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London
Houses of Parliament, Tower Bridge and Tower of London
14 constituencies
London constituency
Area
 • London659 sq mi (1,710 km2)
Elevation
[1]
79 ft (24 m)
Population
 (July 2007 est.)[2][3][4]
 • London7,556,900
 • Density12,331/sq mi (4,761/km2)
 • Urban
8,278,251
 • Metro
12,300,000 to 13,945,000
 • Demonym
Londoner
 • Ethnicity
(June 2006 estimates)[5]
Ethnic groups
UTC+1 (BST)
Postcode district(s)
Various
Area code(s)020 and others
Websitehttp://www.london.gov.uk/

London (

capital of England and the United Kingdom. It is the UK's largest and most populous metropolitan area and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures.[citation needed
]

A major settlement for two millennia,

mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name "London" has also referred to the metropolis developed around it.[7] Today, the bulk of this conurbation forms the London region[8] and the Greater London administrative area,[9][note 1] with its own elected mayor and assembly.[10]

London is a leading

St. Margaret's Church.[17]

London has a

world's busiest airport by number of international passengers[22] and the airspace is the busiest of any urban centre in the world.[23]

History

Main article: History of London

Toponomy

Wide river flanked by tall buildings on either side. There are a number of small boats and one large battleship in the centre of the river. The rooftop dome of St Paul's Cathedral is visible in the skyline to the right
The name London may derive from the River Thames

The

King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud.[25]

From 1899 it was commonly accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos; this explanation has since been rejected.[24] Richard Coates put forward an explanation in 1998 that it is derived from the pre-Celtic Old European *(p)lowonida, meaning 'river too wide to ford', and suggested that this was a name given to the part of the River Thames which flows through London; from this, the settlement gained the Celtic form of its name, *Lowonidonjon.[26] Until 1889 the name officially only applied to the City of London but since then it has also referred to the County of London and now Greater London.[7]

Prehistory and antiquity

By 1300 the City is still confined within the walls

Although there is evidence of scattered

Brythonic settlements in the area, the first major settlement was founded by the Romans in 43 AD.[27] This lasted for just seventeen years and around 61, the Iceni tribe led by Queen Boudica stormed it, burning it to the ground.[28] The next, heavily planned incarnation of the city prospered and superseded Colchester as the capital of the Roman province of Britannia in 100. At its height during the 2nd century, Roman London had a population of around 60,000. By the 7th century, the Anglo-Saxons had created a new settlement called Lundenwic over a mile (2 km) upstream from the old Roman city, around what is now Covent Garden.[29]

It is likely that there was a harbour at the mouth of the

Vikings and forced to move the east, back to the location of the Roman Londinium, in order to use its walls for protection.[30] Viking attacks continued to increase, until 886 when Alfred the Great recaptured London and made peace with the Danish leader, Guthrum.[31] The original Saxon city of Lundenwic became Ealdwic ("old city"), a name surviving to the present day as Aldwych, which is in the modern City of Westminster.[32]

Middle Ages

Westminster Abbey is one of London's oldest and most important buildings as seen in this painting (Canaletto, 1749 A.D.) and a World Heritage Site

Christmas Day 1066.[34] William granted the citizens of London special privileges, while building what is now known as the Tower of London, in the southeast corner of the city, to keep them under control.[35]

In 1097, William II began the building of Westminster Hall, close by the abbey of the same name. The hall became the basis of a new Palace of Westminster, the prime royal residence throughout the Middle Ages.[36][37] Westminster became the seat of the royal court and government, while its distinct neighbour, the City of London, was a centre of trade and commerce and flourished under its own unique administration, the Corporation of London. In 1100 its population was around 18,000; by 1300 it had grown to nearly 100,000.[38]

There was an increasing population of Jews,

King Edward I in 1290, expelled them from England.[39] Disaster struck during the Black Death in the mid-14th century, when London lost nearly a third of its population.[40] Apart from the invasion during the Peasants' Revolt in 1381,[41] London remained relatively untouched by the various civil wars during the Middle Ages.[42]

Early modern

The Great Fire of London destroyed many parts of the city in 1666

During the

British East India Company were established, with trade expanding to the New World. London became the principal North Sea port, with migrants arriving from England and abroad. The population rose from an estimated 50,000 in 1530 to about 225,000 in 1605.[43]

In the

James I in Westminster, through the Gunpowder Plot on 5 November 1605.[44] London was plagued by disease in the early 17th century,[45] culminating in the Great Plague of 1665–1666, which killed up to 100,000 people, or a fifth of the population.[46][47]

The

St. Paul's Cathedral was completed. During the Georgian era new districts such as Mayfair were formed in the west; and new bridges over the Thames encouraged the development in South London. In the east, the Port of London
expanded downstream.

