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Selected species list
Agaricus texensis, commonly known as the
gasteroid agaricus, is a species of
fungus in the family
Agaricaceae. Found only in southwestern and western North America, it is adapted for growth in dry, semiarid habitats. The
fruit bodies are secotioid, meaning the
spores are not forcibly discharged, and the cap does not fully expand. Unlike other
Agaricus species,
A. texensis does not develop true
gills, but rather a convoluted and
networked system of spore-producing tissue called a
gleba. When the
partial veil breaks or pulls away from the stem or the cap splits radially, the blackish-brown gleba is exposed to the elements. Formerly named
Longula texensis (among several other
synonyms), it was shown by
molecular
mixed woods in eastern North America and eastern Asia, where it is thought to exist in a
mycorrhizal relationship with a variety of both
coniferous and
deciduous
The fruit bodies of Amanita abrupta are poisonous, and ingestion damages the liver; the toxicity is thought to be largely due to a rare amino acid. Although not considered as toxic as its infamous relatives the death cap and the destroying angel, A. abrupta is blamed for the deaths of two Japanese women in 1978. Poisoning symptoms included the abrupt appearance of violent vomiting, diarrhea and dehydration after a delay of 10–20 hours.
Amanita aestivalis, commonly known as the white American star-footed Amanita, is a species of fungus in the mushroom family Amanitaceae. The fungus is distributed in the eastern United States, south to Florida, and reaches north into the southeastern provinces of Canada. The cap of the fruit body is medium-sized, 5 to 8.5 cm (2.0 to 3.3 in) in diameter and white. It sits atop a stem that is 8.5 to 16 cm (3.3 to 6.3 in) long and has a rounded bulb its the base. The entire fruit body will slowly stain a reddish-brown color in response to bruising or aging. It remains unknown whether Amanita aestivalis is a distinct species from A. brunnescens, another similar Amanita with a comparable distribution. There are several other white-bodied amanitas with which A. aestivalis may be confused, including A. virosa, A. phalloides, and A. bisporigera.
Amanita daucipes is a species of fungus in the mushroom family Amanitaceae of the order Agaricales. Found exclusively in North America, the mushroom may be recognized in the field by the medium to large white caps with pale orange tints, and the dense covering of pale orange or reddish-brown powdery conical warts on the cap surface. The mushroom also has a characteristic large bulb at the base of its stem with a blunt short rooting base, whose shape is suggestive of the common names carrot-footed lepidella, carrot-foot amanita, or turnip-foot amanita. The mushroom has a strong odor that has been described variously as "sweet and nauseous", or compared to an old ham bone, or soap. Edibility is unknown for the species, but consumption is generally not recommended due its position in the Amanita subgroup Lepidella, which contains some poisonous members.
bleaching powder
, and their edibility is unknown, but possibly toxic.
Amanita regalis, commonly known as the royal fly agaric or the king of Sweden amanita, is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. Common in Scandinavian countries, it is also found in eastern and northern Europe. In North America, its distribution is restricted to Alaska. The fruit bodies of the fungus somewhat resemble the fly agaric (Amanita muscaria), and it was formerly regarded as a variety of this species. A. regalis differs from it in being larger, with a liver-brown cap bearing numerous scabs, and in having a stem which is yellow-ochre at the base, with patches or rings of patches. Chemical analysis has shown that this species contains ibotenic acid and muscimol, the same toxic components found in A. muscaria, but no muscarine or tryptamine derivatives have been found.
Gram-positive
bacteria.
phylogenetic analyses revealed they were unique
Astraeus
It is an
hygroscopic (water-absorbing), and can open up its rays to expose the spore sac in response to increased
humidity, and close them up again in drier conditions.
Tulostomataceae, and the
type species of the genus
Battarrea. Known in the
vernacular as the
scaley-stalked puffball or the
sandy stiltball, it has a woody, slender, and scaly stem that can typically reach 40 centimeters (15.7 in) in length. Although its general appearance resembles a more typical
agaric with stem and gills, atop the stem is a
spore sac, consisting of an
endoperidium and a
gleba
Boletus frostii,
commonly known as
Frost's bolete or the
apple bolete, is an edible
bolete mushroom first described scientifically in 1874. A member of the family
Boletaceae, the mushrooms produced by the fungus have tubes and pores instead of
gills on the underside of its
cap. The
fruit bodies may be recognized by their dark red sticky caps, the red pores, the network-like pattern of the
stem, and the bluing reaction to bruising. Another characteristic of young, moist fruit bodies are the
amber drops exuded on the pore surface. It is a
mycorrhizal species, and the fruit bodies are typically found growing near
hardwood trees, especially
oak.
