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Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a [[United Principalities|personal union]] of the Danubian Principalities of [[Moldavia]] and [[Wallachia]]. The new state, officially named Romania since 1866, gained independence from the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1877. At the end of [[World War I]], [[Transylvania]], [[Bukovina]] and [[Bessarabia]] united with the sovereign [[Kingdom of Romania]]. During [[World War II]], Romania was an ally of [[Nazi Germany]] against the [[Soviet Union]], fighting side by side with the [[Wehrmacht]] until 1944, when it joined the Allied powers and faced occupation by the [[Red Army]] forces. Romania lost several territories, of which [[Northern Transylvania]] was regained after the war. Following the war, Romania became a [[Socialist state|socialist republic]] and member of the [[Warsaw Pact]]. After the [[Romanian Revolution|1989 Revolution]], Romania [[History of Romania since 1989|began a transition towards]] democracy and a capitalist [[market economy]].
Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a [[United Principalities|personal union]] of the Danubian Principalities of [[Moldavia]] and [[Wallachia]]. The new state, officially named Romania since 1866, gained independence from the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1877. At the end of [[World War I]], [[Transylvania]], [[Bukovina]] and [[Bessarabia]] united with the sovereign [[Kingdom of Romania]]. During [[World War II]], Romania was an ally of [[Nazi Germany]] against the [[Soviet Union]], fighting side by side with the [[Wehrmacht]] until 1944, when it joined the Allied powers and faced occupation by the [[Red Army]] forces. Romania lost several territories, of which [[Northern Transylvania]] was regained after the war. Following the war, Romania became a [[Socialist state|socialist republic]] and member of the [[Warsaw Pact]]. After the [[Romanian Revolution|1989 Revolution]], Romania [[History of Romania since 1989|began a transition towards]] democracy and a capitalist [[market economy]].


Romania holds a strong [[Economy of Romania|economy]] and ranks well on the [[Human Development Index]].<ref>https://qz.com/763630/one-of-the-poorest-countries-in-the-eu-could-be-its-next-tech-startup-hub/</ref> Following rapid economic growth in the early 2000s, Romania has an economy predominantly based on services, and is a producer and net exporter of machines and electric energy, featuring companies like [[Automobile Dacia]] and [[Petrom|OMV Petrom]]. It has been a member of [[NATO]] since 2004, and part of the [[European Union]] since 2007. A strong majority of the population identify themselves as [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox Christians]] and are native speakers of [[Romanian language|Romanian]], a [[Romance languages|Romance language]]. The cultural history of Romania is often referred to when dealing with influential [[Art of Romania|artists]], [[Music of Romania|musicians]], [[Science and technology in Romania|inventors]] and [[Sport in Romania|sportspeople]].
Romania is a developing country and one of the poorest in the [[European Union]].<ref>https://qz.com/763630/one-of-the-poorest-countries-in-the-eu-could-be-its-next-tech-startup-hub/</ref> Following rapid economic growth in the early 2000s, Romania has an economy predominantly based on services, and is a producer and net exporter of machines and electric energy, featuring companies like [[Automobile Dacia]] and [[Petrom|OMV Petrom]]. It has been a member of [[NATO]] since 2004, and part of the [[European Union]] since 2007. A strong majority of the population identify themselves as [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox Christians]] and are native speakers of [[Romanian language|Romanian]], a [[Romance languages|Romance language]]. The cultural history of Romania is often referred to when dealing with influential [[Art of Romania|artists]], [[Music of Romania|musicians]], [[Science and technology in Romania|inventors]] and [[Sport in Romania|sportspeople]].


==Etymology==<!--linked-->
==Etymology==<!--linked-->

Revision as of 13:01, 6 September 2017

For other uses, see Romania (disambiguation).
"ROU" redirects here. For other uses, see Rou.

46°N 25°E / 46°N 25°E / 46; 25

Romania
România (Romanian)
Anthem: Deșteaptă-te, române!
'"Awaken thee, Romanian!"

semi-presidential
republic
• President
Klaus Iohannis
Mihai Tudose
Legislature
United Principalitiesa
24 January 1859
9 May 1877 / 1878b
14 March 1881
c 1 December 1918d
Area
• Total
238,397 km2 (92,046 sq mi) (81st)
• Water (%)
3
Population
• 2017 estimate
19,638,000 Decrease[4] (59th)
• 2011 census
20,121,641[3] (58th)
• Density
84.4/km2 (218.6/sq mi) (117th)
GDP (PPP)2017 estimate
• Total
$470.312 billion[5] (42nd)
• Per capita
$23,957 (61st)
GDP (nominal)2017 estimate
• Total
$197.004 billion[5] (49th)
• Per capita
$10,097 (67th)
Gini (2013)Steady 34[6]
medium
HDI (2015)Increase 0.802[7]
very high (50th)
CurrencyRomanian leu (RON)
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+3 (EEST)
Date formatdd.mm.yyyy (AD)
Driving sideright
Calling code+40
ISO 3166 codeRO
Internet TLD.roe
  1. The double election of
    fell on 22 December 1989, the new democratic government was installed on 20 May 1990 and the new post-communist constitution was adopted on 21 November 1991. Romania joined the European Union on 1 January 2007.
  2. Also .eu, shared with other European Union
member states.

Romania (

sixth-largest city in the EU, with 1,883,425 inhabitants as of 2011.[8]

The River Danube, Europe's second-longest river, rises in Germany and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km (1775 mi), coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania's Danube Delta. The Carpathian Mountains, which cross Romania from the north to the southwest, include Moldoveanu, at 2,544 m (8,346 ft).[9]

Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a

began a transition towards democracy and a capitalist market economy
.

Romania is a developing country and one of the poorest in the

artists, musicians, inventors and sportspeople
.

Etymology

Main article: Name of Romania

Romania derives from the Latin romanus, meaning "citizen of Rome".[11] The first known use of the appellation was attested in the 16th century by Italian humanists travelling in Transylvania, Moldavia, and Wallachia.[12][13][14][15]

Neacșu's letter from 1521, the oldest surviving document written in Romanian.

The oldest known surviving document written in Romanian, a 1521 letter known as the "Letter of Neacșu from Câmpulung",[16] is also notable for including the first documented occurrence of the country's name: Wallachia is mentioned as Țeara Rumânească (old spelling for "The Romanian Land"; țeara from the Latin terra, "land"; current spelling: Țara Românească).

