User:Bobanni/list

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Who’s who in Eastern Europe – a quick guide to all the nationalities and cultures found in Eastern Europe.

Note: This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.


People

Ashkenazi Jews

medieval Jewish communities of the Rhineland. Ashkenaz is the Medieval Hebrew name for the region which later formed the country of Germany
. Thus Ashkenazi Jews are literally "German Jews." The word "Ashkenazi" is pronounced with a [z] sound.

Many later migrated, largely eastward, forming communities in

Hungarians, Ukrainians, Lithuanians, Letts, Belarusians, and Russians
.

Aramaic which are collectively termed לשון־קודש (loshn-koydesh = "holy tongue"). The term Yiddish did not become the most frequently used designation in the literature of the language until the 18th century
.

...More about Ashkenazi Jews More about Yiddish...

 Albania

ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common Albanian culture, speaking the Albanian language
as a mother tongue and being of Albanian descent. Albanian popular tradition traces its historical heritage to the Illyrian people that once inhabited the western parts of the Balkan Peninsula. Scholars are divided on the matter, some supporting the Illyrian-Albanian connection.

About half of Albanians live in

Republic of Macedonia
. There are also Albanian minorities and immigrant communities in a number of other countries.

Macedonia, Montenegro, and southern Serbia. Albanian is also spoken by communities in Greece, along the eastern coast of Italy, and on the island of Sicily. Additionally, speakers of Albanian can be found elsewhere throughout the latter two countries resulting from a modern diaspora, originating from the Balkans, that also includes Scandinavia, Germany, the United Kingdom, the Low Countries, Australia, Turkey and the United States
.


...More about Albanians More about Albanian language...

 Austria

descent. Common definitions also include speaking Austrian German as a mother tongue. Due to their belonging to the Holy Roman Empire till 1806, German-speaking Austrians were historically regarded as Germans, but after the founding of a German national state, (the German Empire in 1871), and after the events of World War II and Nazism
, this has fallen out of fashion and is generally considered offensive.

Austrians are also often defined by their national

Hungarian half of Austria-Hungary. In the latter sense, the definition included speakers of up to twelve different languages. Today there are approximately 8.4 million Austrians world wide (roughly 8.2m of which are living in Austria),[1]
even though ethnic identification of who is Austrian is almost impossible, as it is mainly a question of national identity and self-definition.

Slovenian, Croatian, and Hungarian
are spoken in parts of the country.

Ordinarily, the latter dialects are considered to belong either to the

Styria and the former including the dialects of Vienna, Upper Austria, and Lower Austria. The dialect spoken in Vorarlberg is more closely related to Swiss German
than it is to other Austrian dialects, so Austrians from outside Vorarlberg can have difficulties understanding it.

...More about Austrians More about Austrian German language...

 Belarus

Gomel, Mogilev, Vitebsk and Bobruisk
. A third of the country is forested, and agriculture and manufacturing are its strongest economic sectors.

Until the 20th century, the

Byelorussian SSR
.

The Belarusian language (беларуская мова,

Old Belarusian language
(up to the 19th cent., conventionally).

...More about Belarus
More about Belarus language...

 Bosnia and Herzegovina

Roma, Albanians, Montenegrins, and others may consider Bosnian to be attached to their ethnicity (eg. Bosnian Albanian). Some individuals choose to identify soley as Bosnian at a national level. These are not confined to Bosnia and Herzegovina, as over 8,000 Slavic Muslims or migrants from Bosnia and Herzegovina in Slovenia
declare Bosnian ethnicity.

In addition, there is a sizable population in Bosnia and Herzegovina who believe that Bosnians are a nation holding a distinct collective cultural identity. By this usage, a Bosnian would be an individual who belonged to this culture. They assert that this collective identity is capable of diminishing or overcoming existing political and ethnic divisions [3].

Bosnian language (Latin script: bosanski jezik) is a South Slavic language native to the Bosniak people and Ethnic Bosnians. The language is notably spoken in the areas of Bosnia, the Bosniak-dominated region of Sandžak (in Serbia and Montenegro) and elsewhere. It is one of the standard versions of the Central-South Slavic diasystem which covers the region that was once known as Serbo-Croat from the 19th century until the early 1990s. It should be noted, however, that the Serbian, Croatian, and Bosniak languages are all mutally understandable.