In 1762

coffee house became a popular place to debate ideas, with growing literacy and the development of the printing press making news widely available; and Fleet Street
became the centre of the British press.

Late modern and contemporary

A London street hit during the Blitz of World War II

London was the world's largest city from about 1831 to 1925.[57] London's overcrowded conditions lead to cholera epidemics,[58] claiming 14,000 lives in 1848, and 6,000 in 1866.[59] Rising traffic congestion led to the creation of the world's first local urban rail network. The Metropolitan Board of Works oversaw infrastructure expansion. It was replaced in 1889 by the London County Council, London's first elected city-wide administration. The Blitz and other bombing by the German Luftwaffe during World War II killed over 30,000 Londoners and destroyed large tracts of housing and other buildings across London. Immediately after the war, the 1948 Summer Olympics were held at the original Wembley Stadium, at a time when the city had barely recovered from the war.

In 1951 the

Great Smog of 1952 led to the Clean Air Act 1956, which ended the "pea-souper" fogs for which London had been notorious. From the 1950s onwards, London became home to a large number of immigrants, largely from Commonwealth countries such as Jamaica, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan
, making London one of the most diverse cities in Europe.

Starting in the mid-1960s, London became a centre for the worldwide

Provisional IRA. Racial inequality was highlighted by the 1981 Brixton riot. Greater London's population declined steadily in the decades after World War II, from an estimated peak of 8.6 million in 1939 to around 6.8 million in the 1980s. The principal ports for London moved downstream to Felixstowe and Tilbury, with the London Docklands
area becoming a focus for regeneration.

The

Millenium Bridge were constructed. On 7 July 2005, several London Underground trains and a bus were bombed in a series of terrorist attacks.[60]

Governance

Local government

Main articles: Local government in London, History of local government in London, and List of heads of London government
The Greater London Authority is based in City Hall, Southwark

The administration of London is formed of two tiers—a city-wide, strategic tier and a local tier. City-wide administration is coordinated by the Greater London Authority (GLA), while local administration is carried out by 33 smaller authorities.[61] The GLA consists of two elected components; the Mayor of London, who has executive powers, and the London Assembly, who scrutinise the mayor's decisions and can accept or reject his budget proposals each year.

The headquarters of the GLA is

London boroughs and the City of London Corporation.[62] They are responsible for most local services, such as local planning, schools, social services, local roads and refuse collection. Certain functions, such as waste management
, a provided through joint arrangements.

Metropolitan Police Force, overseen by the Metropolitan Police Authority. The City of London has its own police force – the City of London Police.[63] The British Transport Police are responsible for police services on National Rail and London Underground services in the capital.[64]

The

Her Majesty's Coastguard and the Royal National Lifeboat Institution operate on the River Thames.[67][68]

National government

London is an important city because the Government of the United Kingdom is located around the Palace of Westminster. Many government departments are located close to Parliament, particularly along Whitehall, including the Prime Minister's residence at 10 Downing Street.[69] The British Parliament is often referred to as the "Mother of Parliaments" (although this sobriquet was first applied to England itself by John Bright)[70] because it has been the model for most other parliamentary systems, and its Acts have created many other parliaments.