Boletus frostii is distributed in the eastern United States from
Maine to
Georgia, Mexico, and Costa Rica. A
subspecies
saprobic lifestyle. Despite occasional appearances to the contrary,
Boletus mirabilis is
mycorrhizal, and forms close
mutualistic associations with hemlock roots. There has been some disagreement in the literature as to whether the mushroom should be placed in the closely-related genera
Boletus or
Boletellus
boletes
, the size of the fruiting body is variable. Boletus pinophilus is edible, and may be preserved and cooked.
For many years, Boletus pinophilus was considered a subspecies or form of the porcini mushroom B. edulis. In 2008, B. pinophilus in western North America were reclassified as a new species, Boletus rex-veris.
B. satanas. To date it is the only bolete that has been implicated in the death of someone consuming it; a couple developed gastrointestinal symptoms in 1994 after eating this fungus with the husband succumbing. Autopsy revealed
infarction
William Alphonso Murrill in 1912, the species has been juggled by various authors to several
genera, including
Boletus,
Boletellus, and
Xerocomus. Found solely in western North America from
British Columbia south to
Mexico, the fruit bodies are distinguished by their dark reddish brown to nearly black
caps with uneven surfaces, the yellow pores on the underside of the caps, and the red-streaked yellow
stems. The fungus grows in summer and fall on the ground, often in
Douglas fir forests or on their margins. The development of the
fruit bodies is gymnocarpic, meaning that the
hymenium
fruit body
disintegrate into a brown powder. The spores are roughly spherical, and have wart-like projections on the surface.
Originally described from the
.
fruit bodies that are shaped somewhat like a round or oval hollow sphere with interlaced or latticed branches. Although considered primarily a European species,
Clathrus ruber has a widespread distribution that includes northern Africa, Asia, and Australia. It has been
introduced
The fruit body initially appears like a whitish "egg" attached to the ground by long cords. The egg has a delicate, leathery outer membrane enclosing the compressed lattice that surrounds a layer of olive-green spore-bearing slime called the gleba, which contains high levels of calcium that help protect the developing fruit body during development. As the egg ruptures and the fruit body expands, the gleba is carried upward on the inner surfaces of the spongy lattice, and the egg tissue remains as a volva around the base of the structure. The gleba has a fetid odor, somewhat like rotting meat, that attracts flies and other insects to help disperse the spores.
Coprinopsis atramentaria, commonly known as the common ink cap or inky cap, is an edible (but sometimes poisonous, see below) mushroom found in Europe and North America. Previously known as Coprinus atramentarius, it is the second best known ink cap and previous member of the genus Coprinus after C. comatus. It is a widespread and common fungus, found throughout the northern hemisphere. Clumps of mushrooms arise after rain from spring to autumn, commonly in urban and disturbed habitats such as vacant lots and lawns as well as grassy areas. The grey-brown cap is initially bell-shaped before opening and flattening and disintegrating. The flesh is thin and the taste mild. It can be eaten, but is poisonous when consumed with alcohol – hence another common name, tippler's bane.
Saprobic, it grows on the dead wood of
deciduous trees from late summer to autumn. The fungus is found commonly in eastern North America, but has also been collected in Portugal and Korea. The
variety C. zonata var.
cremoricolor, found in eastern North America, may be distinguished microscopically by its longer
spores
tropical locations throughout the southeastern United States, as well as Central and South America, and has been collected infrequently in a few locales in Africa. The body of the lichen forms continuous, circular crust-like patches on dead wood, readily recognizable by the prominent red
pigment. The older, central region is covered with red, spherical to cylindrical granules. Moving outwards from the center, zones of color may be distinguished, the first gray-green, the second white, and finally a bright red cottony rim. The red and green colors of this unmistakable woodland lichen give the appearance of a Christmas wreath, suggestive of its
common
specific epithet
of this species was given by Brodie in tribute to his late wife Helen.
Latin
word olla, meaning "pot".
Latin
word stercorarius, meaning "of dung".
Latin
stria, meaning "with fine ridges or grooves".
genera before finally settling in
Cyptotrama. This species is differentiated from several other similar members of genus
Cyptotrama by variations in
cap color, and
spore
gills
.
It may be mistaken for the edible St Georges' mushroom (Calocybe gambosa), or miller (Clitopilus prunulus) and has been responsible for many cases of mushroom poisoning in Europe. E. sinuatum causes primarily gastrointestinal problems that, though not generally life-threatening, have been described as highly unpleasant. It is generally not considered to be lethal, although one source has reported deaths from the consumption of this mushroom.
Gyromitra infula,
commonly known as the
elfin saddle or the
hooded false morel, is a member of the
ascomycete mushrooms in the family
Helvellaceae. The
caps of the fruit bodies of this species develop a characteristic saddle-shape in maturity, and the ends of both saddle lobes are drawn out to sharp tips that project above the level of the fruiting body. It is found in the Northern Hemisphere, usually in the late summer and autumn, growing on rotting wood or on hard packed ground.