The

former Yugoslavia
), but seldom used in today's practice. The name Bosnian language is the commonly accepted name among Bosniak linguists.

...More about Bosnia More about Bosnian language...

 Bulgaria

Bulgaria (

Republic of Macedonia to the west, and Greece and Turkey to the south. The Black Sea
defines the extent of the country to the east.

Bulgarian (български език, is an

proto-Slavic
verb system. Various verb forms exist to express unwitnessed, retold, and doubtful action. As of 2007 there are more than 10 million people around the world who speak Bulgarian fluently.

...More about Bulgaria More about Bulgarian language...

 Croatia

Catholic and their language is Croatian
.

Croatian language (hrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic language which is used primarily by the inhabitants of Croatia and Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina and parts of the Croatian diaspora. It is one of the standard versions of the Central-South Slavic diasystem.

Croatian is based on the Ijekavian pronunciation of

Croatian alphabet
.

The modern Croatian standard language is a continuous outgrowth of more than nine hundred years of literature written in a mixture of Croatian Church Slavonic and the vernacular language. Croatian Church Slavonic was abandoned by the mid-1400s, and Croatian as embodied in a purely vernacular literature Croatian literature has existed for more than five centuries.

...More about Croatia More about Croatian language...

 Czech Republic

Czechs (Czech: Češi, archaic Czech: Čechové) are a western Slavic people of Central Europe, living predominantly in the Czech Republic. Small populations of Czechs also live in Slovakia, Austria, U.S., Brazil, Argentina, Canada, Germany, Russia and other countries. They speak the Czech language, which is closely related to the Slovak language.[4]

Among the ancestors of the Czechs are ancient

Slavic tribes who inhabited the regions of Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia from the 6th century
onwards.

Czech (

false friends
. Nevertheless, these differences don´t impede significantly the mutual intelligibility.

...More about Czechs More about Czech language...

 Estonia

Finnic people closely related to the Finns and inhabiting, primarily, the country of Estonia. The Estonians speak a Finno-Ugric language, known as Estonian. Although Estonia is traditionally grouped as one of the Baltic countries
, Estonians are linguistically and ethnically unrelated to the Baltic peoples of Latvia and Lithuania.

Estonian is the official language of Estonia, spoken by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various émigré communities. It is a Finno-Ugric language and is closely related to Finnish.


...More about Estonia More about Estonian language...

 Finland

The terms Finns and Finnish people (Finnish: suomalaiset, Swedish: finländare) are used in English to mean "a native or inhabitant of Finland". They are also used to refer to the ethnic group historically associated with Finland or Fennoscandia, and they are only used in that sense here.[5] [6]

As with most ethnic groups, the definition of Finns may vary. Usually, in every definition, the term includes the Finnish-speaking population of Finland. The group can also be seen to include the

Kvens in Norway, the Tornedalians of Sweden and the Ingrian Finns
of Russia. Finns can be divided according to dialect into subgroups sometimes traditionally called heimo, but such divisions have become less important with internal migration.

Linguistically, Finnish, spoken by most Finns, is closest related to the other

Baltic-Finnic languages Estonian and Karelian, while Swedish, spoken by Swedish-speaking Finns, is unrelated to the Finnish language and a member of the Indo-European language family. Finnish has loanwords from Swedish, other Germanic and broader Indo-European languages in different chronological layers while Swedish has few loan words from the Baltic-Finnic languages. Genetically, Finns seem to be a fairly homogeneous group with a genetic heritage mostly in common with the other European ethnicities.[7][8]


...More about Finland More about Finnish language...

Gorani

Local Slavic: Шиштејец, Šištejec) in Kukës County
).

The Gorani speak "

Torlakian dialect, although many consider a dialect of Serbian. Many also speak Albanian. According to the last, 1991 Yugoslav census, 54.8% of the inhabitants of the Gora municipality said that they spoke the Gorani language, while little less than half the inhabitants of Gora declared that their native tongue is Serbian[9]. Some Goranian intellectuals and researchers define their language as Bulgarian.[10]

...More about Gorani
More about Gorani language...