Geography

Main article: Geography of London

Scope

Map of Central London

City Corporation resisted attempts to amalgamate it with its suburbs, causing "London" to be defined in a number ways for different purposes; and the situation was once open to legal debate.[71] Forty percent of Greater London is covered by the London postal district, within which 'LONDON' forms part of postal addresses.[72][73]

The London telephone area code covers a larger area, similar in size to Greater London, although some outer districts are omitted and some places just outside are included. The area within the orbital M25 motorway is sometimes used to define the "London area"[74] and the Greater London boundary has been aligned to it in places.[75]

Outward urban expansion is now prevented by a

Eleanor Cross at Charing Cross near the junction of Trafalgar Square and Whitehall, are approximately 51°30′29″N 00°07′29″W / 51.50806°N 0.12472°W / 51.50806; -0.12472.[79]

Status

Within London, both the

Greater London has incorporated areas that were once part of the counties of Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, Essex and Hertfordshire.[81] London's status as the capital of England, and later the United Kingdom, has never been granted or confirmed officially—by statute or in written form.[note 2]

Its position was formed through

royal court, and thus the political capital of the nation.[85] More recently, Greater London has been defined as a region of England and in this context known as London.[8]

Topography

SPOT satellite

Greater London covers an area of 1,579 square kilometres (610 sq mi), an area which had a population of 7,172,036 in 2001 and a population density of 4,542 people per square kilometre. A larger area, referred to as the London Metropolitan Region or the London Metropolitan Agglomeration covers an area of 8,382 square kilometres (3,236 sq mi) has a population of 12,653,500 and a population density of 1,510 people per square kilometre.

marshlands; at high tide, its shores reached five times their present width.[87]

Since the

rebound.[89]

In 1974, a decade of work began on the construction of the Thames Barrier across the Thames at Woolwich to deal with this threat. While the barrier is expected to function as designed until roughly 2070, concepts for its future enlargement or redesign are already being discussed.[90]

Climate

Main article: Climate of the United Kingdom

London has a

Koppen climate classification Cfb), like much of the British Isles, so the city rarely sees extremely high or low temperatures. Summers are warm with average high temperatures of 21 °C (70 °F) – 24 °C (75 °F) and lows of 11 °C (52 °F) – 14 °C (57 °F). But temperatures can exceed 25 °C (77 °F) on many days, and in almost every year they exceed 30 °C (86 °F) on some days. The highest temperature ever recorded was 38 °C (100 °F) [91]
on 10 August 2003.

Winters in London are chilly, but rarely below freezing (although in recent years this has been questionable) with daytime highs around 5 °C (41 °F) – 8 °C (46 °F), while spring has mild days and cool evenings.[91] The lowest ever recorded temperature was −21.1 °C (−6.0 °F) in January 1795. Autumn is usually mild but often unsettled as colder air from the north and warmer air from the south meet. London is a relatively dry city with regular but generally light precipitation throughout the year, with an average of 583.6 millimetres (22.98 in) every year.

London enjoys an average of 1461 hours of sunshine every year.[92]

Snow is relatively uncommon, particularly because heat from the urban area can make London up to 5 °C (9 °F) warmer than the surrounding areas in winter. Some snowfall, however, is usually seen up to a few times a year. The United Kingdom snow storm of December 2009 was the heaviest London had seen for 18 years.

Climate data for London
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15
(59) 		18
(64) 		21
(70) 		26
(79) 		30
(86) 		33
(91) 		37
(99) 		38
(100) 		30
(86) 		26
(79) 		19
(66) 		15
(59) 		38
(100)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 7.2
(45.0) 		7.6
(45.7) 		10.3
(50.5) 		13.0
(55.4) 		17.0
(62.6) 		20.3
(68.5) 		22.3
(72.1) 		21.9
(71.4) 		19.1
(66.4) 		15.2
(59.4) 		10.4
(50.7) 		8.2
(46.8) 		14.4
(57.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.4
(36.3) 		2.5
(36.5) 		3.8
(38.8) 		5.6
(42.1) 		8.7
(47.7) 		11.6
(52.9) 		13.7
(56.7) 		13.4
(56.1) 		11.4
(52.5) 		8.9
(48.0) 		5.1
(41.2) 		3.4
(38.1) 		7.5
(45.5)
Record low °C (°F) −10
(14) 		−9
(16) 		−8
(18) 		−2
(28) 		−1
(30) 		5
(41) 		7
(45) 		6
(43) 		3
(37) 		−4
(25) 		−5
(23) 		−7
(19) 		−10
(14)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 53
(2.1) 		36
(1.4) 		48
(1.9) 		47
(1.9) 		51
(2.0) 		50
(2.0) 		48
(1.9) 		54
(2.1) 		53
(2.1) 		57
(2.2) 		57
(2.2) 		57
(2.2) 		582
(22.9)
Average precipitation days 14.8 10.8 13.4 12.7 12.5 10.5 10.1 10.9 10.5 11.6 14.0 13.2 145
Mean monthly sunshine hours 62 57 124 150 186 210 186 186 150 93 60 31 1,495
Source: Average high, low and precipitation from the Weather Channel [93]