Two spelling forms: român and rumân were used interchangeably

bondsman", while român retained the original ethnolinguistic meaning.[17] After the abolition of serfdom in 1746, the word rumân gradually fell out of use and the spelling stabilised to the form român.[b] Tudor Vladimirescu, a revolutionary leader of the early 19th century, used the term Rumânia to refer exclusively to the principality of Wallachia."[18]

The use of the name Romania to refer to the common homeland of all Romanians—its modern-day meaning—was first documented in the early 19th century.[c] The name has been officially in use since 11 December 1861.[19]

In English, the name of the country was formerly spelt Rumania or Roumania.[20] Romania became the predominant spelling around 1975.[21] Romania is also the official English-language spelling used by the Romanian government.[22] A handful of other languages (including Italian, Hungarian, Portuguese, and Norwegian) have also switched to "o" like English, but most languages continue to prefer forms with u, e.g. French Roumanie, German and Swedish Rumänien, Spanish Rumanía, Polish Rumunia, and Russian Румыния (Rumyniya).

Official names

History

Main article: History of Romania

Early history

Dacia Trajana and the lands temporarily incorporated into Moesia
province in the 110s AD
Decebalus, king of Dacia, as depicted in Cartea omului matur (1919)

The human remains found in

Cucuteni-Trypillian culture.[25] Also the earliest known salt works in the world is at Poiana Slatinei, near the village of Lunca in Romania; it was first used in the early Neolithic, around 6050 BC, by the Starčevo culture, and later by the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture in the Pre-Cucuteni period.[26] Evidence from this and other sites indicates that the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture extracted salt from salt-laden spring water through the process of briquetage
.

Prior to the Roman conquest of Dacia, the territories between the Danube and Dniester rivers were inhabited by various Thracian peoples, including the Dacians and the Getae.[27] Herodotus, in his work "Histories", notes the religious difference between the Getae and other Thracians,[28] however, according to Strabo, the Dacians and the Getae spoke the same language.[27] Dio Cassius draws attention to the cultural similarities between the two people.[27] There is a scholarly dispute whether the Dacians and the Getae were the same people.[29][30]

Roman incursions under Emperor

Alburnus Maior). Roman troops pulled out of Dacia around 271 AD.[34][35] The territory was later invaded by various migrating peoples.[36][37][38][39]

Burebista, Decebalus and Trajan are considered the Romanians' forefathers in Romanian historiography.[40][41][42]

Middle Ages

Main articles: Origin of the Romanians, Romania in the Early Middle Ages, and Romania in the Middle Ages
The three principalities of Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania under Michael the Brave.

In the

Moldavia would emerge in the 14th century to fight the threat of the Ottoman Empire.[46][47]

Radu cel Frumos, from his residence in Bucharest, indicating Ottoman
victory.

By 1541, the entire

Wallachian prince Michael the Brave (Mihai Viteazul), who was considered, later on, the precursor of modern Romania and became a point of reference for nationalists, as well as a catalyst for achieving a single Romanian state.[51]

Independence and monarchy

Main articles:
United Principalities, Romanian War of Independence, and Kingdom of Romania
Changes in Romania's territory since 1859.
King Carol I of Romania

During the period of the

tricolour (with blue above, in line with the meaning "Liberty, Justice, Fraternity"),[55] while Romanian students in Paris hailed the new government with the same flag "as a symbol of union between Moldavians and Wallachians".[56][57] The same flag, with the tricolour being mounted vertically, would later be officially adopted as the national flag of Romania.[58]

After the failed 1848 revolutions not all the

personal union formally under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire.[60] Following a coup d'état in 1866, Cuza was exiled and replaced with Prince Carol I of Romania of the House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. During the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War Romania fought on the Russian side,[61] and in the aftermath, it was recognized as an independent state both by the Ottoman Empire and the Great Powers by the Treaty of San Stefano and the Treaty of Berlin.[62][63] The new Kingdom of Romania underwent a period of stability and progress until 1914, and also acquired Southern Dobruja from Bulgaria after the Second Balkan War.[64]

World Wars and Greater Romania

Main articles:
Romania during World War I, Greater Romania, and Romania in World War II
A 1917 British map showing territories with majority Romanian populations.
Romania's territorial losses in the summer of 1940. Of these territories, only Northern Transylvania was regained.
Romanian dictator Ion Antonescu meeting with Adolf Hitler in June 1941.

Romania remained neutral for the first two years of

Treaty of Saint Germain,[67] of Banat and Transylvania from Hungary by the 1920 Treaty of Trianon,[68] and of Bessarabia from Russian rule by the 1920 Treaty of Paris.[69] All cessations made to the Central Powers in the ceasefire and treaty were nullified and renounced.[70]

The following interwar period is referred as Greater Romania, as the country achieved its greatest territorial extent at that time (almost 300,000 km2 or 120,000 sq mi).[71] The application of radical agricultural reforms and the passing of a new constitution created a democratic framework and allowed for quick economic growth. With oil production of 7.2 million tons in 1937, Romania ranked second in Europe and seventh in the world.[72][73] and was Europe's second-largest food producer.[74] However, the early 1930s were marked by social unrest, high unemployment, and strikes, as there were over 25 separate governments throughout the decade.[citation needed] On several occasions in the last few years before World War II, the democratic parties were squeezed between conflicts with the fascist and chauvinistic Iron Guard and the authoritarian tendencies of King Carol II.[75]

During World War II, Romania tried again to remain neutral, but on 28 June 1940, it received a

Soviet ultimatum with an implied threat of invasion in the event of non-compliance.[76] Again foreign powers created heavy pressure on Romania, by means of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of non-aggression from 23 August 1939. As a result of it the Romanian government and the army were forced to retreat from Bessarabia as well as from northern Bukovina in order to avoid war with the Soviet Union.[77] The king was compelled to abdicate and appointed general Ion Antonescu as the new Prime Minister with full powers in ruling the state by royal decree.[78] Romania was prompted to join the Axis military campaign. Thereafter, southern Dobruja was ceded to Bulgaria, while Hungary received Northern Transylvania as result of an Axis powers' arbitration.[79]

The

Jews and Roma, mainly in the Eastern territories reoccupied by the Romanians from the Soviet Union. In total between 280,000 and 380,000 Jews in Romania (including Bessarabia, Bukovina and the Transnistria Governorate) were killed during the war[81][82]
and at least 11,000
National Day of Commemorating the Holocaust in Romania.[85]

During the Antonescu fascist regime, Romanian contribution to Operation Barbarossa was enormous, with the Romanian Army of over 1.2 million men in the summer of 1941, fighting in numbers second only to Nazi Germany.[86] Romania was the main source of oil for the

Republic of Moldova, and Bulgaria retained Southern Dobruja, but Romania did regain Northern Transylvania
from Hungary.

