List of sources for the Crusades

Edit links
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Main article: Historians and histories of the Crusades

The list of sources for the Crusades provides those contemporaneous written accounts and other artifacts of the Crusades covering the period from the Council of Clermont in 1095 until the fall of Acre in 1291. These sources include chronicles, personal accounts, official documents and archaeological findings. As such, these lists provide the medieval historiography of the Crusades.

A number of 17th through 19th century historians published numerous collections of original sources of the Crusades. These include Recueil des historiens des croisades (RHC), Monumenta Germaniae Historica (MGH), Revue de l'Orient Latin/Archives de l'Orient Latin (ROL/AOL) and the Rolls Series. Other collections are of interest to the Crusader period include Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France (RHF), Rerum Italicarum scriptores (RISc), Patrologia Latina (MPL), Patrologia Graeco-Latina (MPG), Patrologia Orientalis (PO), Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium (CSCO) and Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society (PPTS).

Modern reference material to these sources include Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition,[1] Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium,[2] Dictionary of National Biography,[3] Neue Deutsche Biographie,[4] Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie,[5] Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church,[6] Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages,[7] Catholic Encyclopedia,[8] New Catholic Encyclopedia,[9] Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle,[10] Encyclopædia Iranica,[11] Encyclopædia Islamica and Encyclopaedia of Islam.[12] Contemporary histories include the three-volume A History of the Crusades (1951–1954) by Steven Runciman; the Wisconsin collaborative study A History of the Crusades (1969–1989) edited by Kenneth M. Setton, particularly the Select Bibliography[13] by Hans E. Mayer; Fordham University's Internet Medieval Sourcebook;[14] and The Crusades: An Encyclopedia, edited by Alan V. Murray.[15]

Principal Western sources for the history of the Crusades

The Western sources for the history of the Crusades begin with the original Latin chronicles. Later works on the First Crusade were mostly derived from these and are exemplified by William of Tyre's Historia and its continuations. The later Crusades produced a vast library of first-hand accounts, biographies and chronicles.[10] Other sources include official documents and communications, personal letters and accounts, and topics such as archaeology and numismatics.[16][17]

Original Latin chronicles of the First Crusade

The major chronicles of the First Crusade by contemporaneous Western authors are listed below, referenced to RHC, Runciman and Murray.[18][19]

  • Gesta Francorum (Deeds of the Franks) is an anonymous chronicle that proved to be one of the most popular accounts of the First Crusade. The chronicle, also referred to as Anonymi Gesta Francorum, is reputed to be written by a follower of Bohemond of Taranto and covers the period from November 1095 until the battle of Ascalon in 1099. It was first published in late 1100 or early 1101. (Ges. D., RHC Oc., Volume 3.II, Runc. Vol I, pp. 329–330, 344)[20]
  • Peter Tudebode was a Poitevin priest in the army of Raymond of Saint-Gilles. His Historia de Hierosolymitano itinere, with Præfatio, was released shortly after the very similar Gesta Francorum, edited by French historian Jean Besly (1572–1644). Tudebode's version includes additional material, including the death of Crusader Rainald Porcet who died at the siege of Antioch in 1098. (RHC Oc., Volumes 3.I, 3.II, MPL 155, Runc. Vol I, pp. 330, 346)[21][22]
  • Historia belli sacri (Tudebodus imitatus et continuatus) was a history written by an unknown monk at the Abbey of Monte Cassino around 1130. The Historia covers the First Crusade and the early days of the Principality of Antioch ending with the death of Bohemond II of Antioch in 1130. The Historia drew material from Gesta Francorum and Gesta Tancredi. (RHC Oc., Volume 3.III, Runc. Vol I, pp. 330n, 345)[23]
  • Raymond of Aguilers (died after 1105) was a participant in the First Crusade and eventually became chaplain of Raymond of Saint-Gilles. His chronicle, Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem (History of the Franks who captured Jerusalem), known as Historia Francorum, concentrated on Raymond's exploits. The work covered the period from the journey to Constantinople in 1096 until the end of 1099, after the capture of Jerusalem. He may have had access to portions of Gesta Francorum but his work is regarded as independent. Pons of Balazun, a member of Raymond's army, is credited as a co-author of Historia Francorum. (RHC Oc., Volume 3.IV, Runc. Vol I, pp. 328–329, 346)[24]
  • Fulcher of Chartres (c. 1059 – after 1128) was a priest who participated in the First Crusade eventually joining Baldwin I of Jerusalem. His chronicle Gesta Francorum Iherusalem Perefrinantium (Historia Hierosolymitana) consists of three volumes. The first covers the period from the Council of Clermont in 1095 until the death of Godfrey of Bouillon in 1100. The second covers the reign of Baldwin I from 1100–1118, and the third the partial reign of Baldwin II of Jerusalem from 1118–1127 when the narrative was interrupted by the plague in Jerusalem. Because Fulcher was with Baldwin I in Edessa from 1098, some material in his chronicle was derived from Gesta Francorum and Historia Francorum. The three volumes were written from 1100–1106, 1109–1115 and 1118–1127, and compiled into a second edition by Fulcher before his death. (RHC Oc., Volume 3.V, VI, Runc. Vol I, pp. 329, 345)[25]
  • Albert of Aachen (died after 1150) was a historian, presumably German, who wrote the fullest contemporaneous account of the First Crusade in his Historia Hierosolymitanae expeditionis (History of the Expedition to Jerusalem). His chronicle covers the period from the Council of Clermont until 1121. It was written between 1125 and 1150, and has long been regarded as the most authoritative source of the period, but immune from criticism. (RHC Oc., Volume 4.III, Runc. Vol I, pp. 331, 344, Runc. Vol II, p. 476)[26]
  • Ekkehard of Aura (died 1126) was a Bavarian abbot of Aura and participant in the Crusade of 1101. He wrote his Hierosolymita in five recensions from 1098-1125, covering first the period from 1057 through the First Crusade. The final recension is known as Chronicon universale (World Chronicle) and is an extension of the work of Frutolf of Michelsberg. The fourth recension of Hierosolymita makes use of Sigebert's Chronicon sive Chronographia providing a perspective on the Rhineland massacres of Jews in 1096. (RHC Oc., Volume 5.I, MGH Scriptores VI, MPL 156, Runc. Vol I, p. 330)[27][28]
  • Robert of Reims, abbot of Saint-Remi (1055–1122), wrote his Historia Hierosolymitana that covers his participation at the Council of Clermont until as late as 1120. His history was written between 1107–1120 and is regarded as source material for the work of Gilo of Toucy. (RHC Oc., Volume 3.IX, pp. 717–882, MPL 155, Runc. Vol I, pp. 330, 346)[29]
  • Baldric of Dol (1046–1130) was bishop of Dol-Bretagne when he wrote his Historiae Hierosolymitanae libri IV, an account of the First Crusade based on Gesta Francorum. His work was edited by Pierre de Maillezais. He also wrote Vita di Roberti de Arbrisello, a biography of Robert of Arbrissel. (RHC Oc., Volume 4.II, MPL 166, Aa. Ss. 6, Runc. Vol I, pp. 115n, 330, 344)[30]
  • Radulph of Caen (Ralph of Caen) (1080 – after 1130) was a Norman chaplain who wrote Gesta Tancredi in expeditione Hierosolymitana (The Deeds of Tancred in the Crusade). Ralph accompanied Bohemond of Taranto in 1107–1108, and wrote Gesta Tancredi in 1113. (RHC Oc., Volume 3.VIII, RISc 5, Runc. Vol I, pp. 331, 346)[31][32]
  • Guibert of Nogent (1055–1124) was a Benedictine historian who wrote Dei gesta per Francos (Deeds of God through the Franks) based on Gesta Francorum and Gesta Tancredi. The history was written in 1108 and reworked in 1121. Dei gesta includes an account of the Council of Clermont and an eyewitness account of the preachings of Peter the Hermit. (RHC Oc., Volume 4.II, Ges. D., MPL 156, Runc. Vol I, pp. 108n, 113n, 124n, 330, 345)[33]

Most of the original sources were collected in Gesta Dei per Francos (Ges. D.), compiled by French historian Jacques Bongars (1554–1612).[34] The Gesta also includes works by William of Tyre, Marino Sanudo and Pierre Dubois. (Runc. Vol III, pp. 441n, 493)

Contemporaneous works on the First Crusade

Works derived from the original Latin sources written primarily in the early part of the 12th century are listed below.

Major Sources. Major contemporaneous sources that are frequently cited include the following.

  • Bartolf of Nangis (died before 1109) was a French historian who, in 1108, published Gesta Francorum Iherusalem expugnatium that drew heavily on Gesta Francorum and Fulcher's now lost 1106 manuscript. (Runc. Vol I, pp. 329, 344)[35]
  • William of Malmesbury (1095–1143) was a prominent English historian whose Gesta Regum Anglorum (Deeds of the Kings of the English) discusses the Council of Clermont based on Fulcher's Gesta Francorum Iherusalem Perefrinantium and includes an account of the White Ship disaster which claimed the lives of over 140 knights and noblemen including famed Crusader Ralph the Red. (MPL 179, Runc. Vol I, pp. 329, 347)[36][37]
  • Richard of Poitiers (died 1174) was a French monk at Cluny Abbey who wrote Chronica Richardi Pictauiensis, monachus cluniacensis de diuersis libris collecta (The Chronicle of Richard of Poitiers), a chronicle of history from Genesis to the 1170s. His account of the Crusades were taken from Fulcher of Chartres. (Runc. Vol I, p. 329)
  • Sicard of Cremona (1155–1215) was an Italian prelate and historian who wrote his Chronica Universalis that covers universal history from the creation to 1213, includes material based on Fulcher of Chartres' work. His work was continued by Salimbene di Adam's Cronica. (MGH Scriptores XXXI, RISc 7, Runc. Vol I, p. 329, Runc. Vol II, p. 479, Runc. Vol III, pp. 17n, 479)[38]
  • Hugh of Fleury (died after 1118), also known as Hugo Floriacensis or Hugo de S. Maria, was a French Benedictine monk who wrote Itineris Hierosolymitani Compendium based on Tudebode's Historia. (RHC Oc., Volume 5.VIII.vi, Runc. Vol I, pp. 330, 345)[39][40]
  • Henry of Huntingdon (1088–1157) was an English historian whose De Captione Antiochiae is excerpted from his Historia Anglorum (The History of The English). It was written before 1129 and includes a section on the First Crusade based on Tudebode's Historia. (RHC Oc., Volume 5.VIII.x, Runc. Vol I, pp. 330, 345)[41][42]
  • Caffaro di Rustico da Caschifellone (1080–1166) was a Genoese admiral and historian who wrote De Civitatum Orientis (On the Liberation of the Cities of the East) and began the Annales ianuenses (Genoese annals). His work provides a Genoese perspective on the First Crusade and the Embriaco family. A later historian Reinhold Röhricht wrote Historia Regni Hierosolymitani that is regarded as a continuation of Caffaro's De liberatione. (RHC Oc., Volume 5.II (De libertatione), Runc. Vol I, pp. 332, 344, Runc. Vol II, pp. 478n, 494)[43]
  • Walter the Chancellor (died after 1122) was a French or Norman Crusader who wrote Bella Antiochena (Wars of Antioch) covering the history of the Principality of Antioch from 1114–1122. He was likely present at the battle of Ager Sanguinis in 1119. Walter wrote his history between 1119 and 1122 while he was serving as chancellor of the principality. (MPL 155, RHC Oc., Volume 5.III, Runc. Vol II, pp. 476, 495)[44]
  • Gilo of Toucy (died between 1139–1142) was a French poet and cleric who wrote Historia de via Hierosolymitana (Historia gestorum viæ nostri temporis Hierosolymitanæ), an epic verse history of the First Crusade covering the Council of Clermont through the capture of Jerusalem. The work was written before 1120 and it is believed that Gilo had access to participants. (RHC Oc., Volume 5.XIV, Runc. Vol I, p. 345)[45]
  • Sigebert of Gembloux (1030–1112) was a Belgian Benedictine monk who wrote Chronicon sive Chronographia, a chronological survey covering 381–1111, with an emphasis on 1008–1111. His work also addresses the Rhineland massacres. A continuation of his work called Auctarium Gemblacense was written by Anselm of Gembloux (died 1136) and Guillaume de Nangis. (MGH Scriptores VI, VII, MPL 160, RHF, Runc. Vol I, pp. 115n, 346, Runc. Vol II, p. 479)[46]