London is in

Great Smog of 1952, the Clean Air Act 1956 was passed, leading to the decline of such severe pollution in the capital.[95]

Districts

Main article:
List of districts of London
The City of London and the 32 London boroughs
  1. City of London
  2. City of Westminster
  3. Kensington and Chelsea
  4. Hammersmith and Fulham
  5. Wandsworth
  6. Lambeth
  7. Southwark
  8. Tower Hamlets
  9. Hackney
  10. Islington
  11. Camden
  12. Brent
  13. Ealing
  14. Hounslow
  15. Richmond
  16. Kingston
  17. Merton
City of LondonCity of WestminsterKensington and ChelseaHammersmith and FulhamWandsworthLambethSouthwarkTower HamletsHackneyIslingtonCamdenBrentEalingHounslowRichmond upon ThamesKingstonMertonSuttonCroydonBromleyLewishamGreenwichBexleyHaveringBarking and DagenhamRedbridgeNewhamWaltham ForestHaringeyEnfieldBarnetHarrowHillingdon
  1. Sutton
  2. Croydon
  3. Bromley
  4. Lewisham
  5. Greenwich
  6. Bexley
  7. Havering
  8. Barking and Dagenham
  9. Redbridge
  10. Newham
  11. Waltham Forest
  12. Haringey
  13. Enfield
  14. Barnet
  15. Harrow
  16. Hillingdon

London's vast urban area is often described using a set of district names, such as Bloomsbury, Mayfair, Wembley and Whitechapel. These are either informal designations, reflect the names of villages that have been absorbed by sprawl, or are superseded administrative units such as parishes or former boroughs.

Such names have remained in use through tradition, each referring to a local area with its own distinctive character, but without current official boundaries. Since 1965 Greater London has been divided into 32

London boroughs in addition to the ancient City of London.[96][97] The City of London is the main financial district[98] and Canary Wharf has recently developed into a new financial and commercial hub, in the Docklands
to the east.

The

West London includes expensive residential areas where properties can sell for tens of millions of pounds.[100] The average price for properties in Kensington and Chelsea is £894,000 with similar average outlay in most of Central London.[101]

The

2012 Olympics.[102]

Architecture

Main articles:
List of tallest structures in London
London's architecture ranges from very old to modern

London's buildings are too diverse to be characterised by any particular

Swiss Re building, known as "the Gherkin". London's generally low-rise nature makes these skyscrapers and others such as One Canada Square and its neighbours at Canary Wharf and the BT Tower in Fitzrovia
very noticeable from a distance.

High-rise development is restricted at certain sites if it would obstruct protected views of

"Shard of Glass", which will be one of the tallest buildings in Europe. Older buildings are mainly brick built, most commonly the yellow London stock brick or a warm orange-red variety, often decorated with carvings and white plaster mouldings.[103]

Many grand houses and public buildings, such as the

Royal Exchange and the Bank of England, to the early 20th century Old Bailey and the 1960s Barbican Estate
form part of the varied architectural heritage.

Buckingham Palace is the official residence of the British monarch

The disused, but soon to be rejuvenated, 1939

Paddington.[104] The density of London varies, with high employment density in the central area, high residential densities in inner London and lower densities in the suburbs
.

In the dense areas, most of the concentration is achieved with medium- and

The O2
.

Park Lane respectively, have royal connections, as do the Albert Memorial and Royal Albert Hall in Kensington. Nelson's Column is a nationally recognised monument in Trafalgar Square
, one of the focal points of the centre.

Parks and gardens

Main articles:
Royal Parks of London

The largest parks in the central area of London are the

Royal Parks of Hyde Park, its neighbour Kensington Gardens at the western edge of Central London and Regent's Park on the northern edge.[106] Regent's Park contains London Zoo, the world's oldest scientific zoo, and is located near the tourist attraction of Madame Tussauds Wax Museum.[107][108]

St. James's Park

Closer to central London are the smaller Royal Parks of

Victoria Park, East London to the east. Primrose Hill
to the north of Regent's Park is a popular spot to view the city skyline.