Communism

Main article: Socialist Republic of Romania
Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej was the communist leader of Romania from 1947 until his death in 1965

During the

abdicate and leave the country, and proclaimed Romania a people's republic.[93][94] Romania remained under the direct military occupation and economic control of the USSR until the late 1950s. During this period, Romania's vast natural resources were continuously drained by mixed Soviet-Romanian companies (SovRoms) set up for unilateral exploitative purposes.[95][96][97]

In 1948, the state began to

enemies of the state" and "parasite elements" were targeted for different forms of punishment, such as deportation, internal exile and internment in forced labour camps and prisons, sometimes for life, as well as extrajudicial killing.[99] Nevertheless, anti-Communist resistance was one of the most long-lasting in the Eastern Bloc.[100] A 2006 Commission estimated the number of direct victims of the Communist repression at two million people.[101]

Nicolae Ceaușescu ruled Romania as its Communist leader from 1965 until 1989.
Romanian Revolution
in 1989 was one of the few violent revolutions in Europe that brought an end to Communist rule.

In 1965,

PLO) allowed Romania to play a key role in the Israel–Egypt and Israel–PLO peace talks.[104]

As Romania's foreign debt sharply increased between 1977 and 1981 (from US$3 billion to $10 billion),

Romanian Revolution
of December 1989 in which thousands were killed or injured. The charges for which they were executed were, among others, genocide by starvation.

Contemporary period

Main article:
History of Romania since 1989

After the 1989 revolution, the National Salvation Front (NSF), led by Ion Iliescu, took partial multi-party democratic and free market measures.[106][107] In April 1990, a sit-in protest contesting the results of the elections and accusing the NSF, including Iliescu, of being made up of former Communists and members of the Securitate — rapidly grew to become what was called the Golaniad. The peaceful demonstrations degenerated into violence, prompting the intervention of coal miners summoned by Iliescu. This episode has been documented widely by both local[108] and foreign media,[109] and is remembered as the June 1990 Mineriad.[110][111]

The subsequent disintegration of the Front produced several political parties, including the Social Democratic Party and the Democratic Party. The former governed Romania from 1990 until 1996 through several coalitions and governments with Ion Iliescu as head of state. Since then, there have been several other democratic changes of government: in 1996 Emil Constantinescu was elected president, in 2000 Iliescu returned to power, while Traian Băsescu was elected in 2004 and was narrowly re-elected in 2009.[112] In November 2014, Sibiu mayor Klaus Iohannis was elected president, unexpectedly defeating Prime Minister Victor Ponta, who had been in the lead in the opinion polls. This surprise victory is attributed by many to the Romanian diaspora, of which almost 50 percent voted for Iohannis in the first tour, compared to 16 percent for Ponta.[113]

anti-government protests
in its history in the first half of 2017.

Former President Traian Basescu (2004–2014) has twice been impeached by the Parliament of Romania (in 2007 and in 2012), the second time on the background of street protest earlier in the year. Both times a popular referendum was called. The second time, in the

Romanian presidential election, 2009. However the Constitutional Court of Romania, in a split decision, invalided the outcome of the referendum, stating the turnout (46.24% by official statistics) was too low.[115] Supporters of Basescu were called upon by him and his former party to not participate in the referendum, so that it would be invalidated due to insufficient turnout.[116]

The post-1989 period is also characterized by the fact that most of the former industrial and economic enterprises which were built and operated during the Communist period have been closed, mainly as a result of the policies of privatization of the post-1989 regimes.[117] According to Valentin Mândrăşescu, a Romanian-language editor of the Voice of Russia, the national petroleum company Petrom has been sold to foreigners for significantly undervalued prices.[118][119] Furthermore, other major privatizations like that of Banca Comerciala a Romaniei are criticized by opponents for being detrimental to the Romanian people.[120]

Post-1989 regimes are also criticized for allowing foreign exploitations of mineral, rare metals and gold reserves at Rosia Montana,[121] as well as for permitting American multinational energy giant Chevron to prospect for shale gas using the hydraulic fracking technique which has been claimed to pollute the vast underground freshwater reserves in the affected areas. Both these actions have led to significant protests by the population in 2012–2014. In November 2015, Romania's prime minister Victor Ponta resigned as massive anti-corruption protests developed in the wake of the Colectiv nightclub fire.[122]

NATO and EU integration

Romania joined NATO in 2004 and hosted its 2008 summit in Bucharest.

After the end of the Cold War, Romania developed closer ties with Western Europe and the United States, eventually joining NATO in 2004, and hosting the 2008 summit in Bucharest.[123]

Romania joined the European Union in 2007 and signed the Treaty of Lisbon.

The country applied in June 1993 for membership in the European Union and became an Associated State of the EU in 1995, an Acceding Country in 2004, and a full member on 1 January 2007.[124]

During the 2000s, Romania enjoyed one of the highest economic growth rates in Europe and has been referred at times as "the Tiger of Eastern Europe".[125] This has been accompanied by a significant improvement in living standards as the country successfully reduced internal poverty and established a functional democratic state.[126][127] However, Romania's development suffered a major setback during the late-2000s recession leading to a large gross domestic product contraction and budget deficit in 2009.[128] This led to Romania borrowing from the International Monetary Fund.[129] The worsening economic conditions led to unrest and triggered a political crisis in 2012.[130]

Romania still faces problems related to infrastructure,[131] medical services,[132] education,[133] and corruption.[134] Near the end of 2013, The Economist reported Romania again enjoying 'booming' economic growth at 4.1% that year, with wages rising fast and a lower unemployment than in Britain. Economic growth accelerated in the midst of government liberalisations in opening up new sectors to competition and investment—most notably, energy and telecoms.[135] In 2016 the Human Development Index ranked Romania as a nation of "Very High Human Development".[136]

Following the experience of economic instability throughout the 1990s, and the implementation of a free travel agreement with the EU, a great number of Romanians emigrated to Western Europe and North America, with particularly large communities in Italy and Spain. In 2008, the Romanian diaspora was estimated to be at over two million people.[137] The cyclical nature of the world economy and economic disparities between Romania and advanced European economies has fueled further emigration from the country. The emigration has caused social changes in Romania, whereby the parents would leave for Western Europe to escape poverty and provide a better standard of living for their children, who have been left behind. Some children are left to be taken care of by grandparents and relatives; and some live alone, if the parents deem them to be reasonably self-sufficient.[138] Subsequently, the youth began to be called Euro-orphans.[139]

Geography and climate

Main article: Geography of Romania
Topographic map of Romania
Moldoveanu Peak, the highest mountain of Romania
The Rodna Mountains in Maramureș County
The Danube Delta

With an area of 238,391 square kilometres (92,043 sq mi), Romania is the largest country in Southeastern Europe and the

twelfth-largest in Europe.[140] It lies between latitudes 43° and 49° N, and longitudes 20° and 30° E
.

The terrain is distributed roughly equally between mountains, hills and plains.

The

Carpathian Basin and Wallachian
plains.