Later works. Works written sometime after the First Crusade, but still regarded as original sources include the following:

  • Abridged version of Fulcher's Chronicle. Gesta Francorum Hierusalem expugantium is a shorter version of Fulcher of Chartres' Historia Hierosolymitana. Written ca. 1118, the work is cited separately in both RHC and a paper by Crusades historian Jay Rubenstein. (RHC Oc., Volume 3.VII, pp. 491–543)[18]
  • Præfatio to Tudebode's Historia. Joannis Besly Pictonis Præfatio is the preface by French historian Jean Besly (1572–1644) to Peter Tudebode's Historia de Hierosolymitano itinere, reproduced in Historiens occidentaux.  Besly challenged the version of Gesta Francorum in the collection of Crusader works known as Gesta Dei per Francos.  (RHC Oc., Volume 3, Preface, 3.I, 3.II, Ges. D., MPL 155 [Godefridum, Appendix II])[22][47]
  • Geoffroy of Vigeois. Geoffroy of Vigeois (c. 1140 – after 1184), also known as Geoffroy du Breuil, was abbot of Vigeois and a historian who wrote his Chroniques covering the history of Limoges and its citizens from 994-1182. The Chroniques provide and account of the siege of Ma'arrat al-Nu'man of 1098 and the role of the Limogenese knight Gouffier of Lastours. It also discusses the rise of the Cathars. (RHC Oc., Volume 5, Preface, VIII.iii)[48]
  • Li Estoire de Jerusalem et d'Antioche. Li Estoire de Jerusalem et d'Antioche is an abbreviated, vernacular version of Fulcher of Chartres' Gesta Francorum Iherusalem Perefrinantium, with additional accounts written in various French dialects.  It was written by unknown authors after 1250.  (RHC Oc., Volume 5.XII)
  • Benedetto Accolti. Benedetto Accolti (1415–1464), also known as Benedict Aretini Accolti, was an Italian historian who wrote De Bello a Christianis contra Barbaros gesto pro Christi Sepulchro et Judaea recuperandis libri IV (On the War carried on by the Christians against the Barbarians, for the Recovery of Christ's Sepulchre, and of Judea), a history of the First Crusade that is regarded as Crusader propaganda. Published in 1464, the sources are uncertain. (RHC Oc., Volume 5.XI, Runc. Vol I, p. 344)[49]
  • Nomitia Historica. Godefridus Bullonius Nomitia Historica is a biography of Godfrey of Bouillon first appearing in Histoire littéraire de la France, tom. VIII.  It draws on the works of William of Tyre and Orderic Vitalis. In the Patrologia Latina edition, the work appears with editions of:  Gesta Tancredi (Radulph of Caen); Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem (Raymond of Aguilers); Historia Hierosolymitana (Robert the Monk), Historia de Hierosolymitano itinere (Peter Tudebode), with Joannis Besly Pictonis Præfatio; Historia Hierosolymitana (Fulcher of Chartres); Historia gestorum viæ nostri temporis Hierosolymitanæ (Gilo of Toucy); Bella Antiochena (Walter the Chancellor); Liber Locorum Sanctorum Terræ Jerusalem (Rorgo Fretellus); Descriptio terrae sanctae (John of Würzburg); and Narrativ brevis belli sacri (Anonymous). (MPL 155 [Godefridum, Appendix II])

Minor works. Other works that are limited in scope, highly derivative or sparsely-cited are listed below.

  • Expeditio contra Turcos. by an anonymous author is a short account based on Tudebode's Historia. Expeditio is also known as Gesta Francorum et aliorum Hiersolymitanorum, seu Tudebodus abbreviatus. (RHC Oc., Volume 3.II, Runc. Vol I, pp. 330, 345)
  • Theodorus Palidensis. (died after 1197), a monk at Pöhlde Abbey, wrote a short piece called Narratio profectionis Godefridi ducis ad Jerusalem about the First Crusade, as part of the Annales Palidenses (Die Jahrbücher von Pöhlde). His work was based on that of Ekkehard of Aura. (RHC Oc., Volume 5.V, MGH Scriptores, XVI)[50]
  • Historia Nicaena vel Antiochena. The anonymous work Historia Nicaena vel Antiochena covers the period from before the Council of Clermont through the capture of Baldwin II of Jerusalem in 1123, covering all of the rulers of the kingdom up to that point. The work was commissioned by Baldwin III of Jerusalem and written in 1146. (RHC Oc., Volume 5.IV, Runc. Vol I, p. 346)[51]
  • Frutolf of Michelsberg. Frutolf of Michelsberg (died 1103) was a Bavarian prior who wrote a Chronicon universale (World Chronicle) covering Creation until 1099. His work was later extended by others including Ekkehard of Aura. (MGH Scriptores XXXIII, LXXII, Runc. Vol I, p. 330)
  • Balduini III Historiae Nicenae vel Antichenae. Balduini III Historiae Nicenae vel Antichenae is an anonymous history of the First Crusade with a continuation to 1123. Written in 1146–1147 under the direction of Baldwin III of Jerusalem, the account before 1100 is derivative of Fulcher of Chartres' Historia Hierosolymitana. The work was discovered and edited by French historian Edmond Martène in 1718. Also referred to as Monitum in Balduini III Historiae Nicenae vel Antichenae Prologum. (RHC Oc., Volume 5.IV, Runc. Vol I, p. 346)
  • Primi belli sacri Narrationes minors is a series of fourteen short narratives or excerpts written on the Crusades, collected in the Historiens occidentaux of RHC.  These are: (i) Gesta peregrinorum Andegavensium; (ii) Dictamen de primordiis ecclesiæ Castaliensis (Geoffrey of Châlard); (iii) Notitæ Duæ Lemovicenses de Praedicatione Crucis; (iv) Gesta Adhemari, Episcopi Podiensis, Hiersolymitana; (v) Narratio Floriacensis; (vi) Itineris Hierosolymitani Compendium (Hugh of Fleury); (vii) Gesta Triumphalia Pisanorum; (viii) Chronicon breve Hierosolymitanum; (ix) Narrativ brevis belli sacri; (x) De Captione Antiochiae (Henry of Huntingdon); (xi) Breviarium Passagii in Terram Sanctam (Hugh of Lerchenfeld); (xii) Duellum Nicænum (Arnold of Lübeck); (xiii) Proæmium primi belli sacri (Jacques de Vitry); and (xiv) Exordium monastery S. Andreæ Brugensis. (RHC Oc., Volume 5.VIII)
  • Gesta peregrinorum Andegavensium is an anonymous 12th century work describing portions of Fragmentum Historiae Andegavensis (History of Anjou), written by Fulk IV Rechin, dealing with the preaching of Urban II in northern France from 1095–1096 after the Council of Clermont.  (RHC Oc., Volume 5.VIII.i)[52]
  • Geoffrey of Châlard (died 1125) founded the priory of Châlard in 1089 and his Dictamen de primordiis ecclesiæ Castaliensis provides an account of Urban II's preaching at Limoges late in 1095. Gouffier of Lastours attempted to convince Geoffrey to take the cross, but a vision of local martyr convinced him to stay at le Châlard.  (RHC Oc., Volume 5.VIII.ii)[53]
  • Notitæ Duæ Lemovicenses de Praedicatione Crucis in Aquitania is an anonymous account of the events of the First Crusade in 1095-1097 including the Rhineland massacres. The work is derivative of Sigebert of Gembloux's Chronicon sive Chronographia and was attached to Chroniques of Geoffroy du Breuil. (RHC Oc., Volume 5.VIII.iii, Runc. Vol I, pp. 136n, 346)
  • Gesta Adhemari, Episcopi Podiensis, Hiersolymitana. Gesta Adhemari, Episcopi Podiensis, Hiersolymitana (Deeds of Adhemar, Bishop of Le Puy, in the Holy Land) is a short anonymous work describing Adhemar's leadership at Nicaea and Antioch, where he died in 1098. Gesta Adhemari is included in the Cartulaire de Saint-Chaffre. (RHC Oc., Volume 5.VIII.iv, Runc. Vol I, pp. 110n, 345)
  • Exordium monastery S. Andreæ Brugensis, from the Chronicle of the Abbey of Saint Andre of Bruges, edited by Arnold Goethals in 1504, covers the First Crusade from 1096-1098. (RHC Oc., Volume 5.VIII.xiv)
  • Historia Gotfridi. Historia et Gesta Ducis Gotfridi seu historia de desidione Terræ sanctæ by anonymous German authors (Anonymi Rhenani) covers the First Crusade and the period from 1106-1191. It is derivative of the works of Bartolf of Nangis, Robert the Monk, Jacques de Vitry and Oliver of Paderborn, and was published in 1141. (RHC Oc., Volume 5.X, Runc. Vol I, p. 345)
  • Scriptores Minores Quinti Belli sacri (SMQBS) (alternately, Quinti Belli sacri scriptores minores) is a collection of minor works on the Crusades, edited by German historian Reinhold Röhricht.  They include: (i) Ordinacio de predications Crucis in Anglia; (ii) Gesta crucigerorum Rhenanorum; (iii) Di Itinere Frisonum; (iv) Gesta obsidionis Damiata and Liber duelli Christiani in obsidione Damiatae exacti; and (v) La Prise de Damiette en 1219.  (Runc. Vol III, p. 494)[54]