 Hungary

Indo-European
origin.

The term

Magyar
is used to refer to people whose first language is Hungarian and who are or consider themselves the descendants of the nomads who conquered the area in the Middle Ages and established the Hungarian state. The term "Hungarian" is synonymous with "Magyar" today, but when we refer to the period before World War I it is often necessary to distinguish "Hungarian," referring to the multi-ethnic Kingdom of Hungary, and "Magyar," referring to the dominant ethnic group and language, but excluding the minorities such as the Slovaks or Rumanians, most of whom have founded independent states since. Historically, the official language of the Kingdom of Hungary was Latin, becoming German under Joseph II, and then Magyar as an achievement of the Magyar national movement.

Hungarian (magyar nyelv unrelated to most other languages in Europe. It is spoken in Hungary and by the Hungarian minorities in seven neighbouring countries. The Hungarian name for the language is magyar.

As one of the small number of modern European languages that do not belong to the Indo-European language family, Hungarian has always been of great interest to linguists. Due to the Ugric heritage, Hungarian often sounds as incomprehensible gibberish to foreigners, unlike the others (for example, a German can partly understand English because of the similarities).

...More about Hungary More about Hungarian language...

Hutsuls

Maramureş), as well as in Slovakia and Poland
.

There are different versions for the origins of the name Hutsul. An explanation is that it comes from the Romanian word for "outlaw" (cf. Rom. hoţ - "thief", hoţul - "the thief"). Other explanations place their origins in the Slavic kochul - "wanderer","migrant", in reference to their semi-nomadic lifestyle, to the name of the Turkic tribe of the Uzy, and even to the name of the Moravian Serbian king Hetsyl[5].

Hutsuls inhabit areas situated between the south-east of those inhabited by the

Boykos
, down to the northern part of the Romanian segment of the Carpathians.

There are several hypotheses concerning the origin of Hutsuls. According to one of them, Hutsuls are descendants of Slavic tribe

Buh river under the pressure of Pechenegs Hutsuls identify themselves as a part of Ukrainian
ethnos, having at the same time their local identity as a sub-ethnos.

...More about Hutsuls More about Hutsul language...

Janjevs

Vitina
(Papare, Vrmez, Vrnavo Kolo).

...More about Janjevs
 		More about Croatian language in Janjevci...

Karelians

The

Second World War many Finnish Karelians were forced to leave the Karelian provinces that Finland had to cede to the Soviet Union
. They and their descendants are now integrated in the population of present-day Finland.

At least since the 13th century, the two groups have had different histories, cultures, religions, identities and languages. They should not to be thought as members of the same

ethnic group
.

The Karelian language is closely related to the Finnish language, and particularly by Finnish linguists seen as a dialect of Finnish, although the variety spoken in East Karelia is usually seen as a proper language. [6] The dialect spoken in the South Karelian Region of Finland is considered to be part of the South Eastern dialects of the Finnish language. The dialect spoken in the Karelian Isthmus before World War II and the Ingrian language are also seen as part of this dialect group although sometimes in Finland wrongly called Karelian dialect.[7] The dialect that is spoken in North Karelia is considered to be one of the Savonian dialects.[8]

...More about Karelians More about Karelian language...

Kashubians

ethnic group of north-central Poland
.

The Kashubian unofficial capital is

agrotourism
.

Kashubian or Cassubian (Kashubian: kaszëbsczi jãzëk, pòmòrsczi jãzëk, kaszëbskò-słowińskô mòwa; Polish: język kaszubski) is one of the Lechitic languages, a subgroup of the Slavic languages.

Kashubian is assumed to have evolved from the language spoken by some tribes of

Oder
rivers.

It is closely related to Slovincian, and both of them are dialects of Pomeranian. Though the Kashubian language can hardly be understood by Polish speakers, until recently many Polish linguists considered it a dialect of Polish.

...More about Kashubians More about Kashubian language...

 Kosovo

Kosovo (

17 February 2008
.

Roma, Gorans, Jews and Janjevs
.

...More about Kosovo More about Albanian language in Kosovo...

Ladins

Rhaeto-Romance language spoken in the Dolomite mountains in Italy, between the regions of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and Veneto. It is closely related to the Swiss Romansh and Friulian
.

