Sar'a
Sar'a
صرعة Surah | ||
---|---|---|
Etymology: from Zoreah[1] | ||
Geopolitical entity Mandatory Palestine | | |
Subdistrict | Jerusalem | |
Date of depopulation | July 18, 1948[2] | |
Area | ||
• Total | 4,967 dunams (4.967 km2 or 1.918 sq mi) | |
Population | ||
• Total | 340 | |
Cause(s) of depopulation | Military assault by Yishuv forces | |
Current Localities | Tarum[5] Zorah |
Sar'a (
History
Bronze Age to Roman period
Sar'a might have been built on the ancient Canaanites site of Zorah, which became a Danaite town.[5][7][8][9][10]
The Romans called it Sarea.[5]
Ottoman period
Incorporated into the
In 1838
In 1863 Victor Guérin found it to be a village with some three hundred inhabitants.[13][14] An Ottoman village list of about 1870 indicated 21 houses and a population of 59, though the population count included only men.[15][16]
In 1896 the population of Sar'a was estimated to be about 168 persons.[22]
British Mandate
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Sara'a had a population 205, all Muslims,[23] increasing in the 1931 census to 271, still all Muslims, in 65 houses.[24]
In the 1945 statistics the population of Saris was 340, all Muslims,[3] who owned 4,967 dunams of land according to an official land and population survey.[4] Of the land, 194 dunams were plantations and irrigable land and 2,979 were for cereals,[5][25] while 16 dunams were built-up (urban) land.[26]
1948 war
Sar'a was captured by
Israel
Following the war, the area was incorporated into the State of Israel. The moshav of Tarum was established on the north-eastern part of Sar'a's land in 1950, while Tzora was established about 2 km southwest of the site, on land belonging to Dayr Aban.[5]
According to the Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi, the remaining structures on village land in 1992 were:
Stone rubble and iron girders are strewn among the trees on the site. A flat stone, surrounded by debris and inscribed with Arabic verses from the
In the 1990s the "Har Tuv Industrial park" was built, on the land that was used by the village for cereals framing, in the valley on the south east of the built-up area of the village. The Industrial park has since expanded, with a large IKEA superstore opening in 2020,[28] and an Amazon Web Services data center due to open in 2023.[29][30] During the development work in the area, several Archaeological excavations took place, and finds were uncovered, from prehistoric and protohistoric periods to the Ottoman period, confirming that human settlement in the Sar'a Tell began in the pre-Ceramic Neolithic II period, and dates to about 9000 BC and continued, more or less continuously, from then until the demolition of the village in 1949.[31]
In 2015, the Israeli documentarist Michael Kaminer, an inhabitant of Tzora, created the film Sar'a, in which he tracks his own journey of discovering and confronting the fact that his Kibbutz was built upon the ruins of the Palestinian village.
Landmarks
Sar'a had two shrines, one of which is still standing. The first one, destroyed in the 1950s, belonged to al-Nabi Samat, and the other for an unknown individual.[citation needed]
The village has several khirbas (ruined former settlements) including Khirbat al-Tahuna, where the ruins of a building constructed of ashlars (squared stone masonry) and the foundations of other buildings.[citation needed]
See also
- Depopulated Palestinian locations in Israel
References
- ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 329
- ^ Morris, 2004, xx, village#332. Also gives cause of depopulation].
- ^ a b Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 25
- ^ a b Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 58
- ^ a b c d e f Khalidi, 1992, p. 314
- ^ The Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement, London 1871, p. 93
- ^ Robinson and Smith, vol. 2, 1841, pp. 339–340, 343;
- ^ Guérin, 1869, p. 323
- ^ Conder, 1879, vol. 1, pp. 274–275
- ^ Ishtori Haparchi, Kaphtor u'ferach (3rd edition), vol. II -- chapter 11, Jerusalem 2007, p. 78 (note 282) (Hebrew), et al.
- ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 154. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 314
- ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, p. 153
- ^ Guérin, 1869, pt 2, pp. 15-17
- ^ Guérin, 1869, pt 3, p. 323
- ^ Socin, 1879, p. 160
- ^ Hartmann, 1883, p. 145, also noted 21 houses
- ^ Claude Reignier Conder, Tent Work in Palestine (vol. 1), London 1879, pp. 274–275
- ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 26. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p.314
- ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 158
- ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 164
- ^ Geikie, 1888, p. 67
- ^ Schick, 1896, p. 123
- ^ Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jerusalem, p. 15
- ^ Mills, 1932, p. 43
- ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 104
- ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 154
- ^ a b Morris, 2004, p. 436
- ^ "IKEA to open Eshtaol store next month". Globes. 2020-02-04. Retrieved 2021-11-14.
- ^ "Coping with Israel's server farm boom". Globes. 2021-11-14. Retrieved 2021-11-01.
- ^ Swinhoe, Dan (2021-06-08). "AWS finally confirms Israel data center region is in development". Data Centre Dynamics.
- ^ Prostak, Sergio (2013-11-25). "Israeli Archaeologists Unearth 10,000-Year-Old Building, Other Unique Finds". Sci-News.com.
Bibliography
- Barron, J. B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
- Betzer, Pablo (2010-05-23). "Tel Zor'a (North)" (122). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ISBN 978-0-520-23422-2. (p. 334)
- Conder, C.R. (1879). Tent Work in Palestine - A Record of Discovery and Adventure. Vol. 1. London: Richard Bentley & Son.
- Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H. H. (1883). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 3. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- ISBN 0-860549-05-4. (p. 904)
- Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945. Government of Palestine.
- Guérin, V. (1869). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 1: Judee, pt. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
- Guérin, V. (1869). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 1: Judee, pt. 3. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
- Geikie, J.C. (1888). The Holy Land and the Bible. Vol. 1. New York: John B. Alden.
- Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
- Hartmann, M. (1883). "Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem türkischen Staatskalender für Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht (1871)". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 6: 102–149.
- ISBN 3-920405-41-2.
- ISBN 0-88728-224-5.
- McCown, C. C. (1921). "Muslim Shrines in Palestine". The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research in Jerusalem. 2/3: 47–79. JSTOR 3768451.
- Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
- ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.
- Nagorsky, Alla (2012-04-16). "Tel Zor'a, Forest Survey" (124). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - Palmer, E. H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Quarterly statement - Palestine Exploration Fund Volume: 7-8 (1875): ( p. 211 )
- Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 2. Boston: Crocker & Brewster. (pp. 339, 343, 365 )
- Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster. (p. 18 )
- Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1856). Later Biblical Researches in Palestine and adjacent regions: A Journal of Travels in the year 1852. London: John Murray.
- Schick, C. (1896). "Zur Einwohnerzahl des Bezirks Jerusalem". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 19: 120–127.
- Socin, A. (1879). "Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 2: 135–163.
- Warren, C.; Conder, C.R. (1884). The Survey of Western Palestine: Jerusalem. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. (p. 444)
External links
- Welcome to Sar'a
- Sar'a, Zochrot
- Lost shrines, Maqam Neby or Sheikh Samat
- Survey of Western Palestine, Map 17: IAA, Wikimedia commons
- Sar'a from the Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center