Other works that cover the First Crusade include Translatio Sancti Nicolai in Venetiam, Narratio Floriacensis, Solimarius by Gunther of Pairis and Breviarium Passagii in Terram Sanctam by Hugh of Lerchenfeld (see below). (Runc. Vol I, p. 345)

Works of William of Tyre and continuations

William of Tyre (1130–1186) was a Jerusalem-born historian of French or Italian descent who is regarded as the greatest of the Crusade chroniclers. His Historia Rerum in Partibus Transmarinis Gestarum and continuations by later historians are key to the understanding of the period.[55]

  • Historia. William's major work Historia Rerum in Partibus Transmarinis Gestarum (History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea) begins with the events of the First Crusade and goes through the events in the Holy Land through early 1184. It consists of twenty-three books written between 1170–1184. His account up through the capture of Jerusalem in 1099 is based on that of Albert of Aachen, and Fulcher of Chartres and Walter the Chancellor from 1100–1127. To a lesser extent, the history is also believed to be derivative of Raymond of Aguilers, Baldric of Dol and Usama ibn Munqidh. The period from 1127–1160 is based on official and personal records. (RHC Oc., Volumes 1, 2, MPL 202, Ges. D., Runc. Vol I, pp. 331–332, Runc. Vol II, pp. 476–477)[56]
  • Ernoul. Ernoul was a squire of Balian of Ibelin who wrote La Chronique d'Ernoul et de Bernard le trésorier (The Chronicle of Ernoul and Bernard the Treasurer) that covers the period 1183–1197 including an eyewitness account to the fall of Jerusalem in 1187, the news of which caused Urban III to die of shock. The work is regarded as an extension of William of Tyre's Historia. (RHC Oc., Volume 1, Runc. Vol II, pp. 477–478, Runc. Vol III, pp. 4n, 481–482)[57]
  • Estoire d'Eracles. The Estoire d'Eracles émperor (History of Heraclius) is an anonymous history of Jerusalem from 630–1277. The work was written from 1205–1234 with additions from 1220–1277. Estoire d'Eracles draws from both Ernoul and Rothelin. (RHC Oc., Volume 2, Runc. Vol II, p. 477, pp. 481–482)
  • Rothelin. The Rothelin Continuation is an anonymous history covering the Holy Land from the period from 1229–1261, including the Barons' Crusade, the Seventh Crusade and the initial Mongol raids in 1260. It only survives as part of Estoire d'Eracles. (RHC Oc., Volume 2, Runc. Vol III, p. 482)
  • Itinerario di la Gran Militia. Itinerario di la Gran Militia, a la Pavese (Itinerary of the Great Army, in Pavese) is an anonymous 15th-century work on the First Crusade based on the work of William of Tyre. (RHC Oc., Volume 5.XIII).

French historical works and chansons

The Franks wrote many accounts of the Crusades, the most important of which were the chansons de geste (songs of heroic deeds) that formed the Crusade cycle.[58] These include the Chanson d'Antioche and Chanson de Jérusalem. The Occitan Canso d'Antioca is in a similar format.[59] They also provided many stories of chivalry which evolved after the Second Crusade.[60] Additional historical material can be found in Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France (RHF) compiled by Martin Bouquet and in the publications of the Société de l'histoire de France (SHF).

Chansons and other writings

  • Chanson d'Antiche. Chanson d'Antioche is a chanson de geste said to be composed by one Richard the Pilgrim that describes the First Crusade from the original preaching through the taking of Antioch in 1098 and into 1099. While recognizing potential historical inaccuracies in the story, Chanson d'Antioche was a valuable resource in helping catalog participants in the early Crusades. (Runc. Vol I, p. 332)[61]
  • Chanson de Jérusalem. Chanson de Jérusalem (Song of Jerusalem) is a 12th-century chanson de geste celebrating the capture of Jerusalem in 1099.[62]
  • Canso d'Antioca. Canso d'Antioca is an Occitan chanson de geste composed between 1108–1118 that describes the First Crusade up to the siege of Antioch in 1097–1098. (Runc. Vol I, p. 332)[63]
  • Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne. Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne (c. 1140) (Pilgrimage of Charlemagne or Charlemagne's Voyage to Jerusalem and Constantinople) is an Old French chanson de geste dealing with a fictional expedition by Charlemagne and his knights.[64]
  • Chanson du Chevalier au Cygne (c. 1192) is a chanson de geste based on the tale of the Knight of the Swan, reworked to have the hero a legendary ancestor of Godfrey of Bouillon. (Runc. Vol I, pp. 332, 344)[65]
  • Chrétien de Troyes. Chrétien de Troyes (fl. 1160 – 1191) was a French poet and trouvère who wrote a number of Arthurian romances and whose Conte du graal may have been inspired by Baldwin IV of Jerusalem. His work focused on chivalry and was influential among Crusaders.[66]
  • Jaufre Rudel. Jaufre Rudel (died after 1147) was an Occitan troubadour who likely died on the Second Crusade after writing chansons about his experiences. His fictionalized biography claims he was inspired to go on crusade upon hearing of the beauty of Melisende of Tripoli. (Runc. Vol III, p. 490)
  • Ordene de chevalerie. Ordene de chevalerie (Order of Knighthood) is an Old French poem written c. 1220 and provides a fictional account of the Kingdom of Jerusalem before the Third Crusade. The work may have drawn on Conte du graal and is included in an Old French translation of William of Tyre.[67]
  • Giraut de Bornelh. Giraut de Bornelh (c. 1138 – 1215) was a Provençal troubadour who took a pilgrimage to the Holy Land and may later have participated in the Third Crusade. Among his poems are a criticism of Gregory VIII on his relative inaction after the loss of Jerusalem in 1187. (Runc. Vol III, p. 5n)
  • Guyot of Provins. Guyot of Provins (died after 1208) was a Cluniac trouvère and satirist who may have participated in the Third Crusade and Fourth Crusade. His six surviving songs were written around 1180. Following the sack of Constantinople in 1204, he questioned in his Œuvres why the pope would allow a Crusade against fellow Christians. (Runc. Vol III, pp. 127–128, 496)
  • Saladin in Literature. Saladin is depicted in many works, some partially historical. Estoires d'Outremer et de la naissance Salehadin (History of Overseas and of the birth of Saladin) is an anonymous account of the Crusades from 1099–1230, including a fictional account of Saladin as the descendant of a countess of Ponthieu. Ordene de chevalerie (Order of Knighthood) is a French poem (c. 1220) about the Kingdom of Jerusalem before the Third Crusade where Saladin becomes a knight. Dante's Divine Comedy depicts him as a virtuous non-Christian held in limbo.[68][69][70]
  • Guillem Figuera. Guillem Figuera (died after 1244) was a French troubadour in the court of emperor Frederick II in the 1230s. His poem D'un sirventes far (sirventes against Rome) bitterly accused Rome of perfidy and was written in 1229 during the Albigensian Crusade. (Runc. Vol III, pp. 128, 495)
  • Raoul de Soissons. Raoul de Soissons (1210–1270) was a French trouvère who wrote seven chansons about his participation the Barons' Crusade, Seventh Crusade and Eighth Crusade, where is presumed to have died in 1270. He was married to Alice of Champagne and, with her, served as regent to Conrad II of Jerusalem.
  • Le Tournoi de Chauvency. Jacques Bretel (fl. 1285) was a French trouvère who wrote Le Tournoi de Chauvency concerning the Tournament of Chauvency held in 1285 by Louis V, Count of Chiny, bringing together nearly 500 knights from around Europe. Many of the participants were past or future Crusaders. It is believed that Louis held the tournament to refute the story of the refusal of his direct ancestor Arnold I of Chiny to provide his sons to the army of Godfrey of Bouillon. Note that Arnold's daughter Helvide accompanied her husband Dodo of Cons with Godfrey on the First Crusade.[71]
  • Rutebeuf. Rutebeuf (fl. 1245 – 1285) was a French trouvère who wrote Onze Poèmes concernant la Croisade that includes elegies to Geoffrey of Sergines, Odo of Nevers, Theobald II of Navarre, and Alphonse of Poitiers. (Runc. Vol III, p. 497)[72]
  • Geoffrey de Charny. Geoffroi de Charny (1300–1356) was a French knight who was the author of several books on chivalry including the Book of Chivalry. He and his wife are the first recorded owners of the Shroud of Turin, lost after the sack of Constantinople in 1204 (see Robert de Clari below).[73]

French chronicles, histories and biographies.

Miscellaneous works

Other chronicles cited in the histories include Annals of Vendôme (Chronicon Vindocinense seu de Aquaria), covering 768–1347, and Chronique de Saint-Maixent, covering 741–1140. (Runc. Vol II, p. 494)

Hebrew accounts of the First Crusade

The Rhineland massacres of 1096 are the subject of three Hebrew chronicles.[86]

  • Solomon bar Simpson Chronicle. The Solomon bar Simpson Chronicle is an anonymous Hebrew narrative history concerning the Rhineland massacres written around 1140. (Runc. Vol I, pp. 136–140n, 350)[87]
  • Eliezer ben Nathan. Eliezer ben Nathan (1090–1170) was a halakist and poet who wrote of the Rhineland massacres through four pieces of liturgical verse known as Relation. A German translation is provided in Quellen zur Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland. (Runc. Vol I, pp. 136–140n, 343, 350)
  • Mainz Anonymous. Mainz Anonymous (The Narrative of the Old Persecutions) is a Hebrew account of the First Crusade with an emphasis on the massacres at Mainz. (Runc. Vol I, pp. 137n, 350)[88]

History of the Latin East, 1100–1192

Original sources after the capture of Jerusalem in 1099 include accounts of the Crusade of 1101 and subsequent developments, the Second Crusade (1147–1150), the capture of Jerusalem by Saladin in 1187 and the Third Crusade (1189–1192). These include the William of Tyre works as well as the following.