Ladin should not be confused with

Ladino (also called Judaeo-Spanish), which is a Romance language derived mainly from Spanish, Hebrew, Turkish, and Greek
.

...More about Ladin More about Ladin language...

 Latvia

Latvia (historically Lettonia, or Lettland), officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvian: Latvija or Latvijas Republika, Livonian: Lețmō), is a country in Northern Europe. Latvia shares land borders with Estonia to the north and Lithuania to the south — and both Russia and Belarus to the east. It is separated from Sweden in the west by the Baltic Sea. The capital of Latvia is Riga (Latvian: Rīga). Latvia has been a member state of the European Union since May 1, 2004 and a member of NATO since March 29, 2004

The official language of Latvia is

Baltic-Finnic subbranch of Uralic language family, which enjoys protection by law; Latgalian language — a dialect of Latvian — is also protected by Latvian law as historical variation of Latvian language. Russian
is by far the most widespread minority language.

...More about Latvia More about Latvian language...

 Lithuania

The Republic of

exclave of the Kaliningrad Oblast to the southwest. Lithuania is a member of NATO and of the European Union. The population is 3.4 million, the largest city and the capital is Vilnius
.

During the 1300s, Lithuania was the largest country in Europe, as present day

was finally destroyed by its neighboring countries in 1795. Most of Lithuania's territory was annexed to Russian Empire, until the Act of Independence was signed on February 16, 1918, which declared re-establishment of a sovereign state. Between 1940 and 1945 Lithuania was occupied by several powers — Soviet Union, Nazi Germany. When World War II was near its end in 1944 and the Nazis retreated, Lithuania would again be merged into the Soviet Union. On March 11, 1990, Lithuania became the first Soviet republic to declare its renewed independence
.

Present day Lithuania has one of the fastest growing economies in the European Union. Lithuania became a full member of the

21 December 2007.[12]
In 2009 Lithuania will celebrate the millennium of its name.

Lithuanian (lietuvių kalba) is the official state language of the

Republic of Lithuania, spoken by about 4 million native speakers

...More about Lithuania More about Lithuanian language...

 Moldova

Principality of Moldavia. In the Republic of Moldova
, the term Moldovans is used to officially denote an ethnicity separate from Romanians.

The recognition of Moldovans as a separate ethnicity, distinct from Romanians, is nevertheless a relatively new and controversial subject (See the chapter Controversy). Outside of the Moldovan Republic, this group is currently recognized as a minority ethnic group only by several former soviet republics.

Republic of Moldova and in its breakaway territory of Transnistria.[13][14] The Constitution of Moldova (Title I, Article 13) states that the "Moldovan language" is the official language of the country. In Moldova's Declaration of Independence the same language is called Romanian.[15] Moldovan President Vladimir Voronin has, however, emphasized the separate identity of the Moldovan language, accusing Romania of failing to do the same.[16] A group of Romanian linguists adopted a resolution stating that promotion of the notion of Moldovan language is an unscientific campaign.[17]

...More about Moldova More about Moldovan language...

 Montenegro

Montenegro (Montenegrin/Serbian:/Croatian/Bosnian Црна Гора, Crna Gora , Albanian: Mali i Zi ([ˈmaʎi ˈi ˈz̟i])) is a country located in Southeastern Europe. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the south and borders Croatia to the west, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the northwest, Kosovo to the east, Serbia to the northeast and Albania to the southeast. Its capital and largest city is Podgorica, while Cetinje is designated as Prijestonica, the old royal capital or former seat of the throne.

A Serbian principality in the

referendum held on May 21 2006, Montenegro declared independence on June 3, 2006 making it the newest fully recognized country in the world. On June 28, 2006, it became the 192nd member state[18] of the United Nations, and on May 11, 2007, the 47th member state of the Council of Europe
.

Albanian Language
.


...More about Montenegro More about Montenegrin language...

 Poland

Polish people, or

Roman Catholic. A wide-ranging Polish diaspora
exists throughout Western and Eastern Europe, the Americas and Australia.