Some more informal, semi-natural open spaces also exist, including the 320-hectare (790-acre)

stately home and a popular location in the summer months where classical musical concerts are held by the lake, attracting thousands of people every weekend to enjoy the music, scenery and fireworks.[114]

Demography

Main article:
Demography of London
2011 United Kingdom Census[115]
Country of birth Population
United Kingdom United Kingdom 5,175,677
India
 262,247
Poland Poland 158,300
Ireland
 129,807
Nigeria
 114,718
Pakistan Pakistan 112,457
Bangladesh
 109,948
Jamaica
 87,467
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 84,542
France France 66,654
Somalia Somalia 65,333
Kenya
 64,212
United States United States 63,920
Ghana Ghana 62,896
Italy Italy 62,050
Turkey Turkey 59,596
South Africa South Africa 57,765
Germany Germany 55,476
Australia Australia 53,959
Romania Romania 44,848
Philippines Philippines 44,199
Cyprus Cyprus 43,428
Portugal Portugal 41,041
Lithuania Lithuania 39,817
China China 39,452
Afghanistan Afghanistan 37,680
Iran Iran 37,339
Spain Spain 35,880
Uganda Uganda 32,136
Brazil Brazil 31,357

With increasing industrialisation, London's population grew rapidly throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, and it was for some time in the late 19th and early 20th centuries the most populous city in the world until overtaken by New York in 1925. Its population peaked at 8,615,245 in 1939 immediately before the outbreak of the

Second World War. There were an estimated 7,556,900 official residents in Greater London as of mid-2007.[19]

However, London's continuous urban area extends beyond the borders of Greater London and was home to 8,278,251 people in 2001,

most populous in Europe (or third if Istanbul is included). During the period 1991–2001 a net 726,000 immigrants arrived in London.[117]

The region covers an area of 1,579 square kilometres (610 sq mi). The population density is 4,542 inhabitants per square kilometre (11,760/sq mi)

largest metropolitan region in the world. It is also ranked 4th in the world in number of billionaires (United States Dollars) residing in the city.[120] London ranks as one of the most expensive cities in the world, alongside Tokyo and Moscow.[121]

Ethnic groups

Main article: Ethnic groups in London

According to the

Bangladeshis and Pakistanis
at 2.3 per cent each. 2 per cent are categorised as "Other Asian".

10.7 per cent of London's population are

ethnic minority group.[122]

Across London,

Asian children outnumber White British children by about six to four.[123] In January 2005, a survey of London's ethnic and religious diversity claimed that there were more than 300 languages spoken and more than 50 non-indigenous communities which have a population of more than 10,000 in London.[124] Figures from the Office for National Statistics show that, as of 2006, London's foreign-born population is 2,288,000 (31%), up from 1,630,000 in 1997.[125]

The 2001 census showed that 27.1% of

UK Census. (Top 21).[127] A portion of the German-born population are likely to be British nationals born to parents serving in the British Armed Forces in Germany.[128]

Religion

St. Paul's Cathedral
Main article: Religion in London
Religion in London
Religion Percent
Christian
 
 58.2%
No religion
 
 15.8%
Religion not stated
 
 8.7%
Muslim
 
 8.5%
Hindu
 
 4.1%
Jewish
 
 2.1%
Sikh
 
 1.5%
Buddhist
 
 0.8%
Pagan
 
 0.3%
Other
 
 0.2%


The majority of Londoners – 58.2% – identify themselves as

Pagans/Wiccans (0.3%) and other (0.2%), though 8.7% of people did not answer this question in the 2001 Census.[129]

London has traditionally been Christian, and has a large number of churches, particularly in the City of London. The well-known St Paul's Cathedral in the City and Southwark Cathedral south of the river are Anglican administrative centres,[130] while the Archbishop of Canterbury, principal bishop of the Church of England and worldwide Anglican Communion, has his main residence at Lambeth Palace in the London Borough of Lambeth.[131]

Important national and royal ceremonies are shared between St Paul's and Westminster Abbey.