47% of the country's land area is covered with natural and semi-natural ecosystems.[141] There are almost 10,000 km2 (3,900 sq mi) (about 5% of the total area) of protected areas in Romania covering 13 national parks and three biosphere reserves.[142]

The

biosphere reserve and a biodiversity World Heritage Site.[143] At 5,800 km2 (2,200 sq mi),[144] the Danube Delta is the largest continuous marshland in Europe,[145] and supports 1,688 different plant species alone.[146]

Romania has one of the largest areas of undisturbed forest in Europe, covering almost 27% of the territory.

plant species have been identified in the country, from which to date 23 have been declared natural monuments, 74 missing, 39 endangered, 171 vulnerable and 1,253 rare.[148]

The fauna consists of 33,792 species of animals, 33,085 invertebrate and 707 vertebrate,[148] with almost 400 unique species of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians,[149] including about 50% of Europe's (excluding Russia) brown bears[150] and 20% of its wolves.[151]

Climate

Owing to its distance from open sea and position on the southeastern portion of the European continent, Romania has a climate that is temperate and continental, with four distinct seasons. The average annual temperature is 11 °C (52 °F) in the south and 8 °C (46 °F) in the north.[152] In summer, average maximum temperatures in Bucharest rise to 28 °C (82 °F), and temperatures over 35 °C (95 °F) are fairly common in the lower-lying areas of the country.[153] In winter, the average maximum temperature is below 2 °C (36 °F).[153] Precipitation is average, with over 750 mm (30 in) per year only on the highest western mountains, while around Bucharest it drops to around 600 mm (24 in).[154] There are some regional differences: in the western parts (such as Banat), the climate is milder, and has some Mediterranean influences; while the eastern part of the country has a more pronounced continental climate. In Dobruja, the Black Sea also exerts an influence over the region's climate.[155]

Romania map of Köppen climate classification, according with Clima României from the Administrația Națională de Meteorologie, Bucharest 2008
Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for the eight largest cities in Romania[156]
Location July (°C) July (°F) January (°C) January (°F)
Bucharest 28.8/15.6 84/60 1.5/−5.5 35/22
Cluj-Napoca 24.5/12.7 76/55 0.3/−6.5 33/20
Timișoara 27.8/14.6 82/58 2.3/−4.8 36/23
Iași 26.8/15 80/59 −0.1/−6.9 32/20
Constanța 25.9/18 79/64 3.7/−2.3 39/28
Craiova 28.5/15.7 83/60 1.5/−5.6 35/22
Brașov 24.2/11.4 76/53 −0.1/−9.3 32/15
Galați 27.9/16.2 82/61 1.1/–5.3 34/22

Governance

Main articles: Politics of Romania and Government of Romania
Politics of Romania
Coat of arms of Romania
Constitution
Government
Parliament
Judiciary
Political parties
Elections
Administrative divisions
Foreign relations
  • Embassies
Politicians

The

simple plurality.[158][159]

The justice system is independent of the other branches of government, and is made up of a hierarchical system of courts culminating in the

Constitutional Court (Curtea Constituțională) is responsible for judging the compliance of laws and other state regulations to the constitution, which is the fundamental law of the country and can only be amended through a public referendum.[158][161] The 2007 entry into the EU has been a significant influence on its domestic policy, and including judicial reforms
, increased judicial cooperation with other member states, and measures to combat corruption.

Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of Romania
Klaus Iohannis, the current President of Romania since December 2014.

Since December 1989, Romania has pursued a policy of strengthening relations with the West in general, more specifically with the United States and the European Union albeit with its limited relations with Russia. It joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) on 29 March 2004, the European Union (EU) on 1 January 2007, while it had joined the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in 1972, and is a founding member of the World Trade Organization.[162]

The current government has stated its goal of strengthening ties with and helping other countries (in particular Moldova, Ukraine and Georgia) with the process of integration with the rest of the West.[163] Romania has also made clear since the late 1990s that it supports NATO and EU membership for the democratic former Soviet republics in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus.[163] Romania also declared its public support for Turkey, and Croatia joining the European Union.[163] Because it has a large Hungarian minority, Romania has also developed strong relations with Hungary. Romania opted on 1 January 2007, to adhere the Schengen Area, and its bid to join was approved by the European Parliament in June 2011, but was rejected by the EU Council in September 2011.

In December 2005, President

Secretary of State, declared that "Romania is one of the most trustworthy and respectable partners of the USA."[165]

2009 protests in Moldova and subsequent removal of Communists from power, relations between the two countries have improved considerably.[168]

Military

Main articles: Romanian Armed Forces and Military history of Romania

The Romanian Armed Forces consist of

Ministry of Defense, and by the president as the Supreme Commander during wartime. The Armed Forces consist of approximately 15,000 civilians and 75,000 are military personnel—45,800 for land, 13,250 for air, 6,800 for naval forces, and 8,800 in other fields.[169] The total defence spending in 2007 accounted for 2.05% of total national GDP, or approximately US$2.9 billion, with a total of $11 billion spent between 2006 and 2011 for modernization and acquisition of new equipment.[170]

Afghanistan
during a joint operation in 2003.

The Air Force currently operates modernized Soviet

tactical airlifters,[172] while the Naval Forces acquired two modernized Type 22 frigates from the British Royal Navy.[173]

Romania has contributed troops to the international coalition in

Regele Ferdinand frigate participated in the 2011 military intervention in Libya.[177]

In December 2011, the

missile shield.[178]

Administrative divisions

Main article: Administrative divisions of Romania

Romania is divided into 41

municipality statuses, which gives them greater administrative power over local affairs. The municipality of Bucharest is a special case as it enjoys a status on par to that of a county. It is further divided into six sectors and has a prefect, a general mayor (primar), and a general city council.[180]

The NUTS-3 (

macroregions) and NUTS-2[182] (eight development regions) divisions exist but have no administrative capacity, and are instead used for coordinating regional development projects and statistical purposes.[181]

Romanian Counties
Development region Area (km2) Population (2011)[183] Most populous urban center*[184]
Nord-Vest 34,159 2,600,132 Cluj-Napoca (411,379)
Centru 34,082 2,360,805 Brașov (369,896)
Nord-Est 36,850 3,302,217 Iași (382,484)
Sud-Est 35,762 2,545,923 Constanța (425,916)
Sud – Muntenia 34,489 3,136,446 Ploiești (276,279)
București – Ilfov 1,811 2,272,163 Bucharest (2,272,163)
Sud-Vest Oltenia 29,212 2,075,642 Craiova (356,544)
Vest 32,028 1,828,313 Timișoara (384,809)

Economy

Main article: Economy of Romania
Further information: Agriculture in Romania and Industry of Romania
Geneva Motor Show
(2009).