G. infula is considered inedible as it contains the toxic compound
gyromitrin.
Gyromitra fungi are included among the informal category "
false morels
fungi. Although young specimens are spherical,
fruiting body development involves the outer layer of tissue splitting open like a star into 7 to 10 pointed rays that eventually bend back to point downward, revealing a small – 1 to 2.5 cm (0.4 to 1.0 in) broad –
spore sac supported by a small stalk. It is
commonly known as the
beaked earthstar or the
beret earthstar, in reference to the shape of the spore sac and its prominent, protruding peristome. Although uncommon, this species has a
cosmopolitan distribution, and has been collected in various locations in Europe, North and South America, Asia and Africa. Like several other earthstars, crystals of
calcium oxalate
coniferous genera, particularly
spruces and
firs. It may be identified by its orangish-brown to
lilac color, its purple, wrinkled
hymenium
to relatively high concentrations.
are up to 5 cm (2.0 in) tall by 4 cm (1.6 in) wide, with numerous branches originating from a short rudimentary stem. The branches are 1–2 millimeters thick, smooth, and white, sometimes with yellowish tips in age. Ramariopsis kunzei has a widespread distribution, and is found in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia.
Hygrophorus agathosmus, commonly known as the gray almond waxy cap or the almond woodwax, is a species of fungus in the family Hygrophoraceae. It was first described by Elias Magnus Fries in 1815; Fries gave it its current name in 1838. A widespread species, it is distributed in the United States, Europe, Africa, and India, and can be found growing under spruce and pine in mixed forests. The fruit bodies are characterized by a light grayish cap that measures up to 8 cm (3.1 in) in diameter, waxy gills, a dry stem, and the distinct odor of bitter almonds. An edible but bland-tasting mushroom, extracts of the fruit bodies have been shown in laboratory tests to have antimicrobial activity against various bacteria that are pathogenic to humans.
.
.
Mycorrhizal, it forms a symbiotic relationship with various species of deciduous tree, including
beech, and
hazel, and fruiting bodies are found on the forest floor in
deciduous
poisonous
, and consumption causes stomach aches.
Lactarius species.
Lactarius rufulus mushrooms are
edible, and have an odor resembling
maple syrup
ivy
-like taste and the fact that more choice mushrooms will be easily found at the same time. L. subdulcis is known for its abundant, sweet-tasting milk that, unlike the latex of some of its relatives, does not stain fabric yellow.
Lactarius subflammeus, commonly known as the orange milk cap, is a species of fungus in the family Russulaceae. It is found in western North America in the late summer and fall and is especially common in the Pacific Northwest, where it grows on the ground near conifers like pine and spruce. The brightly colored fruit bodies, which are slimy or sticky, have scarlet caps when young that soon fade to brilliant orange. The stem—typically longer than the width of the cap—is also bright orange but the gills are whitish. The mushroom secretes a whitish latex when it is cut or injured.
mixed forests in a
mycorrhizal association with various trees, most commonly
birch. Although it is valued for its peppery flavor and eaten after pickling in Russia and Finland, it is highly irritating to the digestive system when eaten raw. The toxins responsible for the
acrid
The
basidia are found. The cylindrical
stem is a pale flesh color with a delicately downy surface, reaching lengths of up to 8 cm (3.1 in). When cut or injured, the fruit bodies ooze a white
latex that does not change color upon exposure to air. The
variety, in contrast, has latex that changes color from white to yellow.
cream before tinting purple as the
spores mature. The spores are dark purplish-brown in
mass, ellipsoid, and measure 10.5–15 by 6.5–8.5
micrometers
The mushroom grows on grassy meadows and similar habitats, particularly in wet, north-facing fields and other habitats well-fertilized by sheep and cattle feces. But unlike .
saprobic species of
fungus in the family
Tricholomataceae. As its common names imply, the
fruit body, or mushroom, can become quite large—the
cap reaches diameters of up to 40 cm (16 in). It has a white or pale cream cap, and is funnel-shaped when mature, with the
gills running down the length of the
stem. Considered by some to be a choice
edible when young, this species has a
cosmopolitan distribution, and is typically found growing in groups or
rings in grassy pastures, roadside hedges, or woodland clearings.
Leucopaxillus giganteus contains a number of
bioactive compounds, one of which has displayed
antibiotic
, and recent research has corroborated some medicinal properties of lichen extracts.