Roman Catholic cathedral in England and Wales.[133] Despite the prevalence of Anglican churches, observance is very low within the Anglican denomination. Church attendance continues on a long, slow, steady decline, according to Church of England statistics.[134]

Baitul Futuh
Mosque in London

London is also home to sizeable

Baitul Futuh
Mosque.

London's large Hindu community is found in the north-western boroughs of

Neasden Temple.[138] Sikh communities are located in East and West London, which is also home to the largest Sikh temple in the world outside India.[139]

The majority of British Jews live in London, with significant Jewish communities in Stamford Hill, Stanmore, Golders Green, Hampstead, Hendon and Edgware in North London.[citation needed] Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue has the largest membership of any single Orthodox synagogue in the whole of Europe, overtaking Ilford synagogue (also in London) in 1998.[140] The community set up the London Jewish Forum in 2007 in response to the growing significance of devolved London Government.[141]

Economy

Main articles: Economy of London, Media in London, and Tourism in London
financial centre alongside New York City[11][12][13]

London is a major centre for international business and commerce and is one of three "command centres" for the world economy, with New York City and Tokyo,[142] although, according to a survey conducted by UBS, London fell to being the 21st richest city (by employee gross earnings) in the world in 2009, down from 7th in 2008.[143]

London generates approximately 20% of the UK's GDP[13] (or $446 billion in 2005); while the economy of the London metropolitan area—the largest in Europe—generates approximately 30% of the UK's GDP (or an estimated $669 billion in 2005).[144] London is one of the pre-eminent financial centres of the world and vies with New York City as the most important location for international finance.[145][146]

London's largest industry is

global financial crisis of 2008–2009. The City of London estimates that 70,000 jobs in finance will be cut within a year.[147]

Canary Wharf is the home of the United Kingdom's tallest building

More than half of the UK's top 100 listed companies (the

BBC is a significant employer, while other broadcasters also have headquarters around the City. Many national newspapers
are edited in London.

Tourism is one of London's prime industries and employs the equivalent of 350,000 full-time workers in London in 2003,[150] while annual expenditure by tourists is around £15 billion.[151] London attracts almost 15 million international visitors per year, making it the world's second most visited city[152] after Paris.[153] London attracts 27 million overnight-stay visitors every year.[154] The Port of London is the second-largest in the United Kingdom, handling 53 million tonnes of cargo each year.[155]

Transport

Main article: Transport in London
The London Underground, oldest and largest metro system in the world,[156] known as the The Tube, because of the shape of the tunnels

Transport is one of the four main areas of policy administered by the Mayor of London,[157] however the mayor's financial control does not extend to the longer distance rail network that enters London. In 2007 he assumed responsibility for some local lines, which now form the London Overground network, adding to the existing responsibility for the London Underground, trams and buses. The public transport network is administered by Transport for London (TfL) and is one of the most extensive in the world. Cycling is an increasingly popular way to get around London. The London Cycling Campaign lobbies for better provision.[158]

The lines that formed the London Underground, as well as trams and buses, became part of an integrated transport system in 1933 when the London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB) or London Transport was created. Transport for London (TfL), is now the statutory corporation responsible for most aspects of the transport system in Greater London, and is run by a board and a commissioner appointed by the Mayor of London.[159]

Railways

high speed trains
to European destinations such as Paris

The London Underground — all of which is now commonly referred to as the Tube, though originally this designation referred only to the deep-level lines, as distinct from the sub-surface lines — is one of the oldest, longest, and most expansive metro systems in the world, dating from 1863.[21][160] The system serves 270 stations[161] and was formed from several private companies, including the world's first underground electric line, the City and South London Railway.[162]

Over three million journeys a day are made on the Underground network, over 1 billion journeys each year.[163][164] An investment programme is attempting to address congestion and reliability problems, including £7 billion (€10 billion) of improvements planned for the Olympics.[165] London has been commended as the city with the best public transport.[166] The Docklands Light Railway, which opened in 1987, is a second, more local metro system using smaller and lighter tram-type vehicles serving Docklands and Greenwich.