As to its origins, the name of the nation comes from a

ethnic group of Polans primarily associated with Poland and the Polish language. Poles belong to the Lechitic subgroup of these ethnic people. The Polans of Giecz, Gniezno, and Poznań were one of the most influential tribes of Greater Poland and managed to unite many other West Slavic tribes in the area under the rule of what became the Piast dynasty
, thus giving birth to a new state.

The Polish language became far more homogeneous in the second half of the 20th century, in part due to the mass migration of several million Polish citizens from the eastern to the western part of the country after the east was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1939, during World War II.

"Standard" Polish is still spoken somewhat differently in different regions of the country, although the differences between these broad "dialects" are slight. There is never any difficulty in mutual understanding, and non-native speakers are generally unable to distinguish among them easily. The differences are slight compared to different dialects of English, for example. The regional differences correspond mainly to old tribal divisions from around a thousand years ago; the most significant of these in terms of numbers of speakers are

Mazovian (Mazur) spoken throughout the central and eastern parts of the country, and Silesian spoken in the southwest. Mazovian shares some features with the Kashubian language

...More about Poland More about Polish language...

Pomors

Nenets people
(to the east).

As early as the 12th century, explorers from

Kola peninsula, Spitsbergen, and Novaya Zemlya
.

Later in history, the Pomors discovered and maintained the Northern Sea Route between Arkhangelsk and Siberia. With their ships (koches), the Pomors penetrated to the trans-Ural areas of Northern Siberia, where they founded the settlement of Mangazeya east of the Yamal Peninsula in the early 1500s.

Some authors speculate that it was Pomors who settled, supposedly in the early 1600s, the isolated village of

Yakutia.[19]

Pomor dialects are a group of

Governorates
.

The dialects are heavily influenced by

Scandinavian
languages.

The study of the Pomor dialects was undertaken by I. S. Merkuryev (1924-2001), a professor of philology and author of several books including Живая речь кольских поморов ("The Living Speech of the Kola Peninsula Pomors").

...More about Pomors More about Pomor dialects...

 Romania

Republic of Moldova to the northeast, and Bulgaria to the south. Romania has a stretch of sea coast along the Black Sea. It is located roughly in the lower basin of the Danube and almost all of the Danube Delta
is located within its territory.

Romania is a

join the European Union on January 1 2007
.

Romanian (Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation: limba română, is a

Republic of Moldova is identical to that of Romanian; a minor difference in spelling was abolished in 2000.[20] Romanian is also an official or administrative language in various communities and organisations (such as the Latin Union and the European Union
).

Romanian speakers are scattered across many other countries, notably Italy, Spain, Israel, Portugal, United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, France and Germany.

...More about Romanians More about Romanian language...

Romanies

The Romani or Romany people (

Gypsies or Gipsies, a term that is sometimes considered pejorative and is based on a mistaken belief of an origin in Egypt.[21] The term is, however, still in widespread official use, for instance in the UK. In actuality, the Roma have their origins in India.[22][23]

The Roma are still thought of as wandering

nomads in the popular imagination, despite the fact that today the vast majority live in permanent housing.[24] This widely dispersed ethnic group lives across the world not only near their historic heartland in Southern and Eastern Europe,[25] but also in the American continent and the Middle East
.

Romani or Romany (native name: romani ćhib) is the

Roma and Sinti. The Indo-Aryan Romani language should not be confused with either Romanian (spoken by Romanians), or Romansh (spoken in parts of southeastern Switzerland), both of which are Romance languages
.

Analysis of the Romani language has shown that it is closely related to those spoken in central and northern India,

Sinhalese,[26] presently spoken in Sri Lanka
.

...More about Romanies
 		More about Romani language...

 Russia

ethnic group, primarily living in Russia
and neighboring countries.

The

citizens of Russia, regardless of their ethnicity (see demographics of Russia for information on other nationalities inhabiting Russia); in Russian
, this meaning is covered by term Rossiyanin (Россиянин, plural Rossiyane)

Russian transliteration: russkiy yazyk, is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia and the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages. Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages and is one of three (or, according to some authorities, four) living members of the East Slavic languages, the others being Belarusian and Ukrainian.

...More about Russians More about Russian language...

