingham described Lubya as a very large village on top of a high hill.[19] Johann Ludwig Burckhardt, a Swiss traveler to Palestine, referred to the village as "Louby" and noted that wild artichokes covered the village plain.[20][21] The American scholar Edward Robinson, who passed through the village in 1838, noted that it had suffered greatly from the Galilee earthquake of 1837, with 143 villagers reported dead.[22][23]
Mark Twain mentioned it in his 1869 travel book, The Innocents Abroad: We jogged along peacefully over the great caravan route from Damascus to Jerusalem and Egypt, past Lubia and other Syrian hamlets, perched, in the unvarying style, upon the summit of steep mounds and hills, and fenced round about with giant cactuses.[24]
In 1875, the French explorer Victor Guérin visited the village, called Loubieh, and estimated it had 700 inhabitants.[25] He further noted that: "A house built of cut stones of medium size in the direction of east and west appears to occupy the site, and to be built out of old materials formerly used for a Christian Church".[26]
Later that century, the village was described as being built of stone, on top of a
A population list from about 1887 showed Lubieh to have about 2,730 inhabitants; all Muslims.[28]
An elementary school was established in 1895 and remained in use throughout the rule of the British Mandate of Palestine from 1923 to 1947.
British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities the population was 1,712; 1,705 Muslims, four Christians and three Druze,[29] increasing in the 1931 census to 1,850; 1,849 Muslims and one Christian, in a total of 405 houses.[30] During this period, Lubya was the second largest village in the Tiberias District.[15]
According to the Palestine Government's village statistics, Lubya had a population of 2,350 in 1945 statistics, all Muslim.[2][6] All the inhabitants were Muslim.[31] The total land area was 39,629 dunams.[6] Of this, a total of 1,655 dunams were for plantations and irrigable land, 32,310 for cereals,[7] while a total of 210 dunams were built-up land.[8]
Occupation by Israel
At the onset of the
In early March, Israeli forces attempted to create a route between Tiberias and the village of Shajara, which required attacking Lubya. During the attack militiamen repulsed the Israelis, killing seven and losing six of their own.[13][21]
After Tiberias was occupied by Israel, Lubya turned to the ALA in nearby Nazareth for military support and guidance.[13][21]
In early June, the 14th. battalion from the Golani Brigade was ordered to take Lubya and "to expel its inhabitants". However, the attack failed, due to heavy resistance from the villagers.[33]
The ALA attacked the Jewish town of
After news of Nazareth's fall, the majority of non-combatant village residents fled north towards Lebanon or to nearby Arab towns. The ALA also withdrew, leaving the local militia to confront incoming forces. When a single Israeli armored unit appeared outside the village, the militia retreated and left the village. The few remaining residents reported that Israeli forces subsequently shelled Lubya, demolished a few houses and commandeered many others.[13][21] The village was finally demolished in the 1960s.[34]
The Israeli town of
In the 1990s, two books were published about Lubya by Ibrahim Yahya Al-Shahabi, one under the auspices of Birzeit University,[35] and one book about Lubya was published in Denmark, in 1995, by Mahmoud Issa.[36]
Demographics
The village's population rose and dropped dramatically throughout its history; In 1596, Lubya had a population of 1,177 dropping to about 400–700 in the beginning of the 19th century.
The village's residents predominantly adhered to
See also
- Depopulated Palestinian locations in Israel
References
- ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 130
- ^ a b Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 12
- ^ Morris, 2004, p. xvii, village #96. Also gives the causes for depopulation
- ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 132
- ^ a b Welcome to Lubya: Towns Statistics and Facts Palestine Remembered.
- ^ a b c Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 72
- ^ a b Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 122
- ^ a b Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 172
- ^ Hanna, 2009 Khirbat Lubiya Final Report
- ^ Hanna, 2012, Khirbat Lubiya, Golany Interchange
- ^ Reston, 2007, p. 51
- ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 368
- ^ a b c d e f g Lubya Nashashibi, Rami. Center for Research and Documentation of Palestinian Society. Birzeit University. June 1996.
- ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 187
- ^ a b c Khalidi, 1992, p. 527
- ^ Note that Rhode, 1979, p. 6 Archived 2019-04-20 at the Wayback Machine writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9.
- ^ Karmon, 1960, p. 166 Archived 2019-12-22 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Guérin, 1880, p. 185
- ^ Buckingham, 1821, p. 491
- ^ Burckhardt, 1822, p. 333
- ^ a b c d e f g h Davis, 2003, pp. 55-58
- ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, p. 238
- ^ Nicholas N. Ambraseys (1997). "The earthquake of 1 January 1837 in Southern Lebanon and Northern Israel" (PDF). p. 934.