The Kingdom through the Second Crusade

  • De expugnatione Lyxbonensi. De expugnatione Lyxbonensi is an anonymous chronicle probably written in the late 12th century by an Anglo-Norman priest. It describes the organization and the theological justification used by the Anglo-Norman Crusaders who aided the Portuguese in their conquest of the city of Lisbon (1147) during the Second Crusade.[89]
  • Historia Gothorum. Historia Gothorum were anonymous annals that were probably written in the late 12th century or early 13th century covering the life of Afonso I Henriques of Portugal. It contains a section that describes an early attempt by a group of Anglo-Norman Crusaders to take Lisbon as part of their sea journey to the Holy Land c. 1142.
  • Narratio Floriacensis. Narratio Floriacensis de captis Antiochia et Hierosolyma, et obsess Dyrrachio is an anonymous chronicle written at Fleury in 1110 covering period from the siege of Antioch in 1098 through the end of the Crusade of Bohemond of Taranto of 1107-1108.  In particular, it covers the role of Arnulf of Chocquesat the siege of Antioch, the army of William IX of Aquitaine in the Crusade of 1101 and the siege of Dyrrhachium of 1107–1108. (RHC Oc., Volume 5.VIII.v)[53]
  • Lisiard of Tours. Lisiard of Tours wrote his Historiae Hierosolimitanae Secunda Pars in 1168, covering the history of Jerusalem from 1099–1129. Some of the earlier material may be taken from Bartolf of Nangis. (RHC Oc., Vol 3.VII, Runc. Vol I, pp. 329, 346)
  • Passiones Sancti Thiemonis. The anonymous Passiones Sancti Thiemonis (Martyrdom of Bishop Thiemo) tells of the martyrdom of Thiemo, archbishop of Salzburg. In 1101, Thiemo joined William IX of Aquitaine in the Crusade of 1101. His martyrdom is described as his torture and death by pulling the intestines out of his body with a spindle. Otto of Freising repeated the story in his Historia de duabus civitatibus. (RHC Oc., Volume 5.VI, Runc. Vol II, pp. 29, 495)[90]
  • Gesta Triumphalia Pisanorum. Gesta Triumphalia Pisanorum in Captione Jerusalem is a chronicle of Pisa and her support for the Crusades from 1098–1120, written by an unknown Pisan crusader. The work includes an account of the
    first siege of Arsuf of 1102. (RHC Oc., Volume 5.VIII.vii)[53]
  • Accounts of the Norwegian Crusade. Ágrip af Nóregskonungasögum is an anonymous history of the kings of Norway from 860-1136, written in 1190. The work includes an account of Sigurd the Crusader and the Norwegian Crusade of 1107–1111. A similar account is found in Sigurðar saga jórsalafara ok bræðra hans. The Knýtlinga saga concerning the Danish kings since the 10th century is also of interest. (Runc. Vol II, pp. 93n, 497)[91][92]
  • Chronicon breve Hierosolymitanum.Chronicon breve Hierosolymitanum is a short chronology of the Crusades from 1097–1124, including the capture of Nicaea, Antioch, Jerusalem, Caesarea, Acre, Tripoli, Beirut, Sidon and Tyre, and the death of Baldwin I of Jerusalem in 1118. The work is contained in Époque féodale, les Capétiens jusqu'en 1180, edited by Auguste Molinier. (RHC Oc., Volume 5.VIII.viii)[93]
  • Narrativ brevis belli sacri. Anonymi Florinensis, Narrativ brevis belli sacri (A short narrative of the Holy War) is a history of the kingdom 1096–1128 by an anonymous author.  It is based partially on the work of Sigebert of Gembloux. (RHC Oc., Volume 5.VIII.ix, MPL 155)[53]
  • Privilegium Pro Ecclesia Bethlehemitica. Privilegium Pro Ecclesia Bethlehemitica is the charter of Baldwin I of Jerusalem elevating Bethlehem from a priory to an episcopal see in the year 1110, as recounted by William of Tyre and reprinted in Patrologia Latina. (MPL 155 [Godefridum, Appendix II])[94]
  • Odo of Deuil. Odo of Deuil (1110–1162) was a French historian and participant in the Second Crusade as the chaplain to Louis VII of France. His De profectione Ludovici VII in Orientem (On Louis VII's journey to the East) covers the period from the origins of the Crusade in France to prior to the siege of Damascus in 1148. (Runc. Vol II, p. 478)[95]
  • Otto of Freising.
    Frederick I, and two books for the period from 1156–1170. The last two books were written by the chronicler Rahewin, possibly with Otto's help through 1158. He also wrote Chronica sive Historia de duabus civitatibus (History of the two cities) covering the history of Germany and Jerusalem through 1146. (Runc. Vol II, p. 478)[96]
  • Annales Herbipolenses. Annales Herbipolenses (Annals of Würzburg) is a work by an anonymous cleric in Würburg is a history covering the Second Crusade from 1125–1158, with later material covering 1201–1204 and 1215. It is regarded as a continuation of Ekkehard of Aura's Chronicon universale and is included in Devastatio Constantinopolitana. (MGH Scriptores XVI.3, Runc. Vol II, pp. 267n, 493)[97][98]
  • Suger of St. Denis. Suger of St. Denis (1081–1151) was a French abbot and historian who wrote Vita Ludovici regis, a biography of Louis VI of France, and Historia gloriosi regis Ludovici, a biography of Louis VII of France. (MPL 186, RHF, Runc. Vol II, pp. 286n, 478, 495)[99]
  • Annales de le Terre Sainte. The anonymous Annales de le Terre Sainte, published sometime after the Second Crusade provides insight into the period from 1131–1222 and served as a source for other works such as Chronique de Terre Sainte. (AOL Vol II, Runc. Vol II, pp. 478, 493, Runc. Vol III, p. 482)
  • Joseph ha-Kohen. Joseph ha-Kohen (1496-1575), also known as Joseph ben Joshua ben Meir, was a physician and writer whose Chronicle documented the massacre of Jews in the Rhineland in 1146 during the Second Crusade by a French monk named Radulphe. These atrocities are also described in St. Bernard's Epistolae. (Runc. Vol II, pp. 255n, 497)

The loss of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade

Related histories.

  • Historia Rerum Anglicarum. William of Newburgh (1136–1198) was an English historian who wrote Historia rerum Anglicarum (History of English Affairs). Also known as Historia de rebus anglicis, the work covers the period from 1066–1195. (Runc. Vol III, pp. 482, 498)[127]
  • Orderic Vitalis. Orderic Vitalis (1075–1142) was an English chronicler who wrote Historia Ecclesiastica, a general social history of medieval England that includes a section on the First Crusade, with an emphasis on Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy. The account begins with the Council of Clermont and goes through the 1137 submission of Raymond of Poitiers to emperor John II Komnenos. His Historia draws heavily on Fulcher's Gesta Francorum Iherusalem Perefrinantium and his friend Baldric's Historiae Hierosolymitanae libri IV. He also contributed to the continuation of Gesta Normannorum Ducum. (MPL 188, Runc. Vol I, pp. 111n, 346, Runc. Vol II, p. 479)[128][129]
  • Chronicle of Novgorod. The Novgorod First Chronicle provides a history of Novgorodian Rus' from 1016–1471, including discussions of the fall of Constantinople in 1204 and the Mongol invasion of the West. (Runc. Vol III, pp. 117n, 122n, 247n, 499)[130]
  • Melisande Psalter. The Melisende Psalter is a manuscript commissioned around 1135 by Fulk of Jerusalem for his wife Melisende. The historical value of the psalter is for its contribution to the understanding of Crusader art, but also provides a calendar of event relating to the Kingdom of Jerusalem.[131]

Gestes des Chiprois

Les Gestes des Chiprois (Deeds of the Cypriots) is an Old French chronicle of the history of the Crusader states and Kingdom of Cyprus between 1132 and 1309. The work was based on previous and original sources, and was completed in 1315–1320. The anonymous author was likely from Tyre, becoming a member of the chancery of the Knights Templar. Gestes des Chiprois and the work and continuations of William of Tyre form the basis of the study of Outremer after the Third Crusade. The chronicle is in three parts: Chronique de Terre Sainte, Philip of Navarro's History, and Chronique du Templier de Tyr.[132][133]

  • Chronique de Terre Sainte. The anonymous Chronique de Terre Sainte covers the period from 1131–1222 and is based on the Annales de le Terre Sainte. Its brief narrative serves as the beginning portion of Gestes des Chiprois. (Runc. Vol III, p. 482)[134]
  • Philip of Novara's History. Philip of Novara (1200–1270) was an Italian historian who wrote History of the War between the Emperor Frederick and Sir John of Ibelin, covering the period 1223–1242, and is included in Gestes des Chiprois, which also five poems written by Philip on particular episodes during the war. Philip's Le Livre de forme de plait is part of the Assizes of Jerusalem. (RHC Lois, Volume 1.IV, Runc. Vol III, pp. 482, 497)[135]
  • Chronique du Templier de Tir. The Chronique du Templier de Tir is attributed to an unknown author referred to as the Templar of Tyre (fl. 1315–1320), and draws on Estoire d'Eracles through 1170 and his own experiences and oral testimony for the history through 1309. The work includes one of only two eyewitness accounts of the fall of Acre in 1291 and the trial of the Knights Templar in 1311. (Runc. Vol III, pp. 484, 497)[136]

Templar of Tyre may be Gérard de Monréal, secretary to Guillaume de Beaujeu, Grand Master of the Knights Templar, who died at the siege. (RHC Ar., Volume 2.VI, AOL Vol XIIIe, XIVe, Runc. Vol III, pp. 482, 496)[137]

Sources for the history of the later Crusades, 1192–1291

The history of the later Crusades from the Fourth Crusade (1202–1204) through the siege of Acre in 1291 is found in the sources below.