There is an extensive above-ground suburban railway network, particularly in South London, which has fewer Underground lines. London houses Britain's busiest station -

Gatwick Airports.[169]

Since 2007 High-speed Eurostar trains link St Pancras International with Lille, Paris, and Brussels. Journey times to Paris and Brussels of 2h 15 and 1h 51 respectively make London closer to continental Europe than the rest of Britain by virtue of the High Speed 1 rail link to the Channel Tunnel[170] while the first high speed domestic trains started in June 2009 linking Kent to London.[171]

Buses and trams

The red double-decker bus is an iconic symbol of London

London's

bus network is one of the largest in the world, running 24 hours a day, with 8,000 buses, 700 bus routes, and over 6 million passenger journeys made every weekday. In 2003, the network's ridership was estimated at over 1.5 billion passenger trips per annum, more than the Underground.[172] Around £850 million is taken in revenue each year. London has the largest wheelchair accessible network in the world[173] and, from the 3rd quarter of 2007, became more accessible to hearing and visually impaired passengers as audio-visual announcements were introduced. The distinctive red double-decker buses are internationally recognised, and are a trademark of London transport along with black cabs and the Tube.[174][175]

London has a modern tram network, known as Tramlink, based around Croydon in South London. The network has 39 stops, 3 routes and carried 26.5 million people in 2008. Since June 2008 Transport for London has completely owned tramlink and plans to spend £54m until 2015 on maintenance, renewals, upgrades and capacity enhancements. Since April 2009 all trams have now been refurbished.[176]

Air

busiest airport in the world for international traffic [177]

London is a major international air transport hub with the largest city airspace in the world.

London Gatwick Airport
inter-terminal transit

Eight airports use the word London in their name, but most traffic passes through only five.

London Gatwick Airport, located south of London in Sussex.[180]

Luton Airport to the north of London in Bedfordshire, caters mostly for low-cost short-haul flights.[181][182] London City Airport, the smallest and most central airport, is focused on business travellers, with a mixture of full service short-haul scheduled flights and considerable business jet traffic.[183]

Roads

Traffic congestion in Central London

Although the majority of journeys involving

motorway (the M25, outside the built-up area) encircle the city and are intersected by a number of busy radial routes—but very few motorways penetrate into inner London. The M25 is the longest ring-road motorway in the world at 195.5 km (121.5 mi) long.[184]

A plan for a comprehensive network of motorways throughout the city (the Ringways Plan) was prepared in the 1960s but was mostly cancelled in the early 1970s. In 2003, a congestion charge was introduced to reduce traffic volumes in the city centre. With a few exceptions, motorists are required to pay £8 per day to drive within a defined zone encompassing much of congested Central London.[185][186] Motorists who are residents of the defined zone can buy a vastly reduced season pass which is renewed monthly and is cheaper than a corresponding bus fare.[187] London is notorious for its traffic congestion, with the M25 motorway the busiest stretch in the country. The average speed of a car in the rush hour is 10.6 mph.[188]

Education

Main article: Education in London
University College London is part of the University of London

Home to a range of universities, colleges and schools, London has a student population of about 378,000 and is a centre of research and development. Most primary and secondary schools in London follow the same system as the rest of England—comprehensive schooling. With 125,000 students, the University of London is the largest contact teaching university in the United Kingdom and in Europe.[189] It comprises 20 colleges as well as several smaller institutes each with a high degree of autonomy.

Constituent colleges have their own

Institute of Education.[196]

University College London and Imperial College London have been ranked among the top ten universities in the world by Times Higher Education: in 2009 UCL was ranked the 4th best and Imperial the 5th best university in the world.[197] In addition, the London School of Economics has been described as the world‘s leading social science institution for teaching and research, and has the most international student body of any university in the world today.[198]

A number of colleges are dedicated to the fine arts, including the

1992
, and others which were founded much earlier. Imperial College London left the federal University of London in 2007.

Since the merger of

Regent's College
.

Culture

Main article: Culture of London

Accent

The London accent long ago acquired the

Multicultural London English (MLE).[201]

Leisure and entertainment

Main articles: List of annual events in London and West End theatre
The Queen's Theatre in the West End theatre district

Within the

Royal Opera and English National Opera are based in London and perform at the Royal Opera House, the London Coliseum, Sadler's Wells Theatre and the Royal Albert Hall as well as touring the country.[203]

the Angel, has more bars and restaurants than any other street in the UK.[204] Europe's busiest shopping area is Oxford Street, a shopping street nearly 1 mile (1.6 km) long—which makes it the longest shopping street in the UK and home to many shops and department stores including Selfridges.[205] Knightsbridge—home to the Harrods department store
—lies just to the southwest.