- ^ Twain, 1869, p. 519
- ^ Guérin, 1880, p. 184
- ^ Guérin, 1880, p. 184, as translated by Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 412
- ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 361. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 527
- ^ Schumacher, 1888, p. 185
- ^ Barron, 1923, Table IX, Sub-district of Tiberias, p. 39
- ^ Mills, 1932, p. 83
- ^ Village Statistics April 1945, The Palestine Government Archived 2012-06-09 at the Wayback Machine, p. 7
- ^ Tal, 2004, p.69
- ^ Morris, 2004, p. 262, note 810 p. 308 based on report IDFArchive 665\51\\2
- ^ Aron Shai, The Fate of Abandoned Arab Villages in Israel, 1965–1969, History & Memory, Vol. 18, Number 2, Fall/Winter 2006, pp. 86-106.
- ^ Davis, 2011, p. 285
- ^ Issa, 1995, Palestinians from Lubya in Denmark: Dreams and Realities
- ^ a b Mahmoud Issa, Resisting oblivion: Historiography of the destroyed Palestinian village of Lubya, Refuge, Vol. 21, No. 2, 2003, pp. 14–22
- ^ Rassem Khamaisi, Land ownership as a determinant in the formation of residential areas in Arab localities, Geoforum, Vol. 26, No.2 1995, pp211–224.
Bibliography
- Al-Shahabi, Ibrahim Yahya (1994a). Lubya: Shawka fi hasirat al-mashuru al-sahyuni [Lubya: a thorn in the side of the Zionist project]. Damascus, Syria: Dar el-Shajara.
- Al-Shahabi, Ibrahim Yahya (1994b). Qaryat Lubya [Lubya village]. Birzeit, West Bank: Birzeit University, CRDPS.
- Barron, J. B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
- Buckingham, J.S (1821). Travels in Palestine Through the Countries of Bashan and Gilead, East of the River Jordan, Including a Visit to the Cities of Geraza and Gamala in the Decapolis. London: Longman.
- Burckhardt, J.L. (1822). Travels in Syria and the Holy Land. J. Murray.
- Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H. H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 1. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- ISBN 1-84277-339-9.
- Davis, Rochelle A. (2011). Palestinian Village Histories: Geographies of the Displaced. ISBN 978-0-8047-7312-6.
- Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945. Government of Palestine.
- Guérin, V. (1880). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 3: Galilee, pt. 1. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
- Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
- Hanna, Butrus (2009-01-09). "Khirbat Lubiya Final Report" (121). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - Hanna, Butrus (2012-08-22). "Khirbat Lubiya, Golany Interchange" (124). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.
- Issa, Mahmoud (1995). Palestinians from Lubya in Denmark: Dreams and Realities. Danish Refugee Council, the Documentation Centre.
- Karmon, Y. (1960). "An Analysis of Jacotin's Map of Palestine" (PDF). Israel Exploration Journal. 10 (3, 4): 155–173, 244–253. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-22. Retrieved 2015-04-13.
- ISBN 0-88728-224-5.
- Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
- ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.
- Nazzal, Nafez (1978). The Palestinian Exodus from Galilee 1948. Beirut: The Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 9780887281280.
- Palmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- ISBN 1-85168-467-0.
- Petersen, Andrew (2001). A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine: Volume I (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-727011-5. (pp. 202–203)
- ISBN 0521-46010-7. (p. 119)
- ISBN 978-0307430120.
- Rhode, H. (1979). Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century (PhD). Columbia University. Archived from the original on 2020-03-01. Retrieved 2018-12-18.
- Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.
- Röhricht, R. (1893). Regista Regni Hierosolymitani (1097-1291). Oeniponti : Libraria Academica Wagneriana. (pp. 6, 326)
- Schumacher, G. (1888). "Population list of the Liwa of Akka". Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund. 20: 169–191.
- Twain, M. (1869). The innocents abroad.
- ISBN 0-7146-5275-X.
External links
- Welcome to Lubya
- Lubya, Zochrot
- Tomb of nabi Shuwamin
- Survey of Western Palestine, Map 6: IAA, Wikimedia commons
- The Village under the Forest – a documentary film by Mark J Kaplan.
- Lubya, at Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center
- Lubyeh photos from Dr. Moslih Kanaaneh
- Lubya, by Rami Nashashibi (1996), Center for Research and Documentation of Palestinian Society.
- Report - Public Apology Ceremony and a tour at the Palestinian Destroyed village of Lubya May 1st 2015, Zochrot