  • Geoffrey of Villehardouin. Geoffrey of Villehardouin (1150–1215) was a knight and historian who wrote his chronicle De la Conquête de Constantinople (On the Conquest of Constantinople) on the Fourth Crusade based on his experiences in the endeavor. The history, written in 1207, describes the sack of Constantinople in 1204 and provides a list of German Crusaders. (Runc. Vol III, pp. 110n, 483, 497)[138]
  • Robert de Clari. Robert de Clari (died after 1216) was a knight who participated in the Fourth Crusade and wrote La Conquête de Constantinople which covers the period 1202–1205. He was one of the last to see the Shroud of Turin prior to the sack of Constantinople in 1204 (see Geoffroi de Charny above) and participated in the plunder of relics from the city. La Conquête provides a list of French participants in the Fourth Crusade. (Runc. Vol III, pp. 110n, 483, 497)[139]
  • Devastatio Constantinopolitana. Devastatio Constantinopolitana was an anonymous account of the Fourth Crusade from the preaching of Peter of Capua in 1198 until after the sack of Constantinople in 1204. The work also includes the accounts of the Crusade of 1101 and Second Crusade. The surviving manuscript includes Ekkehard of Aura's Chronicon universale and the anonymous Annales Herbipolenses. (Runc. Vol III, pp. 119, 495)[140]
  • Martin of Pairis. Martin of Pairis (fl. 1200–1207) was abbot of the monastery of Pairis who traveled on the Fourth Crusade. He was a major source for Gunther of Pairis' Historia Constantinopolitana and wrote of the translation of relics he brought to Pairis from the Crusade.[141]
  • Gunther of Pairis. Gunther of Pairis (1150–1220) was a German monk, who wrote Historia Constantinopolitana about the Fourth Crusade, Solimarius about the First Crusade and an epic Ligurinus about Frederick I. Martin of Pairis was a source for Gunther's Historia. Gunther celebrated Martin's plunder of relics from Constantinople, deeming the Byzantines insufficient to hold such sacred treasures. (AOL Vol I, Runc. Vol I, pp. 332, 345, as Gunther of Basle, Runc. Vol III, p. 496)[142]
  • Anonymus Halberstadensis. Anonymus Halberstadensis (Anonymous of Halberstadt) wrote the Deeds of the Bishops of Halberstadt as a defense of bishop Conrad of Krosigk, a participant in the Fourth Crusade, who triumphantly returned to Germany with numerous relics from the Holy Land including holy thorns and hair of the Virgin Mary. He also wrote De Peregrinatione in Greciam on his pilgrimage to Greece. (Runc. Vol III, p. 495)
  • Chronica Regia Coloniesis. The Chronica Regia Coloniesis (Royal Chronicle of Cologne) is a Latin text that provides the history of the Frankish kings, Byzantine emperors and German kings and emperors from 576–1202. The work through 1106 depends on the Chronicon universale of Ekkehard of Aura. It was continued through 1237 in Chronica sancti Pantaleonis. (MGH Scriptores in usum scholarum, Runc. Vol III, p. 495)[143][144]
  • Ralph of Coggeshall. Ralph of Coggeshall (died after 1227) was an English chronicler who continued a Chronicon Anglicanum from the years 1187–1224, concentrating on the Third and Fourth Crusades. Chronicon Anglicanum draws upon Chronicon Terræ Sanctæ, which was once attributed to him. (Rolls Series, Runc. Vol II, p. 495)[145][146]
  • Compilation of the Fourth Crusade. The collection Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of European History (1894–1900) contains a compilation (Volume 3.I) of original sources of the Fourth Crusade, edited by Dana Carleton Munro (1866–1933). The sources are excerpted, arranged as a chronology.[147]
  • Jacques de Vitry. Jacques de Vitry (James of Vitry) (1160/1170–1240) was a theologian and historian who wrote Historia Orientalis (Historia Hierosolymitana) and Epistolae on the history of the Holy Land from the advent of Islam until the Fifth Crusade. Afterwards he helped organized the Sixth Crusade. The first part of Historia Orientalis appears in Historiens occidentaux as Proæmium primi belli sacri, covering the years 1095-1098. (RHC Oc., Volume 5.VIII.xiii, Ges. D., PPTS XI.2, Runc. Vol III, pp. 167n, 483, 485, 497)[148]
  • Oliver of Paderborn. Cardinal Oliver of Paderborn (died 1227), also known as Oliverus scholasticus, wrote his Historia Damiatina reflecting his experience in the Fifth Crusade. Historia Damiatina, De Itinere Frisonum and Gesta Crucigerorum Rhenanorum are critical sources for the Fifth Crusade. (Runc. Vol III, pp. 145, 483, 497 [Opera, I. Historia Damiatina, II. Epistolae])[149]
  • Roger of Wendover. Roger of Wendover (died 1236) was an English chronicler who wrote a version of Flores Historiarum (Flowers of History) covering the period from 1188 through the Fifth Crusade, identifying the English participants including Ranulf de Blondeville, Earl of Chester, William d'Aubigny, Earl of Arundel, William de Ferrers, Earl of Derby, and Saer de Quincy, Earl of Winchester. (MGH Scriptores XXVIII, Rolls Series, Runc. Vol III, pp. 8n, 155n, 496, 497)[150]
  • Gesta Crucigerorum Rhenanorum. Gesta Crucigerorum Rhenanorum is an anonymous Latin eyewitness account of the Fifth Crusade written by a cleric who travelled with a fleet from the Rhineland. It covers the period 1217–1219 and was written shortly after the capture of Damietta. It ends with the return of the Rhenish crusaders and does not describe the disastrous end of the Crusade.[151]
  • De Itinere Frisonum.
    Friesland to Acre in 1217 to participate in the Fifth Crusade. The work describes the motivation of the participants regarding a series of raids against the Andalusi settlements of Faro, Rota and Cadiz. The work is related to the anonymous Gesta Crucigerorum Rhenanorum, a narrative of the Fifth Crusade. (Runc. Vol III, pp. 147, 495)[152]
  • Historia Albigensis. Historia Albigensis is a chronicle of the Albigensian Crusade, by Cistercian monk and chronicler Peter of Vaux de Cernay (died c. 1218). (MPL 213)[153]
  • Joannes de Thurocz.
    marriage at Cana, and the heads of Saint Stephen and Margaret of Antioch. After the death of Hugh I of Cyprus in 1218, Andrew departed, despite the pleading of Raoul of Mérencourt, Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, returning to Europe with his relics. Safe passage granted by the Seljuk sultan Kaykaus I. (Runc. Vol III
    , pp. 148n, 149n, 497)
  • Freidank. Freidank (died 1233) was a German poet who wrote Bescheidenheit (practical wisdom, correct judgement, discretion) which provided an eyewitness account of the city of Acre during the Sixth Crusade.[154]
  • Philippe Mouskes. Philippe Mouskes (before 1220 – 1282) was the author of Chronique rimée, a rhymed chronicle that draws on the history of the Franks, from their origins until 1242.[155]
  • Speculum Historiale. Vincent of Beauvais (1184–1264) was a French Dominican friar who wrote the encyclopedic Speculum Maius (Great Mirror). The part of the work called Speculum Historiale (Mirror of History), translated by Jean de Vignay, is a universal history from Creation to at least 1250. The work includes discussions on the First Crusade on through the Seventh Crusade. (Runc. Vol III, pp. 78, 261n, 497)[156]
  • Jean de Joinville. Jean de Joinville (1224–1317) was a French chronicler who wrote the influential Life of Saint Louis, a biography of Louis IX of France. Joinville accompanied Louis on the Seventh Crusade and Eighth Crusade and wrote his biography between 1305–1309, relying on the Grandes Chroniques de France for events after 1254. He was with Louis during his captivity by the Egyptians in 1250 after the battle of al-Mansurah and reported interactions of the king with the Assassins. (Runc. Vol III, p. 484)[157]
  • Epistola ad subditos suos in regno Franciae constitutos. In a letter to the kingdom, Epistola ad subditos suos in regno Franciae constitutos, de captione et liberatione sua, scripta in Acon, anno Domini 1250, announces the capture and release of Louis IX of France by the Mamluks in 1250.  It was sent after the king had relocated to Acre. (MPL 155 [Godefridum, Appendix II], Ges. D., Runc. Vol III, pp. 270–272, 496)
  • William de St. Pathus. William de St. Pathus (1250–1350) was a Franciscan friar who wrote Vie de Saint Louis, a biography of Louis IX of France. From 1277-1295 he was confessor to Louis' wife Margaret of Provence. (Runc. Vol III, pp. 280n, 498)
  • Matthew Paris. Matthew Paris (1200–1259) was an English chronicler who wrote Chronica Majora presenting a universal history from Creation until 1259. His work includes in-depth discussions of the battle of Hattin in 1187 and Frederick II and the Fifth and Sixth Crusades. Chronica contains one of the earliest surviving maps of the Holy Land. He also wrote Abbreviatio chronicorum (Historia Minora) covering 1067–1253, remaining unfinished at his death. (Rolls Series, Runc. Vol III, pp. 434, 496).[158][159]
  • Primat of Saint-Denis.
    abbey of Saint-Denis.[160] He wrote Roman des rois (Romance of Kings) tracing the kings of the Franks from the origins until the death of Philip II of France in 1223 and extended at a later date to the death of Charles V of France in 1380.[161]
  • Fidentius of Padua. Fidentius (Fidenzio) of Padua (before 1226 – after 1291) was a Franciscan friar and historian who published Liber recuperations Terre Sancte, a history of the Holy Land and approaches to retaking the Kingdom of Jerusalem, delivered to pope Nicholas IV. Liber also included an adverse biography of Muhammad. (Runc. Vol III, pp. 430–431, 495)[162]
  • Tolomeo of Lucca.
    Bartholomew of Lucca (1236–1327), also known as Tolomeo, was an Italian historian who wrote Annales Luccienses covering events in Italy from 1061–1303. (MGH Scriptores (new series), VIII, Runc. Vol I, p. 346)[163]
  • Thaddeus of Naples. Thaddeus of Naples wrote Hystoria de desolacione civitatis Acconensis based on eyewitness accounts of the fall of Acre of 1291. It is supplemented by the De excisions urbis acconis, an anonymous account of the siege of Acre, and Gestes des Chiprois. (Runc. Vol III, pp. 414n, 484, 495)[164][165]

Related histories and other works

Other histories and literary works with limited discussion of the Crusade but still of interest have been cited by modern historians. These works include annals and poems, primarily Italian, German and English, providing accounts of European actives prior to 1095. Some of these are presented below.

Italian works

German works

Norman and English works

Other works referenced in histories.

  • Secretum Secretorum. Secretum Secretorum is an encyclopedic treatise believed to have originated with a Greek source, translated at least by the 9th century. A Latin translation was done by Philip of Tripoli c. 1232.  (EETS 276, Extra Series 66, 74)
  • Roger Bacon. Roger Bacon (1219–1292) was an English philosopher who wrote Opus Majus at the request of pope Clement IV, covering a broad set of topics in natural science and philosophy. (Runc. Vol III, pp. 340, 495)[212][213]
  • Guy of Warwick. Guy of Warwick was a legendary English hero whose exploits we the subject of romances popular beginning in the 13th century.  He is reputed to have made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, and is erroneously regarded as real in some 15th century chronicles.  (EETS, Extra Series 25, 26)[214]

Other works of interest include Annales Romani, Historia ducum Venetorum, and those by Geoffrey the Lombard. (MGH Scriptores V, Runc. Vol II, p. 494, Runc. Vol III, p. 495).