In 2016, Romania had a GDP (PPP) of around $441.601 billion and a

GDP per capita (PPP) of $22,348.[185] According to the World Bank, Romania is an upper-middle income country economy.[186] According to Eurostat, Romania's GDP per capita (PPS) was at 59% of the EU average in 2016, an increase from 41% in 2007 (the year of Romania's accession to the EU), making Romania one of the fastest growing economies in the EU.[187]

After 1989 the country experienced a decade of economic instability and decline, led in part by an obsolete industrial base and a lack of structural reform. From 2000 onward, however, the Romanian economy was transformed into one of relative

The World Bank, the GDP per capita purchasing power parity grew from $13,442 in 2007 to an estimated $22,124 in 2015.[191] Romania still has one of the lowest net average monthly wage in the EU of €540 in 2016,[192] and an inflation of −1.1% in 2016.[193] Unemployment in Romania is at 5.4% in 2017, which is very low compared to other EU countries.[191]

EU single market
.

Industrial output growth reached 6.5% year-on-year in February 2013, the highest in the EU-27.

RCS & RDS and Banca Transilvania.[195] Exports have increased substantially in the past few years, with a 13% annual rise in exports in 2010. Romania's main exports are cars, software, clothing and textiles, industrial machinery, electrical and electronic equipment, metallurgic products, raw materials, military equipment, pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and agricultural products (fruits, vegetables, and flowers). Trade is mostly centered on the member states of the European Union, with Germany and Italy being the country's single largest trading partners. The account balance in 2012 was estimated to be −4.52% of the GDP.[196]

After a series of privatizations and reforms in the late 1990s and 2000s, government intervention in the Romanian economy is somewhat lower than in other European economies.[197] In 2005, the government replaced Romania's progressive tax system with a flat tax of 16% for both personal income and corporate profit, among the lowest rates in the European Union.[198] The economy is predominantly based on services, which account for 51% of GDP, even though industry and agriculture also have significant contributions, making up 36% and 13% of GDP, respectively. Additionally, 30% of the Romanian population was employed in 2006 in agriculture and primary production, one of the highest rates in Europe.[199]

Since 2000, Romania has attracted increasing amounts of foreign investment, becoming the single largest investment destination in Southeastern and Central Europe. Foreign direct investment was valued at €8.3 billion in 2006.[200] According to a 2011 World Bank report, Romania currently ranks 72nd out of 175 economies in the ease of doing business, scoring lower than other countries in the region such as the Czech Republic.[201] Additionally, a study in 2006 judged it to be the world's second-fastest economic reformer (after Georgia).[202]

Since 1867 the official currency has been the Romanian leu ("lion") and following a denomination in 2005, it has been valued at €0.2–0.3. After joining the EU in 2007, Romania is expected to adopt the Euro sometime around 2020.[203]

At 1 July 2015, Romanian's external debt was €90.59 billion.[204]

Infrastructure

Main articles: Transport in Romania and Energy in Romania
Romania's road network.
Graph Romania electricity supply mix 2015

According to the

Henri Coandă International Airport in 2015.[208]

Romania is a net exporter of electrical energy and is 48th worldwide in terms of consumption of electric energy.

crude oil and shale gas in Europe,[209] it is among the most energy-independent countries in the European Union,[212] and is looking to further expand its nuclear power plant at Cernavodă.[213]

There were almost 18,3 million connections to the Internet in June 2014.[214] According to Bloomberg, in 2013 Romania ranked 5th in the world, and according to The Independent, it ranks number one in Europe at internet speeds,[215][216] with Timișoara ranked among the highest in the world.[217]

Tourism

Bran Castle near Brașov, sometimes advertised as "Dracula's Castle", is a popular attraction for tourists.
Main article: Tourism in Romania

Tourism is a significant contributor to the Romanian economy, generating around 5% of GDP.[218] According to the World Travel and Tourism Council, Romania was estimated to have the fourth-fastest-growing travel and tourism total demand in the world, with an estimated potential growth of 8% per year from 2007 to 2016.[219] The number of tourists has been steadily rising, reaching 9.33 million foreign tourists in 2016, according to the Worldbank.[220] Tourism in Romania attracted €400 million in investments in 2005.[221]

More than 60% of the foreign visitors in 2007 were from other EU countries.

Dracula's Castle.[225]

Rural tourism, focusing on folklore and traditions, has become an important alternative,

Painted churches of Northern Moldavia, and the Wooden churches of Maramureș.[227] Other attractions include the Danube Delta, and the Sculptural Ensemble of Constantin Brâncuși at Târgu Jiu.[228][229]

In 2014, Romania had 32,500 companies which were active in the hotel and restaurant industry, with a total turnover of EUR 2.6 billion.[230] More than 1.9 million foreign tourists visited Romania in 2014, 12% more than in 2013.[231] According to the country's National Statistics Institute, some 77% came from Europe (particularly from Germany, Italy and France), 12% from Asia, and less than 7% from North America.[231]

Science and technology

Main articles: Science and technology in Romania and List of Romanian inventors and discoverers
Coandă-1910 was an early aircraft with ducted fan propulsion.

Historically, Romanian researchers and inventors have made notable contributions to several fields. In the history of flight,

Emil Palade, received the Nobel Prize for his contributions to cell biology. Lazăr Edeleanu was the first chemist to synthesize amphetamine and he also invented the procedure of separating valuable petroleum components with selective solvents, while Costin Nenițescu developed numerous new classes of compounds in organic chemistry. Notable mathematicians include Spiru Haret, Grigore Moisil, and Ștefan Odobleja; physicists and inventors: Șerban Țițeica, Alexandru Proca, and Ștefan Procopiu
.

During the 1990s and 2000s, the development of research was hampered by several factors, including corruption, low funding and a considerable

brain drain.[233] However, since the country's accession to the European Union, this has begun to change.[234] After being slashed by 50% in 2009 because of the global recession, R&D spending was increased by 44% in 2010 and now stands at $0.5 billion (1.5 billion lei).[235] In January 2011, the Parliament also passed a law that enforces "strict quality control on universities and introduces tough rules for funding evaluation and peer review".[236] The country has joined several major international organizations such as CERN and the European Space Agency.[237][238] Overall, the situation has been characterized as "rapidly improving", albeit from a low base.[239]

The

Centre Spatial Guyanais in French Guyana.[241] Starting December 2014, Romania is a co-owner of the International Space Station.[242]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Romania
See also:
Minorities of Romania and Romanian diaspora
Historical population
YearPop.±%
18664,424,961—    
18875,500,000+24.3%
18995,956,690+8.3%
19127,234,919+21.5%
193018,057,028+149.6%
193919,934,000+10.4%
194113,535,757−32.1%
194815,872,624+17.3%
195617,489,450+10.2%
196619,103,163+9.2%
197721,559,910+12.9%
199222,760,449+5.6%
200221,680,974−4.7%
201120,121,641−7.2%
2016 (est.)19,474,952−3.2%
Figures prior to 1948 do not reflect current borders.
Ethnic map of Romania based on 2011 census data.