Marasmius rotula is a species of fungus in the mushroom family Marasmiaceae. It is commonly known variously as the pinwheel mushroom, the pinwheel marasmius, the little wheel, the collared parachute, or the horse hair fungus. It is a widespread and common fungus, and is the type species of the genus Marasmius. The fruit body is characterized by its whitish, thin, membranous cap, its long and slender but tough black stem, and widely-spaced white gills that are attached to a collar encircling but not touching the stem. The fungus grows on decaying wood and leaves. Unlike other mushrooms known to release spores in response to an internal timer, or circadian rhythm, spore release in M. rotula is dependent on rain.
saprobically, feeding on the fallen leaves and acorns of various
oak species. First described in 1860 by
Berkeley and
Curtis, the species was collected four years earlier during an exploring and surveying expedition. It was subsequently considered a doubtful species by later
Mycena researchers, until a 1999 publication validated the taxon.
Mycena elegantula is considered a
synonym
saprobic species, it is typically found growing on the ground singly or in small groups on woody debris or leaf litter, during summer and autumn in Europe and eastern North America. The
fruit body begins its development in an "egg" form, resembling somewhat a
puffball partially submerged in the ground. As the fungus matures, a slender orange to pink colored stalk emerges that tapers evenly to a pointed tip. The stalk is covered with a foul-smelling slimy green
spore mass on the upper third of its length. Flies and other insects feed upon the slime which contains the
spores, assisting in their dispersal. Due to their repellent odor, mature specimens are not generally considered
edible, although there are reports of the immature "eggs" being consumed. In the laboratory,
Mutinus elegans has been shown to inhibit the growth of several
microorganisms that can be
pathogenic
parasite
.
Its scientific name is derived from the
oyster mushrooms. It is one of several species with bioluminescent properties occurring worldwide, all of which are poisonous with the exception of
Armillaria.
basidiomycete
fungus, previously considered edible and eaten widely in
Eastern and
Central Europe. It had been recognized as causing gastric upsets when eaten raw, but was more recently implicated in a potentially fatal immune
hemolysis
It is widely distributed across the Northern Hemisphere and has been accidentally introduced to Australia, New Zealand, and South America; it is likely to have been transported in soil of European trees to those countries. Various shades of brown in color, the fruiting body resembles a brown wooden top and may be found in deciduous and coniferous woods, and grassy areas in later summer and autumn. The cap bears a distinctive inrolled rim and decurrent gills which may be pore-like close to the stipe. Although it has gills, it is more closely related to the pored boletes than to typical gilled mushrooms.
Phallus impudicus, commonly known as the common stinkhorn, is a widespread fungus recognizable for its foul odor and its phallic shape when mature, the latter feature giving rise to several names in 17th-century England. It is a common mushroom in Europe and western North America, where it occurs in habitats rich in wood debris such as forests and mulched gardens. It appears from summer to late autumn. The fruiting structure is tall and white with a slimy, dark olive colored conical head. Known as the gleba, this material contains the spores, and is transported by insects which are attracted by the odor – described as resembling carrion. Despite its foul smell, it is not poisonous and the young mushroom is consumed in parts of France and Germany.
has not been clarified.
mycelia. Fruit bodies, which may appear alone or in groups on the ground in conifer
duff, are usually attached to buried woody debris, and are commonly associated with melting snow.
Plectania nannfeldtii is found in western North America and in Asia, often at higher elevations. Similar black cup fungi with which
P. nannfeldtii may be confused include
Pseudoplectania vogesiaca,
P. nigrella, and
Helvella corium
Pseudocolus fusiformis is a stinkhorn mushroom in the family Phallaceae, a family well-known for a remarkable range of fruit body types. It is the most widely distributed member of the genus Pseudocolus and has been found in the United States, Australia, Japan, Java, and the Philippines. It is commonly known as the stinky squid, because of its fetid odor, and its three or four upright "arms" which are connected at the top. The malodorous smell comes from the dark greenish slimy gleba covering the inside faces of the arms, and attracts insects that help to disperse the spores.
mixed forests, forming
mycorrhizhal associations with
hardwood trees like
oak and
European beech. Its distribution in North America has not been clarified, due to confusion with the similar species
Russula parvovirescens and
Russula crustosa. The
ribonuclease enzyme of
R. virescens has been studied and shown to have a unique
biochemistry
buff
caps that are up to 4 cm (1.6 in) in diameter, held by slender whitish stems that can be up to 10 cm (3.9 in) tall. Several other
Coprinopsis species that resemble
C. impatiens may be distinguished by differences in appearance,
habit, or spore
morphology
.
fruiting bodies
are small red cups with distinct long, dark hairs or "eyelashes". These eyelashes are the most distinctive feature and are easily visible with a magnifying glass. The species is common in North America and Europe, and has been recorded on every continent. S. scutellata is found on rotting wood and in other damp habitats, typically growing in small groups, sometimes forming clusters. It is sometimes described as inedible, but its small size means it is not suitable for culinary use. Despite this, it is popular among mushroom hunters due to its unusual "eyelash" hairs, making it memorable and easy to identify.
properties in laboratory tests.