Byzantine, Frankish Greek and Cypriot sources on the Crusades

The Byzantine Empire, subsequent Latin Empire of Constantinople, Frankish Greek states of the Frankokratia and the Kingdom of Cyprus offer a large number of sources on Crusades history, beginning with Alexios I Komnenos and his reign and continuing into the 14th century. Historiens grecs in RHC, edited by Carl B. Hase, includes translations of many of these documents as does Patrologia Graeco-Latina (MPG) and Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae (CSHB).[215]

The Alexiad of Anna Komnene

Anna Komnene (1083–1153) was a Byzantine princess and historian who wrote the seminal work The Alexiad in around 1148. The daughter of emperor Alexios I Komnenos, Anna's work covers the history of her father's reign and beyond, the years from 1081 to 1108.[216] The work comprises 15 books and is categorized as:

  • Attacks on Byzantium by Robert Guisard and the crowning of Alexios I (1081–1087)
  • Pecheneg invasions of Byzantium (1091)
  • Relations with the Turks including the Seljuk Tzachas and the conspiracy of Nicephorus Diogenes (1087–1094)
  • The First Crusade and aftermath (1094–1104)
  • Attacks by Bohemond of Taranto (1104–1108)
  • Final excursions and death of Alexios I (1108–1118).

After her father's death, she attempted to usurp her brother John II Komnenos and was exiled. She wrote The Alexiad during her confinement. (RHC Gr. Volume 1.II, MPG 131, CSHB 2-3, Runc. Vol I, pp. 327–328, 347, Runc. Vol II, p. 475)[217]

Other Byzantine, Latin Empire and Frankish Greek sources

Other references relevant to the Crusades are historical documents relating to Byzantium, before and after the time of Alexios I, the Latin Empire and Frankish Greece.

Before the Komnenos era

  • Chronicon Paschale. Chronicon Paschale is a 7th century Greek historical chronology of the world from the time of Adam until 627. The Chronicon includes an account of the Heraclian revolt against Byzantine emperor Phocas in 610. (MPG 92, CSHB 11-12, Runc. Vol I, pp. 10n, 347)[218]
  • Antiochus Strategos.
    Antiochus Strategos was the author of La price de Jérusalem par les Peruses en 614 (Capture of Jerusalem by the Persians). The work, translated by Belgian historian Gérard Garitte, describes the 614 capture of Jerusalem by the Persian (Sasanian) empire. It also provides an account of the return of the True Cross to Jerusalem in 630 by emperor Heraclius. Conjectures that Antiochus Strategos is the same person as Antiochus of Palestine, author of the Pandektes, remain unproven. (CSCO 202, Runc. Vol I, pp. 10n, 348, 350)[219]
  • Doctrina Jacobi nuper Baptizati. Doctrina Jacobi nuper Baptizati (Teaching of Jacob) is an anonymous text written in Palestine between 634-640. It provides one of the first Western views of Islam. It describes how Byzantine emperor Heraclius (c. 575 – 641) ordered the baptism of the Jews of Jerusalem after he learned of their aid to the Persians after his victory at the battle of Nineveh in 627. Doctrina Jacobi also provides an account of the role Jews played in the loss of Jerusalem to the Muslims in 638. It appears in Patrologia Orientalis as La didascalie de Jacob, première assemblée (Greek text) and as Le synaxaire arabe Jacobite (Ethopic text). (PO 3, 8, Runc. Vol I, pp. 12n, 17n, 347)
  • Passio Sanctorum Sexaginta Martyrum. Passio Sanctorum Sexaginta Martyrum is an anonymous work that describes the first recorded instance of martyrdom of Christians by Muslims. During the 7th century Muslim conquest of the Holy Land, 60 Byzantine soldiers were executed in Gaza in 640 for their refusal to convert to Islam. The account of their martyrdom is in Analecta Bollandiana, edited by hagiographical scholar Hippolyte Delehaye (also editor of Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca). This account is combined with that of the martyrdom of Saint Florian in 304, and is also known as Passio LX Martyrum et Legenda Sancti Floriani. The incident is also related in Book of the Caliphs (Chronica minora II, ed. E. W. Brooks) by an author known only as Thomas the Priest. (CSCO Scriptores Syri 3-4, Runc. Vol I, pp. 15n, 348, 350)[220][221]
  • Theophilos.
    Job of Antioch and Basil of Jerusalem sent the Letter of the three Melkite patriarchs to Theophilos, defending the generation of icons. Theophilos subsequently had Basil jailed. (MPG 111, Runc. Vol I, pp. 22, 347)[222]
  • Nikephorus I of Constantinople.
    battle of Yarmuk of 636 between the Byzantine empire and the Rashidun Caliphate. (Runc. Vol I, pp. 17n, 347)[223]
  • Theophanes the Confessor. Theophanes the Confessor (c. 758 – 818) was a Byzantine historian whose Chronographia covers the period 284-813. The work was continued to 961 by anonymous writers referred to as Scriptores post Theophanem. (MPG 108, Runc. Vol I, pp. 3n, 10n, 348)[224]
  • Theodosius of Jerusalem. Theodosius, patriarch of Jerusalem from 864–879, wrote to Ignatios of Constantinople on the expectations of peace with the Muslims, sending monks to Europe to collect funds for Jerusalem. (Sa. Co., XVI, Runc. Vol I, pp. 27n, 348)
  • Constantine VII. Constantine VII (905-959) was Byzantine emperor from 913–959 and author of four books including [[De Ceremoniis|De cerimoniis aulae Byzantinae]], describing the order of the Byzantine court. The document Three Treatises on Imperial Military Expeditions is an appendix. Included is a description of the capture of Aleppo by Nikephoros II Phokas in 962. (CSHB 16-18, Runc. Vol I, pp. 32n, 347)[225]
  • Liutprand of Cremona. Liutprand of Cremona (921–972) was an Italian historian whose works Antapodosis, seu rerum per Europam gestarum, covering 887–949, and Relatio de legatione Constantinopolitana ad Nicephorum Phocam covering 968–969, are an important source of Byzantine politics of the 10th century. (MGH Scriptores rer. Germ., XLI, MPL 136, Runc. Vol I, pp. 88n, 346)[226]
  • Agapius of Hierapolis. Agapius of Hierapolis (died 942), also known as Agapius of Mabourg, was a Christian Arab historian who Kitab al-'Unwan (Universal Chronicle) provides a history of the world from Creation until ca. 780. His account of Byzantine emperor Heraclius' invasion of Syria in the 7th century was likely a source for both Michael the Syrian and Nicephorus Gregoras. (PO 5.IV, 7.IV, 8.III, Runc. Vol I, pp. 17n, 348)
  • Michael Attaliates. Michael Attaliates (1022–1080) was a Byzantine public servant and historian who wrote The History, a political and military history of the empire from 1034–1079. The work naturally praises emperor Nikephoros III Botaneiates, but also shows an affinity towards the general Alexios I. It includes a short biography of Norman adventurer Roussel de Bailleul. He also prepared a number of policy documents including Ordinance for the Poor House and Monastery. (RHC Gr., Volume 1.1, CSHB 4, Runc. Vol I, pp. 67n, 347)[227]
  • Michael Psellos. Michael Psellos (1017–1078) was a Byzantine polymath and historian who wrote his Chronographia covering the emperors of the 11th century through Michael VII Doukas. (RHC Gr., Volume 1.1)
  • Georgius Cedrenus. Georgius Cedrenus (fl. 12th century) was a Byzantine historian whose Synopsis Historiarum (A Concise History of the World) covers the world from Creation until 1057. The work draws heavily on that of Theophanes the Confessor and on the Synopsis of Histories of Greek historian John Skylitzes (d. after 1101). (MPG 121-122, CSHB 8-9, Runc. Vol I, p. 347)[228]
  • Deux Inédits Byzantins. Deux Inédits Byzantins sur les Azymites ay début du XIIme Siècle includes two anonymous works concerning the schism of 1054 and the rivalry between the patriarchs of Jerusalem and Antioch. (Runc. Vol I, pp. 97n, 342)

The period 1048-1204.

After the Sack of Constantinople.

Sources from the Kingdom of Cyprus

The Kingdom of Cyprus was founded in 1192 at the end of the Third Crusade and continued through the 15th century. Historical sources for the Crusades beyond those discussed above for the Later Crusades include the following.

Arabic, Persian and other sources

The major historical works written in Arabic or Persian, by Moslem or Coptic Christian authors, include the foundational chronicles of ibn Qalanisi and ibn al-Athir for the First Crusade and after, as well as other chronicles, biographies, reference material, legal documents, travel accounts and literature.[260] Modern historians including Aziz Suryal Atiya,[261] Carole Hillenbrand,[262] Francesco Gabrieli,[263] Clifford E. Bosworth,[264] Niall Christie[265] and Farhad Daftary[266] have produced numerous work that also provide extensive bibliographies of Arabic and Persian sources.[267] This section also includes Mongolian-language sources.

The Damascus Chronicle of ibn Qalanisi

Nur ad-Din, son of Zengi. Accounts of the siege of Tyre in 1111–1112, the Assassins, and Crusader interactions with the Fatimids are noteworthy. Ibn al-Qalanisi was the first Arabic chronicler of the Crusades to have widespread usage of suffixed curses (e.g., may God curse them) to his mentions of the Franks (Runc. Vol I, pp. 333–334, 349, Runc. Vol II, pp. 9n, 11n)[269]

Complete History by ibn al-Athir

Ali ibn al-Athir (1160–1233) was an Arab or Kurdish historian whose family settled in Mosul in 1181 during the rule of the Zengid emir Izz al-Din Mas'ud. He wrote his masterpiece Complete Work of History, also known as The Complete History, The Perfect or al-Kāmil fi'l-Ta'rīkh, beginning in 1231. His work is chronological, and includes the Creation, the pre-Islamic world of Arabs, Persians, Romans and Jews, the caliphate and successor dynasties, and the Crusades from 1096 to 1231. The work draws heavily on that of ibn al-Qalanisi. D. S. Richards, Emeritus Fellow of Arabic at Oxford, translated portions of ibn al-Athir as part of Ashgate Publishing's Crusade Texts in Translation
. They are titled under the general descriptor The chronicle of Ibn al-Athīr for the crusading period from al-Kāmil fīʾl-taʾrīkh, and include the following three parts:

  1. The Years 491–541/1097–1146. The Coming of the Franks and the Muslim Response (2005)
  2. The Years 541–589/1146–1193. The Age of Nur al-Din and Saladin (2007)
  3. The Years 589–629/1193–1231. The Ayyūbids after Saladin and the Mongol Menace (2008).