Rusyns

ethnic group that speaks the Rusyn language and are descended from the minority of Ruthenians who did not adopt a Ukrainian national identity in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Because an overwhelming majority of Ruthenians within Ukraine itself have adopted a Ukrainian identity, most modern self-declared Rusyns live outside Ukraine. Thus, of the approximately 2 million people claimed by Rusyn organizations as being Rusyns, only 55,000 declare themselves as having this nationality. The ethnic identity of Rusyns is therefore highly controversial, with some researchers claiming a separate East Slavic ethnicity distinct from Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians
, while others considering Rusyns to be a subgroup of the Ukrainian nation

Rusyn ([русинська мова] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language code: ry (help); [rusyns'ka mova] Error: {{Transliteration}}: unrecognized language / script code: ry (help)) is an East Slavic language (along with Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian to which it shares a common linguistic ancestry) that is spoken by the Rusyns. Opinions differ among linguists concerning whether Rusyn is a separate East Slavic language or a dialect of Ukrainian.[27] The political implications of the dispute add to the controversy.

Rusyn is spoken in the

Hutsul
dialect, but some speakers sometimes prefer to consider themselves distinct from Ukrainians.

...More about Rusyns More about Rusyn language...

 Serbia

The

Republic of Macedonia on the south; and Montenegro, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina on the west. The capital is Belgrade
.

Serbian (српски језик; [srpski jezik] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (

Republic of Macedonia and Hungary
.

Two

Vuk Karadžić, and a variation on the Latin alphabet, devised by Ljudevit Gaj
. The characters of the two alphabets map to each other one-to-one.

...More about Serbians More about Serbian language...

 Slovakia

WTO
, and other international organizations.

The Slavic people arrived in the territory of present day Slovakia between the 5th and 6th century

Velvet Divorce
.

The Slovak language (slovenčina, slovenský jazyk), sometimes referred to as "Slovakian", is an Indo-European language belonging to the West Slavic languages (together with Czech, Polish, Kashubian and [Sorbian language|Sorbian]]). Slovak is mutually intelligible with Czech and Slovak uses a modification of the Roman (Latin) alphabet.

Slovak is spoken in Slovakia (by 5 million people), the United States (500,000), the Czech Republic (320,000), Hungary (20,000), Northern Serbia-Vojvodina (60,000), Romania (22,000), Poland (20,000), Canada (20,000), Australia, Austria, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Croatia (5,000) and elsewhere.

...More about Slovakians
More about Slovakian language...

 Slovenia

Slovenia is a country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west, the Adriatic Sea to the southwest, Croatia to the south and east, Hungary to the northeast, and Austria to the north. The capital of Slovenia is Ljubljana.

At various points in Slovenia's history, the country has been part of the

Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (renamed to Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929) between the two World Wars, and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1945 until gaining independence in 1991. Slovenia is a member of the European Union, the Council of Europe and NATO
.

dual grammatical number from Proto-Indo-European. Also, Slovene and Slovak
are the two modern Slavic languages whose names for themselves literally mean "Slavic" (slověnьskъ in old Slavonic). Slovene is also one of the official languages of the European Union.

...More about Slovenians
More about Slovenian language...

Sorbians

Sorbs (Upper Sorbian Serbja, Lower Sorbian Serby; also Wends, Lusatian Sorbs), Slavonic nation settled in Lusatia, region on the territory of Germany. Historically, Lusatia also encompasses small parts of Poland and the Czech Republic. Not to be confused with Serbs.

Sorbs are divided into: Upper Sorbs speaking Upper Sorbian (about 30,000 people) and Lower Sorbs speaking Lower Sorbian (about 20,000 people). Some of them using in-between dialects- a mixture of these two Sorbian languages.

...More about Sorbians
More about Sorbian language...

Tatar

Turkic
ethnic group or a couple of ethnic groups.

Most current day Tatars live all over Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Moldova, Lithuania, Belarus, Bulgaria, China, Kazakhstan, Romania, Turkey, and Uzbekistan. They collectively numbered more than 10 million in the late 20th century.

The original Ta-ta inhabited the north-eastern

Ural-Altayans towards the plains of Russia
.

Tatar is a Turkic language, which is considered part of the disputed Altaic language family.

...More about Tatars More about Tatar language...