Coprinopsis variegata, commonly known as the scaly ink cap or the feltscale inky cap, is a species of fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae. Distributed in eastern North America, it has a medium-sized, bell-shaped to flattened cap up to 7.5 cm (3.0 in) in diameter, with felt-like, patchy scales. The gills, initially white, turn black in maturity and eventually dissolve into a black "ink". Fruit bodies grow in clusters or groups on leaf litter or rotted hardwood, although the wood may be buried, giving the appearance of growing in the soil. The fungus is found in the United States, in areas east of the Great Plains. Coprinus ebulbosus and Coprinus quadrifidus are names assigned by Charles Horton Peck to what he believed were species distinct from C. variegata; they were later shown to represent the same species, and are now synonyms. The mushroom is not recommended for consumption, and has been shown to cause allergic reactions in susceptible individuals.
conspecific
with the latter species.
.
tropical regions that include Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North and South America. Although considered bland and flavorless, the fungus is
edible.
Tremella mesenterica produces
carbohydrates that are attracting research interest because of their various
biological activities
Tricholoma pardinum, commonly known as spotted tricholoma, tiger tricholoma, tigertop or dirty trich, is a gilled mushroom widely distributed across North America and Europe, as well as parts of Asia. It is generally found in beech woodland in summer and autumn. It is an imposing mushroom with a pale grey cap up to 10 cm (4 in) in diameter with darker brownish or greyish scales, white gills and white or pale grey-brown ringless stalk. It is one of the more poisonous members of the genus Tricholoma and has been implicated in a number of episodes of mushroom poisoning, probably because it is a large, attractive mushroom with a superficial resemblance to a number of edible species as well as having a pleasant smell and taste. Ingesting T. pardinum even in small quantities causes a severe, persistent gastroenteritis due to the presence of an as yet unknown mycotoxin.
.
tree species.
saprobic species of
fungus in the family
Morchellaceae. Commonly known as the
early morel (or
early false morel) or the
wrinkled thimble-cap,
V. bohemica is one of several species known informally as a "
false morel". It can be recognized in the field by the pale yellow or brown thimble-shaped wrinkled cap attached to the top of the lighter-colored stem; its distinguishing characteristic is its relatively large
spores, typically 60–80 by 15–18
µm
mycelia known as
sclerotia. In eastern North America, where it is typically found growing in the soil underneath
hardwood trees, it is found from
New York to
Michigan
Wynnea americana is distinguished from other species in the genus Wynnea by the pustules (small bumps) on the outer surface, and microscopically by the large asymmetrical longitudinally ribbed spores with a sharply pointed tip. The spores are made in structures called asci, which have thickened rings at one end that are capped by a hinged structure known as the operculum—a lid that is opened when spores are to be released from the ascus.
fungi. It is widespread in Europe and North America, and has also been collected in northern Africa. The
fruit bodies are medium-sized, pure white, and when wet are covered in a layer of slime thick enough to make the mushroom difficult to pick up. The
gills are broadly attached to the
stem or running down it; as the family name suggests, they feel waxy when rubbed between the fingers. Like all
Hygrophorus species, the fungus is
mycorrzhizal—a
symbiotic association whereby the underground fungal
mycelia penetrate and exchange nutrients with tree roots. They are common in a variety of forest types, where they grow on the ground in thickets or grassy areas.
Hygrophorus eburneus is the
type species of the genus
Hygrophorus. A number of
biologically active chemicals have been purified from the fruit bodies of the fungus, including
fatty acids with
bactericidal and
fungicidal
.
Lactarius fallax, commonly known as the velvety milk cap, is a species of fungus in the family Russulaceae. Found in both spruce and mixed conifer forests, it is a fairly common species in the Pacific Northwest region of North America, with a northerly range extending to Alaska. Its fruit bodies are medium-sized, with velvety, brown to blackish caps up to 3–9 cm (1.2–3.5 in) in diameter bearing a distinct pointed umbo. The caps are supported by velvety stems up to 6 cm (2.4 in) long and 1.5 cm (0.6 in) thick. The mushroom oozes a whitish latex when it is cut, and injured tissue eventually turns a dull reddish color. The eastern North American and European species Lactarius lignyotus is closely similar in appearance, but can be distinguished by its differing range.