According to the

Germans in Romania,[245] but only about 36,000 remain today.[244] As of 2009, there were also approximately 133,000 immigrants living in Romania, primarily from Moldova and China.[126]

The total fertility rate (TFR) in 2015 was estimated at 1.33 children born per woman, which is below the replacement rate of 2.1, and one of the lowest in the world.[246] In 2014, 31.2% of births were to unmarried women.[247] The birth rate (9.49‰, 2012) is much lower than the mortality rate (11.84‰, 2012), resulting in a shrinking (−0.26% per year, 2012) and aging population (median age: 39.1, 2012), with approximately 14.9% of total population aged 65 years and over.[248][249][250] The life expectancy in 2015 was estimated at 74.92 years (71.46 years male, 78.59 years female).[246]

The number of Romanians and individuals with ancestors born in Romania living abroad is estimated at around 12 million.

Romanian Revolution of 1989, a significant number of Romanians emigrated to other European countries, North America or Australia.[251] For example, in 1990, 96,919 Romanians permanently settled abroad.[252]

Languages

Main article: Romanian language

The official language is

minorities, with localities with ethnic minorities of over 20%, that minority's language can be used in the public administration, justice system, and education. Foreign citizens and stateless persons that live in Romania have access to justice and education in their own language.[255] English and French are the main foreign languages taught in schools.[256] In 2010, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie identifies 4,756,100 French speakers in the country.[257] According to the 2012 Eurobarometer, English is spoken by 31% of Romanians, French is spoken by 17%, and Italian by 7%.[258]

Religion

The Iași Metropolitan Cathedral, founded in 1833, is the largest Orthodox church in Romania.
Religion in Romania (2011 census)
Religion Percentage
Eastern Orthodox
 
 81.0%
Roman Catholic
 
 4.3%
Reformed
 
 3.0%
Pentecostal
 
 1.8%
Greek Catholic
 
 0.7%
Baptist
 
 0.6%
Seventh-day Adventist
 
 0.4%
Other
 
 1.8%
Non-Religious
 
 0.2%
No data
 
 6.2%
Main articles: Religion in Romania and Romanian Orthodox Church

Romania is a

Greek Catholicism (0.8%). From the remaining population, 195,569 people belong to other Christian denominations or have another religion, which includes 64,337 Muslims (mostly of Turkish and Tatar ethnicity) and 3,519 Jewish. Moreover, 39,660 people have no religion or are atheist, whilst the religion of the rest is unknown.[259]

The Romanian Orthodox Church is an

Romance liturgical language.[260] Its canonical jurisdiction covers the territories of Romania and Moldova,[261] with dioceses
for Romanians living in nearby Serbia and Hungary, as well as diaspora communities in Central and Western Europe, North America and Oceania.

Urbanization

Main articles:
Metropolitan Areas in Romania

Although 54.0% of the population lived in

urban areas in 2011,[3] this percentage has been on the decline since 1996.[262] Counties with over ⅔ urban population are Hunedoara, Brașov and Constanța, while with less than a third are Dâmbovița (30.06%) and Giurgiu and Teleorman.[3] Bucharest is the capital and the largest city in Romania, with a population of over 1.8 million in 2011. Its larger urban zone has a population of almost 2.2 million,[263] which are planned to be included into a metropolitan area up to 20 times the area of the city proper.[264][265][266] Another 19 cities have a population of over 100,000, with Cluj-Napoca and Timișoara of slightly more than 300,000 inhabitants, Iași, Constanța, Craiova and Brașov with over 250,000 inhabitants, and Galați and Ploiești with over 200,000 inhabitants.[184] Metropolitan areas
have been constituted for most of these cities.

 
Largest cities in Romania
2021 Census[267]
Rank
Name
 County
Pop.
Rank
Name
 County
Pop.
Bucharest
Bucharest
Cluj-Napoca
Cluj-Napoca 		1 Bucharest Bucharest 1,716,961 11 Brăila Brăila 154,686 Iași
Iași
Constanța
Constanța
2 Cluj-Napoca Cluj 286,598 12 Arad Arad 145,078
3 Iași Iași 271,692 13 Pitești Argeș 141,275
4 Constanța Constanța 263,688 14 Bacău Bacău 136,087
5 Timișoara Timiș 250,849 15 Sibiu Sibiu 134,309
6 Brașov Brașov 237,589 16 Târgu Mureș Mureș 116,033
7 Craiova Dolj 234,140 17 Baia Mare Maramureș 108,759
8 Galați Galați 217,851 18 Buzău Buzău 103,481
9 Oradea Bihor 183,105 19 Râmnicu Vâlcea Vâlcea 93,151
10 Ploiești Prahova 180,540 20 Satu Mare Satu Mare 91,520

Education

Main article:
Romanian educational system
University of Bucharest was opened in 1864.
Illiteracy
rate by county (2011). Cooler colors indicate a lower rate of illiteracy, and warmer colors indicate a higher rate of illiteracy. The national average is 1.22%.

Since the

Romanian Revolution of 1989, the Romanian educational system has been in a continuous process of reform that has received mixed criticism.[268] In 2004, some 4.4 million of the population were enrolled in school. Out of these, 650,000 in kindergarten (3–6 years), 3.11 million in primary and secondary level, and 650,000 in tertiary level (universities).[269] In the same year, the adult literacy rate was 97.3% (45th worldwide), while the combined gross enrollment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary schools was 75% (52nd worldwide).[270] Kindergarten is optional between 3 and 6 years. Since 2012, compulsory schooling starts at age 6 with the "preparatory school year" (clasa pregătitoare)[271] and is compulsory until tenth grade.[272] Primary and secondary education is divided into 12 or 13 grades. There also exists a semi-legal, informal private tutoring system used mostly during secondary school, which has prospered during the Communist regime.[273]

Higher education is aligned with the

European higher education area. The results of the PISA assessment study in schools for the year 2012 placed Romania on the 45th rank out of 65 participant countries[274] and in 2016 the Romanian government released statistics showing 42% of 15-year-olds are functionally illiterate in reading.[275] though Romania often wins medals in the mathematical olympiads[276][277][278] and not only. Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași, Babeș-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca, University of Bucharest, and West University of Timișoara have been included in the QS World University Rankings' top 800.[279]

Healthcare

Main article: Healthcare in Romania

Romania has a universal health care system, and total health expenditures by the government are roughly 5% of the GDP.[280] It covers medical examinations, any surgical interventions, and any post-operator medical care, and provides free or subsidized medicine for a range of diseases. The state is obliged to fund public hospitals and clinics. The most common causes of death are cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Transmissible diseases, such as tuberculosis, syphilis or viral hepatitis, are quite common by European standards.[281] In 2010, Romania had 428 state and 25 private hospitals,[282] with 6.2 hospital beds per 1,000 people,[283] and over 200,000 medical staff, including over 52,000 doctors.[284] As of 2013, the emigration rate of doctors was 9%, higher than the European average of 2.5%.[285]