The volumes include extensive bibliographical information on manuscript source, primary sources, and translations. (RHC Or., Volumes 1, 2, Runc. Vol I, pp. 334, 348, Runc. Vol II, p. 481, Runc. Vol III, p. 485)[270]

Sources on the Caliphate before 1096

Most modern histories of the Crusades include relevant background material on the

Seljuk and Ghaznavid dynasties.[271] Major references are identified in Principal Sources for the History of the Near East, 600–1050.[272] Christian texts can also be found in CSCO Scriptores Arabici
.

  • Al-Jahiz. Al-Jahiz (776 – 868/869) was an Arab writer whose Three Essays (Fi al-Radd Ala al-Nasarah, Fi Zamm Akhlaq al-Kuttab and Fi al-Qiyan) includes attacks on the Christians living in Basra under the Abbasid caliphate. (Runc. Vol I, pp. 27n, 349)
  • Al-Balādhuri. Al-Balādhuri (fl. 9th century) was one of the earliest Muslim historians who wrote his Kitāb Futūḥ al-Buldān (The Conquest of Nations) which provides an early history of the Caliphate. He traveled widely in Syria and Mesopotamia and provided an extensive geographic information on the area. (Runc. Vol I, pp. 28n, 348)
  • Sulaymān al-Tājir. Sulaymān al-Tājir (fl. 850) was a Persian merchant who wrote Ancient accounts of India and China with Arabic historian Abu Zayd Ḥasan ibn Yazīd Sīrāfī.
  • Eurychius. Eurychius (876–940) was patriarch of Alexandria from 933–940. He wrote Nazm al-Jauhar (Chaplet of Pearls) or Eutychii Annales, a world chronicle from Adam until 938, written in Arabic. The Annales provides a history of Syria, Palestine, and Egypt from the time of Persian occupation in the 7th century through Islamic rule in the 10th century. (MPG 111, CSCO Scriptores Arabici 472, Runc. Vol I, pp. 3n, 10n, 12n, 27n, 348)[273][274]
  • Yahyā of Antioch. Yahāy ibn Sa'id of Antioch (died 1066) was a Christian historian who wrote a continuation of Eurychius' Nazm al-Jauhar, extending the work from 938-1034. His writings deal with Byzantium and Egypt, and were in defense of Christianity, refuting Judaism and Islam. (PO 18.V, 23.III, 47)[275]
  • Al-Mas'ūdi. ʾAbū al-Hasan ʿAli ibn al-Husayn al-Masʿūdīi (896–956) was an Arab polymath, historian and geographer whose major work Murūj al-Dhahab wa-Ma'ādin al-Jawhar (The Meadows of Gold) provides insight into the early days of the Abbasid caliphate. He is recorded as one of the first Arab travelers to visit Europe, Byzantium and east Asia.[276]
  • Hilal al-Sabi'. Hilal bin al-Muhassin al-Sabi' (969–1056) was an Arabic civil servant historian who worked for Buyid emir of Iraq Samsam al-Dawla. His works include the Book of Viziers, concerning the court of Abbasid caliph al-Muqtadir, Rusum dar al-khilafa (Rules and Regulations) and Tarikh Hilal al-Sabi, a chronicle through 1003. His work appears in The Eclipse of the Abbasid Caliphate.  (Runc. Vol I, p. 342).[277]
  • Ibn al-Athir's Account of the Seljuks. The history of the Seljuks from ibn al-Athir's The Complete Work History was translated by D. S. Richards into The Annals of the Saljuq Turks: Selections from al-Kamil fi'l-Tarikh ibn al-Athir that covers the period from 1029–1097, including the Seljuk sultans from
    Barkiyaruk. (RHC Or., Volume 1, Runc. Vol I
    , p. 334).
  • Abu'l Fadi Bayhaqi.
    Mas'ud I of Ghazni (998–1040)[278]
  • Muhammad Aufi.
    al-Mustansir in 1242.[279]

Other Arabic historical sources on the Crusades

Selected Arabic sources for the pre-Crusades and Crusades eras include the following.

Coptic Christian sources

Sources of the Crusades by Coptic Christians written in Arabic include the following. Other works can be found in CSCO Scriptores Coptici and Bibliotheca Hagiographica Orientalis.

  • John of Nikiû.
    Moslem conquest of Egypt in 646. The Chronicles also provides an account of the chaotic rule of Byzantine emperor Phocas from 602-610. (Runc. Vol I
    , pp. 10n, 21n, 350)
  • Severus ibn al-Muqaffa. Severus ibn al-Muqaffa (died 987), also known as Severus of El Ashmunein, was a Coptic Orthodox bishop living in Egypt at the time of the overthrow of the Abbasid caliphate by the Fatimids. He was the initial author of Ta'rikh Batarikat al-Kanisah al-Misriyah (History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria). Translation by Eusèbe Renaudot (1646–1720) published in 1713. (PO 1.II, Runc. Vol I, p. 349)
  • Histoire des Patriarches d'Alexandrie.
    Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria written in Arabic. The work is a continuation of Ta'rikh Batarikat al-Kanisah al-Misriyah by Severus ibn al-Muqaffa. The Histoire presents biographies of the patriarchs from the 4th century until 1167, with later extensions into modern times. (ROL, Vol XI, PO 5.I, Runc. Vol III, pp. 157n, 498)[309]
  • Ibn al-Amid.
    Baibars in 1260. The second half was published later under the titles Historia saracenica and L'Histoire mahometane. (Runc. Vol III, pp. 485, 498)[310] An excerpt on the Ayyubid period was published in French by Claude Cahen, having been translated by his students.[311][312]
  • Chronicon orientale. Chronicon orientale (al-Taʾrīkh al-sharqī) is a universal history written by an anonymous Coptic Christian between 1257–1260. The work covers the period from the Old Testament through Egypt and Syria up to 1260. Since the 17th century, this work has been misattributed to ibn al-Rāhib. (Runc. Vol III, pp. 485–486)
  • Ibn al-Rāhib. Abū Shākir ibn al-Rāhib (c. 1205 – c. 1295) was a Coptic polymath and encyclopedist who work Kitāb al-Tawārīkh (Book of Histories) covers the history of the world, Islam and the Coptic church, as well as astronomy. The last three chapters of Kitāb were written by an anonymous author and are known as the Chronicon oriental.[313]

Persian sources

The Persian sources shown below are generally concerned with the

Mongol conquest of Persia beginning in 1219.[314][315]

Related Arabic-language works

Other historical, legal or literary works that have relevance to the Crusades include the following:

  • Ali ibn Tahir al-Sulami. Ali ibn Tahir al-Sulami (1039–1106) was a Damascene historian who was among the first to preach jihad against the crusading Franks in his Kitāb al- Jihād (Book of Struggle or Jihad). He is among the first to use suffixed curses in describing the Franks.[331]
  • Ibn Tahir of Caesarea. Abū l'Fadl ibn al-Qaisaran (1056–1113), also known as ibn Tahir of Caesarea, was an Arab historian and poet who wrote verse extolling the virtues of Sunni Islam.[332]
  • Al-Abiwardi. Abu Muzaffar Muhammad al-Abiwardi (1064–1113) was an Arab poet and historian who was in the service of one of the sons of Nizam al-Mulk. His historical work was concerning Abbasid caliphs al-Muqtadi and al-Mustazhir. In 1104, he took charge of the Nezamiyeh at Isfahan. He fell out of favor and was poisoned by Seljuk sultan Muhammad I Tapar. His book of poems Diwān containing scathing attacks on the Crusaders were reprinted by ibn al-Athir.[333]
  • Abu Bakr ibn al-Dawadari.
    Abu Bakr ibn al-Dawadari (fl. 1309–1336) was the son of a Mamluk military officer and historian who wrote Kanz al-Durar wa-Jami' al-Ghurar (The Treasure of Pearls and the Collector of the Best Parts) that includes an account of the battle of Ayn Jalut in 1260.[334]
  • Ibn al-Furat. Ibn al-Furat (1334–1405) was an Egyptian historian who wrote the universal history Taʾrīkh al-duwal wa 'l-mulūk (History of the Dynasties and Kingdoms). Only the portions after 1106 were completed. (Runc. Vol III, pp. 486, 498)[335]
  • Al-Maqrizi. Al-Maqrizi (1364–1442) was an Egyptian historian who wrote extensively of the Fatimid, Ayyubid and Mamluk dynasties. His many works include Itti'āz al-Ḥunafā' bi-Akhbār al-A'immah al-Fāṭimīyīn al-Khulafā and History of the Ayyubit and Mameluke Rulers. (Runc. Vol III, pp. 161n, 499)[336][337]

Mongolian sources

The references cite only two original Mongolian-language sources for the Crusades, which are the French and German language translation of the same source. Available descriptions of both translations are presented below. Original Mongol sources and later references on the Mongols are found in the Select Bibliography of A History of the Crusades, pp. 553 and 653, respectively.[13]

Relevant Persian and Western sources on the Mongolian empire include Juvayni's Tarīkh-i Jahān-gushā, Pian del Carpine's Ystoria Mongalorum, Benedict of Poland's Hystoria Tartarorum and The Travels of Marco Polo, described elsewhere.