European Beech (though associations with other trees are known). It was first described by
Elias Magnus Fries. Though its colour and size vary, it is distinctive because it is slimy when wet and exudes copious amounts of
milk. It has been the subject of some chemical research, and it can be used to produce pigments and blennins. Blennins, some of which have shown potential medical application, are derived from lactarane, a chemical so named because of their association with
Lactarius. The edibility of
L. blennius is uncertain, with different mycologists suggesting that it is
edible
poisonous
, the mushroom is not recommended for consumption.
coral fungus in the family
Gomphaceae. Its
fruit body, which can grow up to 12 cm (4.7 in) in diameter and 12 cm (4.7 in) tall, resembles a marine coral, and it is identifiable by its white-colored branches with numerous red to orange branched tips. It has a wide distribution, and is found in North America, North Africa, central and eastern Europe, Australia, and Asia, where it fruits on the ground in wooded areas. It is the
type species of the genus
Ramaria. The fruit bodies are generally considered
edible, although they may have
laxative effects in susceptible individuals. Scientific research has shown that the mushroom contains several
bioactive compounds
bleaching powder
, are not recommended for consumption.
E.J.H. Corner in 1972, from specimens he collected in Malaysia in 1959, and has since been found in Australia.
Fruit bodies are characterized by the small dark brown to black conical scales covering the
cap, and the net-like pattern of ridges on the upper stem. The roughly spherical
spores measure about eight
micrometres, and are densely covered with slender conical spines. The
edibility
Mycena flavoalba, commonly known as the
ivory bonnet, is a species of inedible
mushroom in the family
Mycenaceae. The
cap is initially conical in shape, before becoming convex and then flattening out; it may reach dimensions of up to 1.5 cm (0.6 in) across. The cap color is ivory-white to yellowish white, sometimes more yellowish at the center. The tubular
stems are up to 8 cm (3.1 in) long and 2.5 mm (0.10 in) thick, and have long, coarse white hairs at their bases. The mushroom is found in Europe, the Middle East, and North America, where it grows scattered or in dense groups under
conifers and on
humus in
oak
.
Mycena acicula, commonly known as the orange bonnet, or the coral spring mycena, is a species of fungus in the family Mycenaceae. It is found in Asia, the Caribbean, North America and Europe. The fruit bodies, or mushrooms, of the fungus grow on dead twigs and other woody debris of forest floors, especially along streams and other wet places. They have small orange-red caps, up to 1 cm (0.4 in) in diameter, held by slender yellowish stems up to 6 cm (2.4 in) long. The gills are pale yellow with a whitish edge. Several other Mycena species look similar, but may be distinguished by differences in size and/or microscopic characteristics. M. acicula is considered inedible because of its small size.
specific name is derived from the belief that
Judas Iscariot hung himself from an elder tree; the common name "Judas's ear" eventually became "Jew's ear", while today "jelly ear" or other names are sometimes used. The mushroom can be found throughout the year in Europe, North America, Asia and Australia, where it grows upon both dead and living wood. Although it is not regarded as a choice
edible mushroom
While not widely consumed in the west, A. auricula-judae was used in folk medicine as recently as the 19th century, for complaints including sore throats, sore eyes and
-lowering properties.
diurnal
pattern.
.
Mycena sanguinolenta, commonly known as the bleeding bonnet, the smaller bleeding mycena, or the terrestrial bleeding mycena, is a species of mushroom in the family Mycenaceae. It is a commonn and widely distributed species, and has been found in North America, Europe, Australia, and Asia. The fungus produces reddish-brown to reddish-purple fruit bodies with conic to bell-shaped caps up to 1.5 cm (0.6 in) wide held by slender stems up to 6 cm (2.4 in) high. When fresh, the fruit bodies will "bleed" a dark reddish-purple sap. The similar Mycena haematopus is larger, and grows on decaying wood, usually in clumps. M. sanguinolenta contains alkaloid pigments that are unique to the species, may produce an antifungal compound, and is bioluminescent. The edibility of the mushroom has not been determined.
buff
gills develop wine-red spots in age. When it is cut or injured, the mushroom oozes a white
latex that rapidly turns bright sulfur-yellow. The species, common and widely distributed in North America, grows in the ground in association with
conifer trees. There are several other
Lactarius species that bear resemblance to
L. vinaceorufescens, but most can be distinguished by differences in
staining
Mycena vitilis, commonly known as the snapping bonnet, is a species of inedible mushroom in the family Mycenaceae. It is found in Europe and North America, where it grows on the ground among leaves in damp places, especially under alder. The small pale gray to whitish fruit bodies are usually attached to small sticks buried in the leaves and detritus. They are distinguished by their long, slender stems that root into the ground, and by the grooved cap that reaches diameters of up to 2.2 cm (0.9 in). The grayish-white gills on the underside of the cap are distantly spaced, and adnately attached to the stem. M. vitilis contains Strobilurin B, a fungicidal compound with potential use in agriculture.