Culture

Sibiu was the European Capital of Culture in 2007.
Mihai Eminescu is the national poet of Romania and Moldova.
George Enescu was an influential Romanian composer, violinist, pianist, conductor, and teacher
Angela Gheorghiu, one of the world's foremost sopranos.
Main articles: Culture of Romania and National symbols of Romania

Arts and monuments

Main articles: Romanian literature, Cinema of Romania, Music of Romania, and List of World Heritage Sites in Romania
See also: List of films shot in Romania

The topic of the origin of the Romanians began to be discussed by the end of the 18th century among the Transylvanian School scholars.[286] Several writers rose to prominence in the 19th century, including George Coșbuc, Ioan Slavici, Mihail Kogălniceanu, Vasile Alecsandri, Nicolae Bălcescu, Ion Luca Caragiale, Ion Creangă, and Mihai Eminescu, the later being considered the greatest and most influential Romanian poet, particularly for the poem Luceafărul.[287] In the 20th century, Romanian artists reached international acclaim, including Tristan Tzara, Marcel Janco,[288] Mircea Eliade, Nicolae Grigorescu, Marin Preda, Liviu Rebreanu,[289] Eugène Ionesco, Emil Cioran, and Constantin Brâncuși. The latter has a sculptural ensemble in Târgu Jiu, while his sculpture Bird in Space, was auctioned in 2005 for $27.5 million.[290][291] Romanian-born Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1986, while writer Herta Müller received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2009.

Prominent Romanian painters include Nicolae Grigorescu, Ștefan Luchian, Ion Andreescu Nicolae Tonitza and Theodor Aman. Notable Romanian classical composers of the 19th and 20th centuries include Ciprian Porumbescu, Anton Pann, Eduard Caudella, Mihail Jora, Dinu Lipatti and especially George Enescu. The annual George Enescu Festival is held in Bucharest in honor of the 20th century emponymous composer.[292] Contemporary musicians like Angela Gheorghiu, Gheorghe Zamfir,[293][294] Inna,[295] Alexandra Stan[296] and many others have achieved various levels of international acclaim. At the Eurovision Song Contest Romanian singers have achieved third place in 2005 and 2010.[297]

In cinema, several movies of the Romanian New Wave have achieved international acclaim. At the Cannes Film Festival, 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days by Cristian Mungiu won Palme d'Or in 2007.[298] At the Berlin International Film Festival, Child's Pose by Călin Peter Netzer won the Golden Bear in 2013.[299]

The list of

Wooden Churches of Maramureș, seven Villages with fortified churches in Transylvania, the Horezu Monastery, and the Historic Centre of Sighișoara
.
Multiple castles exist in Romania, including popular tourist attractions of Peleș Castle,[302] Corvin Castle, and "Dracula's Castle".[303]

Holidays, traditions and cuisine

See also:
Romanian folklore, and Romanian cuisine

There are 12 non-working public holidays, including the

Thracian origin.[309]

Romanian cuisine shares some similarities with other Balkan cuisines such as

sour soups, while mititei, mămăligă (similar to polenta), and sarmale are featured commonly in main courses.[311] Pork, chicken and beef are the preferred meats, but lamb and fish are also popular.[312]
palincă and vișinată, but beer consumption has increased dramatically over the recent years.[317]

Sports

Main article:
Sports in Romania
Simona Halep is among the top-ranked female tennis players in the world.

Golden Generation" was Gheorghe Hagi, who was nicknamed "the Maradona of the Carpathians."[320][321] Other successful players include Nicolae Dobrin, Dudu Georgescu, Florea Dumitrache, Liță Dumitru, Ilie Balaci, Loți Bölöni, Costică Ștefănescu, Cornel Dinu or Gheorghe Popescu, and most recently Adrian Mutu, Cristian Chivu, Dan Petrescu or Cosmin Contra
.

The most successful club is

Universitatea Craiova, CFR Cluj and Petrolul Ploiești
.

Cristina Neagu is the only female handball player in history to win three IHF World Player of the Year awards.

Tennis is the second-most-popular sport, with over 15,000 registered players.

ranked as number 1 by ATP between 1973 and 1974. Virginia Ruzici won the French Open in 1978, and was runner-up in 1980, Simona Halep played the final in 2014 and 2017 and is currently ranked 2nd by the WTA.[323] The Romanian duo Horia Tecău and Florin Mergea won the doubles silver medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.[324]

Other popular

2017 EuroBasket. The rugby national team has competed in every Rugby World Cup. Popular individual sports include athletics, chess, judo, dancesport, table tennis and combat sports (Lucian Bute, Leonard Dorin Doroftei, Mihai Leu aka Michael Loewe, Daniel Ghiță, Benjamin Adegbuyi, Andrei Stoica, etc.).[322] While it has a limited popularity nowadays, oină is a traditional Romanian sporting game similar to baseball that has been continuously practiced since at least the 14th century.[327]

Romania participated in the

15th overall, and second (behind neighbour Hungary) of the nations that have never hosted the game. It participated at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles in defiance of a Warsaw Pact boycott and finished second in gold medals (20) and third in total medal count (53).[328] Almost a quarter of all the medals and 25 of the gold ones were won in gymnastics, with Nadia Comăneci becoming the first gymnast ever to score a perfect ten in an Olympic event at the 1976 Summer Olympics.[329] Romanian competitors have won gold medals in other Olympic sports: rowing, athletics, canoeing, wrestling, shooting, fencing, swimming, weightlifting, boxing, and judo. At the Winter Olympic Games, Romania has won only a bronze medal in bobsleigh at the 1968 Winter Olympics
.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "am scris aceste sfente cărți de învățături, să fie popilor rumânesti ... să înțeleagă toți oamenii cine-s rumâni creștini" "Întrebare creștinească" (1559), Bibliografia românească veche, IV, 1944, p. 6.
    "... că văzum cum toate limbile au și înfluresc întru cuvintele slăvite a lui Dumnezeu numai noi românii pre limbă nu avem. Pentru aceia cu mare muncă scoasem de limba jidovească si grecească si srâbească pre limba românească 5 cărți ale lui Moisi prorocul si patru cărți și le dăruim voo frați rumâni și le-au scris în cheltuială multă ... și le-au dăruit voo fraților români, ... și le-au scris voo fraților români" Palia de la Orăștie (1581–1582), București, 1968.
    În Țara Ardealului nu lăcuiesc numai unguri, ce și sași peste seamă de mulți și români peste tot locul ..., Grigore Ureche, Letopisețul Țării Moldovei, p. 133–134.
  2. ^ In his literary testament Ienăchiță Văcărescu writes: "Urmașilor mei Văcărești!/Las vouă moștenire:/Creșterea limbei românești/Ș-a patriei cinstire."
    In the "Istoria faptelor lui Mavroghene-Vodă și a răzmeriței din timpul lui pe la 1790" a Pitar Hristache writes: "Încep după-a mea ideie/Cu vreo câteva condeie/Povestea mavroghenească/Dela Țara Românească.
  3. Dimitrie Daniel Philippide published in Leipzig his work The History of Romania, followed by The Geography of Romania.
    On the tombstone of Gheorghe Lazăr in Avrig
    (built in 1823) there is the inscription: "Precum Hristos pe Lazăr din morți a înviat/Așa tu România din somn ai deșteptat."
  4. UNDP's Regional Bureau for Europe, World Bank, "International Association for Official Statistics" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help
    )