 Ukraine

citizens of Ukraine
(who may or may not be ethnic Ukrainians).

Ukrainians are one of the largest European ethnic groups with a population of more than 44 million people worldwide. Most ethnic Ukrainians, about 37 million in total, live in Ukraine where they make up over three-quarters of the population. The largest Ukrainian community outside of Ukraine is in Russia, about 3 million Russian citizens consider themselves ethnic Ukrainians, while millions of others (primarily in southern Russia and Siberia) have some Ukrainian ancestry.

Ukrainian (украї́нська мо́ва, ukrayins'ka mova, is a language of the

Slavic nations, most notably with Belarusian, Polish, Russian and Slovak
.

The Ukrainian language traces its origins to the

Old East Slavic language of the medieval state of Kievan Rus'. In its earlier stages it was called Ruthenian
. Ukrainian, along with other East Slavic languages, is a lineal descendant of the colloquial language used in Kievan Rus.

...More about Ukrainians More about Ukrainian language...

References

  1. ^ Idem.
  2. USA, Uzbekistan, per Ethnologue
    .
  3. ^ [1], from Party for Bosnia and Herzegovina website
  4. ^ Czech language, alphabet and pronunciation
  5. ^ "Finn noun" The Oxford Dictionary of English (revised edition). Ed. Catherine Soanes and Angus Stevenson. Oxford University Press, 2005. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Tampere University of Technology. 3 August 2007 [2]
  6. ^ Perspectives to Finnish Identity, by Anne Ollila: Scandinavian Journal of History, Volume 23, Numbers 3-4, 1 September 1998, pp. 127-137(11). Retrieved 06 October 2006.
  7. ^ "Since the (two) population (groups') genetic, ecological and socioeconomic circumstances are equal, Swedish speakers’ longer active life is difficult to explain by conventional health-related risk factors." Markku T. Hyyppä and Juhani Mäki: Social participation and health in a community rich in stock of social capital
  8. ^ [3] and [4]
  9. ^ (in Serbian) "Горански Говор" (PDF)., Dr Padivoje Mladenović
  10. ^ Dokle, Nazif. Reçnik Goransko (Nashinski) — Albanski, Sofia 2007, Peçatnica Naukini akademiji "Prof. Marin Drinov", s. 5, 11, 19 (Nazif Dokle. Goranian-Albanian Dictionary, Sofia 2007, Published by Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, p. 5, 11, 19)
  11. ^ United Nations Geographical region and composition
  12. ^ "Lietuva įsiliejo į Šengeno erdvę" (in Lithuanian). Vidaus reikalų ministerija. Retrieved 2007-12-22. {{cite news}}: |first= missing |last= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  13. ^ Kogan Page 2004, p 242
  14. ^ http://ec.europa.eu/translation/language_aids/recognition/field_guide_main_languages_of_europe_en.pdf A Field Guide to the Main Languages of Europe - Spot that language and how to tell them apart], on the website of the European Commission
  15. ^ (in Romanian)Declaraţia de independenţa a Republicii Moldova, Moldova Suverană
  16. The Financial Times. 2007-12-08. Retrieved 2007-12-16. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help
    )
  17. ^ (in Romanian)"Ziare.ro - Linguists condemn "Moldovan language"". Retrieved 2007-11-10.
  18. ^ List of members to the United Nations by joining date
  19. ^ Tatyana Bratkova Russkoye Ustye. Novy Mir, 1998, no. 4 (in Russian)
  20. 17 February 1993
    , regarding the return to „â” and „sunt” in the orthography of the Romanian language. The decision is mandatory in schools and other official use of the language.
  21. ^ "A Brief History of the Roma". Patrin Web Journal. 1999-04-17. Retrieved 2007-08-26.
  22. ISBN 0-8108-3444-8
    .
  23. ^ The History and Origin of the Roma
  24. ^ "Gypsies in Canada: The Promised Land?". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 1997. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  25. ^ The Roma of Eastern Europe: Still Searching for Inclusion
  26. ^ Gray, R.D. & Atkinson, Q.D. 2003. "Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin." Nature. 426, 435-439.
  27. ^ RFE/RL on intolerance in Belarus and Ruthenians in Ukraine
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