Mycena cinerella, commonly known as the mealy bonnet, is an inedible species of mushroom in the family Mycenaceae. It is found in Europe and the United States, where it grows in groups on fallen leaves and needles under pine and Douglas fir. The small grayish mushrooms have caps that are up to 1.5 cm (0.6 in) wide atop stems that are 5 cm (2.0 in) long and 2.5 mm (0.10 in) thick. Its gills are grayish-white and adnate, with a "tooth" that runs slightly down the stem. The fungus has both two- and four-spored basidia. As its common name suggests, it smells mealy.
.
.
varieties of
Boletellus ananas have been described. Although the mushroom may be considered
edible
coniferous trees. The mushroom's
spores are white in
deposit, smooth, and
ellipsoid-shaped with dimensions of 6–10 by 3.5–4.5
μm. In the
development of the fruit body, the preliminary stem and cap structures appear at the same time within the
primordium, and
hyphae originating from the stem form a cover over the developing structures. The
mycelia of the mushroom is believed to have
bioluminescent
temperate regions in the
Northern Hemisphere, but has also been reported from Australia and South Africa. The fungus is
edible
coniferous and
deciduous trees. Although it may be considered
edible, the fungus is not recommended for consumption unless cooked thoroughly, as it contains the toxin
gyromitrin
poisonous, especially if consumed in combination with alcohol. The mushroom contains unique chemicals thought to help it infect plants by neutralizing
defensive responses employed by them. The very similar
P. squarrosoides differs in having a paler cap that is sticky between the scales, and smaller
spores
coniferous trees.
Pseudoplectania nigrella has a worldwide distribution, and has been found in North America, the Caribbean, Britain, Europe, India, Madagascar, New Zealand, and Japan. The fungus produces a unique chemical compound, plectasin, that has attracted research interest for its ability to inhibit the growth of the common human
pathogenic bacterium
Streptococcus pneumoniae
mixed woods, usually in association with pine trees. It is closely related, and physically similar, to the more common
Albatrellus ovinus, from which it may be distinguished macroscopically by differences in bruising colors, and microscopically by the
amyloid (
staining bluish-black to black with
Melzer's reagent) walls of the
spores. The fruit bodies contain a chemical named scutigeral that has
antibiotic and
pharmacological
deciduous woodland
.
Mycena galopus is found in North America and Europe. The
saprobic fungus is an important leaf litter decomposer, and able to utilize all the major constituents of plant litter. It is especially adept at attacking
cellulose and
lignin, the latter of which is the second most abundant
renewable organic compound in the
biosphere. The mushroom latex contains chemicals called benzoxepines, which are thought to play a role in a wound-activated chemical defense mechanism against yeasts and
parasitic fungi.
saprobic fungus in found in Europe and North America, where it grows in groups or clusters on the rotting wood of both
hardwoods and
conifers. The
edibility of the fungus is unknown. Although the species is known for, and named after its propensity to stain reddish, occasionally these stains do not appear, making it virtually indistinguishable from
M. galericulata
Phallus hadriani, commonly known as the dune stinkhorn, is a species of fungus in the stinkhorn family, Phallaceae. It is a widely distributed species, and is native to Asia, Europe, and North America. In Australia, it is probably an introduced species. The stalk of the fruit body reaches up to 18 cm (7.1 in) tall by 4 cm (1.6 in) thick, and is spongy, fragile, and hollow. At the top of the stem is a ridged and pitted, thimble-like cap over which is spread olive-colored spore slime (gleba). Shortly after emerging, the gleba liquifies and releases a fetid odor that attracts insects, which help disperse the spores. Said to be edible in its immature egg-like stage, it typically grows in public lawns, yards and gardens, usually in sandy soils. Phallus hadriani may be distinguished from the similar P. impudicus (the common stinkhorn) by the presence of a pink or violet-colored volva at the base of the stem, and by differences in odor.
saprobic species of
fungus in the family
Phallaceae. The
fruit body consists of a reddish, cylindrical fluted
stipe that is capped with several "arms". The arms can approach or even close in on each other to form a
spire. The
gleba—an olive-green slimy
spore mass—is carried on the outer surface of the arms. The
fruit body, which has an odor comparable to "fresh dog feces", "rotting flesh", or "sewage" when mature, is
edible in its immature "egg" stage. The fungus is native to Asia, and is also found in Australia, Europe and North America, where it is probably an
introduced species. It has been used
medicinally in China as an
ulcer
.
fruiting body, known as the
receptaculum, starts out as a subterranean "egg" form. As the fungus develops, the receptaculum expands and erupts out of the protective
volva, ultimately developing into mature structures characterized by two to five long vertical orange or red spongy columns, joined together at the apex. The fully grown receptaculum reaches heights of 8 cm (3.1 in) tall. The inside surfaces of the columns are covered with a
fetid olive-brown
spore-containing slime, which attracts flies and other insects that help disseminate the spores. Although once considered undesirable, the fungus is listed as
edible. It is found commonly in
mulch
.
properties.