References

  1. ^ "Constitution of Romania". Cdep.ro. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
  2. ^ "Reservations and Declarations for Treaty No.148 – European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages". Council of Europe. Council of Europe. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  3. ^ a b c d e "Romanian 2011 census (final results)" (PDF) (in Romanian). INSSE. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
  4. ^ "Annual official estimate".(PDF) 2017 Revision
  5. ^ a b "Romania". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  6. ^ "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income (source: SILC)". Eurostat Data Explorer. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  7. ^ "2016 Human Development Report Romania" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 2016. pp. 2–3. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
  8. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  9. ^ "Romania Geography". aboutromania.com. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
  10. ^ https://qz.com/763630/one-of-the-poorest-countries-in-the-eu-could-be-its-next-tech-startup-hub/
  11. ^ "Explanatory Dictionary of the Romanian Language, 1998; New Explanatory Dictionary of the Romanian Language, 2002" (in Romanian). Dexonline.ro. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
  12. ^ Verres, Andréas. Acta et Epistolae. Vol. I. p. 243. nunc se Romanos vocant
  13. ^ Cl. Isopescu (1929). "Notizie intorno ai romeni nella letteratura geografica italiana del Cinquecento". Bulletin de la Section Historique. XVI: 1–90. ... si dimandano in lingua loro Romei ... se alcuno dimanda se sano parlare in la lingua valacca, dicono a questo in questo modo: Sti Rominest ? Che vol dire: Sai tu Romano, ...
  14. ^ Holban, Maria (1983). Călători străini despre Țările Române (in Romanian). Vol. II. Ed. Științifică și Enciclopedică. pp. 158–161. Anzi essi si chiamano romanesci, e vogliono molti che erano mandati quì quei che erano dannati a cavar metalli ...
  15. ^ Cernovodeanu, Paul (1960). Voyage fait par moy, Pierre Lescalopier l'an 1574 de Venise a Constantinople, fol 48 (in Romanian). Vol. IV. p. 444. Tout ce pays la Wallachie et Moldavie et la plus part de la Transilvanie a eté peuplé des colonies romaines du temps de Traian l'empereur ... Ceux du pays se disent vrais successeurs des Romains et nomment leur parler romanechte, c'est-à-dire romain ... {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  16. ^ Ion Rotaru, Literatura română veche, "The Letter of Neacșu from Câmpulung" Archived 9 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, București, 1981, pp. 62–65
  17. ^ Brezeanu, Stelian (1999). Romanitatea Orientală în Evul Mediu. Bucharest: Editura All Educational. pp. 229–246.
  18. ^ Goina, Călin. How the State Shaped the Nation: an Essay on the Making of the Romanian Nation in Regio – Minorities, Politics, Society.
  19. ^ "Wallachia and Moldavia, 1859–61". Archived from the original on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 5 January 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ See, for example, "Rumania: Remarkable Common Ground", The New York Times (December 21, 1989).
  21. ^ See the Google Ngrams for Romania, Rumania, and Roumania.
  22. ^ "General principles" (in Romanian). cdep.ro. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
  23. ^ Europe Before Rome: A Site-by-Site Tour of the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages (T. Douglas Price) [1]
  24. doi:10.1002/evan.20110
    .
  25. ^ John Noble Wilford (1 December 2009). "A Lost European Culture, Pulled From Obscurity". The New York Times (30 November 2009).
  26. ^ Gibbs, Patrick. "Antiquity Vol 79 No 306 December 2005 The earliest salt production in the world: an early Neolithic exploitation in Poiana Slatinei-Lunca, Romania Olivier Weller & Gheorghe Dumitroaia". Antiquity.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  27. ^ a b c Hitchins 2014, p. 7.
  28. ^ Herodotus. Histories, 4.93–4.97.
  29. ^ The Cambridge Ancient History (Volume 10) (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 1996. J. J. Wilkes mentions "the Getae of the Dobrudja, who were akin to the Dacians" (p. 562)
  30. ISBN 0-7100-7714-9
    . See p. 364, n. 41: "If there is any justification for dividing the Thracian ethnic group, then, unlike V. Georgiev who suggests splitting it into the Thraco-Getae and the Daco-Mysi, I consider a division into the Thraco-Mysi and the Daco-Getae the more likely."
  31. ^ Hitchins 2014, pp. 13–14.
  32. ^ Matley, Ian (1970). Romania; a Profile. Praeger. p. 85.
  33. ^ Giurescu, Constantin C. (1972). The Making of the Romanian People and Language. Bucharest: Meridiane Publishing House. pp. 43, 98–101, 141.
  34. ^ Eutropius, Abridgment of Roman History BOOK IX.
  35. ^ Watkins, Thayer. "The Economic History of the Western Roman Empire". Retrieved 31 August 2008. The Emperor Aurelian recognized the realities of the military situation in Dacia and, around 271 AD., withdrew Roman troops from Dacia, leaving it to the Goths. The Lower Danube once again became the northern frontier of the Roman Empire in Eastern Europe
  36. ^ Jordanes (551). Getica, sive, De Origine Actibusque Gothorum. Constantinople. Retrieved 31 August 2008.
  37. ^ Iliescu, Vl.; Paschale, Chronicon (1970). Fontes Historiae Daco-Romanae. Vol. II. București. pp. 363, 587.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  38. ^ Teodor, Dan Gh. (1995). Istoria României de la începuturi până în secolul al VIII-lea. Vol. 2. București. pp. 294–325.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  39. Constantine VII, Porphyrogenitus (950). Constantine Porphyrogenitus De Administrando Imperio
    . Constantinople. Retrieved 31 August 2008.
  40. ^ Lupșa, Cristian (1 March 2008). "Regele Decebal" (in Romanian). Lumea-Copiilor. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  41. ^ "Împăratul Traian, strămoșul uitat" (in Romanian). Adevărul. 4 July 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  42. ^ "Mitul strămoșilor în "epopeea națională": Dacii, Columna și Burebista" (in Romanian). Realitatea TV. 13 April 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  43. ^ Pop, Ioan-Aurel (Winter 2001). "The Romanians' Identity in the 16th Century According to Italian Authors" (PDF). Transylvanian Review. 10 (4). Romanian Cultural Foundation: 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2014. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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Sources

Primary sources

Secondary sources

External links

Government

Culture and history links

Travel

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