London is home to designers

Chinese food restaurants of Chinatown.[206]

There are a variety of regular

Queen's Official Birthday.[207]

Literature and film

Main articles:
List of films set in London, and List of television shows set in London
Keats House, Hampstead
Charles Dickens (1812–1870)

London has been the setting for many works of literature. The literary centres of London have traditionally been hilly

modernist literary figures of the 20th century.[208]

William Shakespeare spent a large part of his life living and working in London; his contemporary Ben Jonson was also based there, and some of his work—most notably his play The Alchemist—was set in the city.[208] A Journal of the Plague Year (1722) by Daniel Defoe is a fictionalisation of the events of the 1665 Great Plague.[208] Later important depictions of London from the 19th and early 20th centuries are Dickens' novels, and Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories.[208] Modern writers pervasively influenced by the city include Peter Ackroyd, author of a "biography" of London, and Iain Sinclair, who writes in the genre of psychogeography.

London was the setting for the films

Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber Of Fleet Street (2008), and is home to the television soap EastEnders. London has played a significant role in the film industry, and has major studios at Ealing and a special effects and post-production community centred in Soho. Working Title Films has its headquarters in London.[209]

Museums and art galleries

The Natural History Museum.

London is

Science Museum and Victoria and Albert Museum (fashion and design) are clustered in South Kensington's "museum quarter", while the British Museum houses historic artefacts from around the world.[210]

The

National Gallery,[211] Tate Britain[212] and Tate Modern.[213]

Music

London is one of the major classical and

Trinity College of Music
.

The Royal Albert Hall hosts concerts and musical events

London has numerous venues for rock and pop concerts, including large arenas such as

the Small Faces, Led Zeppelin, Iron Maiden, Fleetwood Mac, the Police, the Cure, Squeeze and Sade, took the world by storm, deriving their sound from the streets and rhythms vibrating through London.[214]

London was instrumental in the development of

BBC 1Xtra
was set up to support the rise of homegrown urban music both in London and the rest of the UK.

Sports

Main article: Sport in London
English football and is the world's most expensive stadium.[217]

London has hosted the

League football clubs, including five in the Premier League: Arsenal, Chelsea, Fulham, Tottenham Hotspur and West Ham United.[221]

London also has four

London Welsh, that plays home matches in the city. The city has other very traditional rugby union clubs, famously London Scottish, Richmond F.C., Rosslyn Park F.C. and Blackheath F.C.
.

There are currently two professional

Championship One side the London Skolars (based in Wood Green, London Borough of Haringey
).

From 1924, the original Wembley Stadium was the home of the English national football team, and served as the venue for the FA Cup final as well as rugby league's Challenge Cup final.[223] The new Wembley Stadium serves exactly the same purposes and has a capacity of 90,000.[224] Twickenham Stadium in south-west London is the national rugby union stadium, and has a capacity of 84,000 now that the new south stand has been completed.[225]

Wimbledon Tennis Championships, held at the All England Club in the south-western suburb of Wimbledon.[228] Other key events are the annual mass-participation London Marathon which sees some 35,000 runners attempt a 26.2 miles (42.2 km) course around the city,[229] and the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race on the River Thames between Putney and Mortlake.[230]

Twin cities

Main article:
List of towns and cities twinned with London

There are 46 other places on six continents named after London.

twinnings with parts of other cities across the world. Shown below is the list of cities that the Greater London Authority
has twinning arrangements with:

The following cities have a friendship agreement with London:

Notes

  1. ^ See also: Independent city#National capitals.
  2. ^ According to the Collins English Dictionary definition of 'the seat of government',[82] London is not the capital of England, as England does not have its own government. According to the Oxford English Reference Dictionary definition of 'the most important town'[83] and many other authorities.[84]

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Bibliography

External links

  • www.london.gov.uk – Official site for the government of London by the Greater London Authority covering the Office of Mayor of London and the London Assembly
  • British Pathé Digitalised archive containing hundreds of films of 20th century London
  • London in British History Online, with links to numerous authoritative online sources
  • VisitLondon.com – Official London site
  • LondonTown.com – London Information site
  • Visit Britain – Official Visit Britain website
  • BBC London


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