Phallus species by a combination of features, including a pinkish, reticulated (network-like) cap, and a stipe that is tapered at both ends. The
edibility
saprobic species, it is found in North America, Africa, Malaysia, and India. The species has a complex
taxonomic history, and has undergone several name changes since its first
description by American mycologist
Lewis David de Schweinitz in 1822. The
fruit bodies of the fungus are brightly colored yellow to orange, and usually highly conspicuous against the soil in which they are found. At maturity, the mushroom resembles a filled funnel with the spore-bearing surface along the sloping outer sides. The texture of the fertile undersurface (
hymenium) of the
caps is a distinguishing characteristic of the species: unlike the well-known
golden chanterelle, the hymenium of
C. lateritius is much smoother.
Chemical analysis has revealed the presence of several
carotenoid
saprobic fungus has a
pantropical distribution, and has been found in Africa, Asia, Australasia, and the Americas, where it grows on fertile ground and on
mulch. The
fruit body, which can extend up to 15 cm (5.9 in) tall, consists of a reddish latticed head (a receptaculum) placed on top of a long stalk. A dark olive-green
spore mass, the
gleba, fills the interior of the lattice and extends outwards between the arms. Like other members of the family
Phallaceae, the gleba has a
fetid odor that attracts flies and other insects to help disperse its spores. The immature "egg" form of the fungus is considered
edible
mycelia
at the base of the stem.
Mediterranean region, and
S. collinitus is often used as a beneficial
inoculant to help the young trees better survive in typically harsh soil conditions.
Suillus pungens, commonly known as the pungent slippery Jack, or the pungent suillus, is a species of fungus in the genus Suillus. The fruit bodies of the fungus have slimy convex caps measuring up to 14 cm (5.5 in) wide. The mushroom is characterized by the very distinct color changes that occur in the cap throughout development. Typically, the young cap is whitish, later becoming grayish-olive to reddish-brown or a mottled combination of these colors. The mushroom has a dotted stem up to 7 cm (2.8 in) long, and 2 cm (0.8 in) thick. On the underside on the cap is the spore-bearing tissue consisting of vertically arranged minute tubes that appear as a surface of angular, yellowish pores. The presence of milky droplets on the pore surface of young individuals, especially in humid environments, is a characteristic feature of this species. S. pungens can usually be differentiated from other similar Suillus species by distribution, odor and taste. The mushroom is considered edible, but not highly regarded.
An
has shown that although the species produces more fruit bodies than other ectomycorrhizal fungi at the same site, it is not a dominant root colonizer, occupying only a small percentage of ectomycorrhizal root tips. Its ability to fruit prolifically despite minimal root colonization is explained by its ability to efficiently transfer nutrients from its host.
, the mushroom is not considered to be of high quality.
fruit body of the mushroom. The pigment is likely responsible for the color of the mushroom, and it has
antibiotic
mixed woodland, and is encountered in summer and autumn, though is not common. Ecologically, it feeds through use of
ectomycorrhiza.
Inocybe cookei has been described as both
toxic
Collybia cookei is a species of fungus in the family Tricholomataceae, and one of three species in the genus Collybia. It is known from Europe, Asia, and North America. The fungus produces fruit bodies that usually grow on the decomposing remains of other mushrooms, like Meripilus giganteus, Inonotus hispidus, or species of Russula; occasionally fruit bodies are found on rich humus or well-decayed wood. The fungus produces small white mushrooms with caps up to 9 mm (0.35 in) in diameter, supported by thin stems that originate from a yellowish-brown sclerotium. The mushroom is difficult to distinguish from the other two species of Collybia unless an effort is made to examine the sclerotia, which is usually buried in the substrate. The edibility of the mushroom has not been determined.
ectomycorrhizal relationship with surrounding trees, and it favours
birch
.
poisonous
, is considered inedible because of its insubstantial size.
.
Mycena arcangeliana (commonly known as the angel's bonnet or the late-season bonnet) is a species of fungus in the family Mycenaceae. It has been known by a number of scientific names, and its taxonomy is still somewhat disputed. It produces small mushrooms with caps varying in colour from whitish to a darker grey-brown, and stems of an olive-greyish that fades with age. The mushrooms can be mistaken for the similar Mycena flavescens. They have a mild taste, but a strong smell of iodoform; they are not edible. The species grows on dead wood in autumn months, and can be found in western Europe.
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