Armenian, Syriac and Georgian sources

Historical sources from the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, including the Bagratuni dynasty, Christian historians writing in the Syriac language in the Levant, and the Kingdom of Georgia, under the Bagrationi dynasty, are described below.[340]

The Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa

Matthew of Edessa (second half of 11th century–1144) was an Armenian historian from Edessa His history Chronicle covers the first half of the 9th century through second half of the 12th. The work is in three parts. The first part covers the period 951–1051. The second covers 1051–1101, and the third covers up to 1129, with some material up to 1136 that may have been done by a collaborator. While the first two parts are a broader history of Byzantine and Caucusus affairs, the third part focuses exclusively on Edessa and its environs. Two parts of the Chronicle have received particular attention. The first is a letter from emperor John I Tzmiiskes to king Ashot III of Armenia in 975 and the second is a discourse from exiled king Gagik II of Armenia to Constantine X Doukas after 1045 on the divergence of the Greek and Armenian churches. The work was continued after his death, believed to be during the siege of Edessa, by Gregory the Priest. (RHC Ar., Volume 1, Runc. Vol I, pp. 335–336, 349, Runc. Vol II, p. 483)[341]

Other Armenian sources

Other sources of Armenian history in addition to Matthew of Edessa include the following.[342]

Syriac sources

Several historic sources of the Crusades were written in the Syriac language by scholars belonging to the Syriac Orthodox Church and the Church of the East (cf. The Syriac Biographical Dictionary). The works of Sebastian Brock, the leading scholar on Syriac language sources, provide additional information.[360]

  • Early Syriac Chronicles. Early Syriac chronicles include the lost chronicle of patriarch Dionysius I Telmaharoyo (died 845); the anonymous Chronicle of 813, covering the years 754-813; and the Chronicle of 846.  These works appear to be unrelated, but the Chronicle of 813 and the Chronicle of Michael the Syrian may have a common source for the period before 813.[361]
  • Basil bar Shumna.
    metropolitan Bishop of Edessa in the Syriac Orthodox Church beginning in 1143 who wrote a (now lost) history of Edessa covering the period from 1118–1169/1171. His work was used in both the Chronicle of Michael the Syrian and the Chronicle of 1234. (Runc. Vol I, pp. 335, 350, Runc. Vol II, p. 484)[362]
  • The Chronicle of Michael the Syrian. Michael the Syrian (1126–1199), also known as Michael the Great, was patriarch of the Syriac Orthodox Church and author of his Chronicle in Syriac covering history of the world from Creation until 1195 and includes material from writings of Basil bar Shumna. (RHC Ar., Volume 1, Runc. Vol I, pp. 3n, 335, Runc. Vol II, p. 484)[363][364]
  • Chronicle of 1234. The Chronicle of 1234, also known as the Anonymous Syriac Chronicle, is a history of Syria and Armenia from Creation until 1234. The work includes material from writings of Basil bar Shumna. The author also provides a first-hand account of the loss of Jerusalem to Saladin in 1187, later joining the staff of the maphrian of the Syriac Orthodox Church, likely Gregorios Jacob. (RHC Ar., Volume 1, CSCO Scriptores Syri 354, Runc. Vol I, p. 349, Runc. Vol II, pp. 126n, et al., 483, 484, 497)[365][366]
  • Bar Hebraeus. Bar Hebraeus (1226–1286), also known as Gregory bar Ebroyo or by his Latin name Abulpharagius, was a scientist and historian who served as maphrian of the Syriac Orthodox Church at Mosul from 1264–1286. He wrote numerous works including Chronicon Syriacum and Chronicon Ecclesiasticum covering political/civil and ecclesiastical history from Creation until the later 1280s. (CSCO Scriptores Syri 692, Runc. Vol I, p. 349, Runc. Vol II, pp. 111n, 118n, 484, Runc. Vol III, pp. 16n, 314n, 348n)[367]

Georgian sources

The Kingdom of Georgia and the ruling Bagrationi dynasty played an important role in the history of the Crusades, primarily engaging with the Byzantine empire and dominant Muslim sultanates ruling in the area. Georgia had eight monasteries in Jerusalem in the 12th century and so an interest in the Holy Land, and fought regularly with the Artuqids and Seljuks. The major Georgian historical sources include the following.[368][369]

  • Sumbat Davitis Dze. Sumbat Davitis Dze (fl. 1030) was a Georgian historian who wrote The Life and Tale of the Bagratids, a history of the Bagrationi dynasty from Biblical king David through 1030.[370]
  • Ibn al-Azraq al-Fariqi. Ibn al-Azraq al-Fariqi (1116–1176) was a historian from Mayyafariqin who wrote Ta'rikh Mayyafariqin wa-Amid (The history of Mayyafariqin and Amid) a history that concentrates on the Artuqid dynasty, particularly Ilghazi and his victory over Roger of Salerno at the battle of Ager Sanguinis in 1119. The narrative then provides an account information on the Bagrationi dynasty from 1121–1163. This includes an account of the battle of Didgori in 1121 in which David IV of Georgia defeated the Muslim armies led by Ilghazi. Ibn al-Azraq served under the subsequent kings Demetrius I and George III. (Runc. Vol II, p. 496)[371]
  • The Georgian Chronicles. The Georgian Chronicles are a compendium of medieval texts from the 9th through 14th centuries describing the history of the Kingdom of Georgia. The original works covered the period from Creation through 786. Later this was extended to the period 1008–1125, covering the Bagrationi dynasty from the rule of Bagrat III of Georgia through that of David IV of Georgia. The chronicles include The Life and Tale of the Bagratids, authored by Sumbat Davitis Dze, History of the King of Kings, Tamar, the life of Tamar of Georgia (died 1213), and Chronicle of a Hundred Years, covering the years 1212–1318. (Runc. Vol II, p. 484, (Runc. Vol II, pp. 160n, 431n, 497, Runc. Vol III, p. 488)[372]
  • Studies in Medieval Georgian Historiography. The work Studies in Medieval Georgian Historiography by S. H. Rapp, Jr., is an examination of early Georgian texts and their Eurasian influences, and covers the early Bagrationi dynasty. (CSSO Subsidia 601)

The Holy Land: pilgrimage, relics and geography

Much of the context of histories of the Crusades comes from accounts of pilgrims to the Holy Land, relics found by travelers and Crusaders, and descriptions of the geography of the area. The Travelogues of Palestine identify many of these accounts and Documenta Lipsanographica from Volume 5 of Historiens occidentaux provides a collection of accounts of Holy relics.

Accounts of travel to the Holy Land and the Far East

Pilgrims, missionaries and other travelers to the Holy Land have documented their experiences through accounts of travel and even guides of sites to visit. Many of these have been recognized by historians, for example the travels of ibn Jubayr and Marco Polo. Some of the more important travel accounts are listed here. Many of these are also of relevance to the study of historical geography (see below) and some can be found in the publications of the Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society (PPTS) and Corpus Scriptorum Eccesiasticorum Latinorum (CSEL), particularly CSEL 39, Itinerarium Hierosolymitana. Much of this information is from the seminal work of 19th century scholars including Edward Robinson, Titus Tobler and Reinhold Röhricht. (Runc. Vol I, pp. 38–50)[373][374][375][376]

The Pilgrims of Christ before the Crusades.

  • Eusebius.
    Saint Helen's pilgrimage to the Holy Land in 326–327 and are excerpted in The Churches of Constantine at Jerusalem. An earlier Christian scholar Origen (c. 184 – c. 253) wrote In Joannem (Commentary on John, Vol VI) about the desire of Christians to search after the footprints of Christ. (PPTS I.1, MPG 14, CSEL 6, Runc. Vol I, pp. 38n, 39n, 347, 348)[377]
  • Itinerary of the Bordeaux Pilgrim. Itinerary from Bordeaux to Jerusalem (Itinerarium Burdigalense) is an anonymous account of a pilgrimage to the Holy Land in 333–334, with travels beginning shortly after that of Saint Helen. This is the oldest known Christian itinerarium. (PPTS I.2, Runc. Vol I, pp. 39n, 345)[375]
  • Egeria. Egeria (fl. 380s), also known as Etheria or Aetheria, was a Spanish woman who in the early 380s wrote a work entitled Itinerarium Egeriae (Pilgrimage of Aetheria), detailing her pilgrimage to the Holy Land, once attributed to Saint Silvia of Aquitaine. (PPTS I.3, CSEL 39, Runc. Vol I, pp. 39n, 343, 346)[378]
  • Saint Jerome.
    Saint Marcella (325–410) has been published as Letter of Paula and Eustochium to Marcella. Many of the biographies of the early popes in Liber Pontificalis were authored by Jerome. (MPL 22, 23, PPTS I.4, I.5, Runc. Vol I, pp. 38n, 39n, 345)[379]
  • Socrates of Constantinople.
    Helena, mother of Constantine the Great, and her finding relics of the True Cross, including nails and the Titulus Crucis. (MPG 67, Runc. Vol I
    , p. 39)
  • Saint Eudocia. Saint Eudocia (c. 401 – 460) was Byzantine empress married to Theodosius II who went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 438–439, returning with numerous holy relics. Her activities on her pilgrimage are recorded in Nicephoros Callistus' 14th century work Historia Ecclesiastica. (MPG 146, Runc. Vol I, pp. 40, 348)[380]
  • Descriptions of the Holy Land in the 5th and 6th Centuries. Numerous works dating from 440–570 describe the geography, topography and buildings in the Holy Land. These include The Epitome of S. Eucherius (440); The Breviary of Jerusalem (530); Theodosius' De situ terrae sanctae, or Topography of the Holy Land (530); The Buildings of Justinian, by Procopius (500 – after 565); and The Holy Places Visited by Antoninus Martyr (c. 570), the so-called anonymous pilgrim of Piacenza. Both the Breviary and Antoninus Martyr describe the crown of thorns present in a "Basilica of Mount Zion." (PPTS II.1-II.4, CSEL 39)
  • Symeon Stylites. The anonymous Vita Genovefae Virginis Parisiensis was a life of Saint Geneviève of Paris written c. 520. The work relates an incident where Saint Symeon Stylites (died 459) on his pillar in Aleppo, asked for news of Geneviève and sent her a letter. (MGH Scriptores rer. Merov., III, Runc. Vol I, pp. 42n, 347)
  • Arculf and Adomnán. Arculf (fl. late 7th century) was a Frankish bishop who toured the Holy Land c. 680. whose travels are documented in Pilgrimage of Arculfus in the Holy Land (about the year A.D. 670. Adomnán (c. 624–704) was a Scottish abbot who wrote his De locis sanctis (Concerning sacred places) based on the work of Arculf. The accounts contain the second oldest known map of Jerusalem (the oldest being the Madaba Map). (PPTS III.1, Runc. Vol I, pp. 42n, 343)
  • Saint Wlphlagio. De Sancto Wlphlagio, a priest in the Holy Land, wrote Commentatious historicus discussing 7th century pilgrims including Vulphy of Rue, also noted by Arculf, and Saint Bercaire (died 696). Bercaire (Bercharius), the founder of the
    Châlons-sur-Marne. Three centuries later, abbot Adso of Montier-en-Der (died 992), hagiographer of Bercaire, embarked on a similar pilgrimage to Jerusalem accompanying a pentinent Hilduin II, Count of Arcis-sur-Aube, but died en route. (Aa. Ss. 22, Runc. Vol I, pp. 43n, 345)[381][382]
  • Saint Willibald.
    Richard the Pilgrim attempted the trip but died en route. (PPTS III.2, Runc. Vol I, pp. 43, 347)[383]
  • Commemoratorium de Casis Dei vel Monasteriis. Commemoratorium de Casis Dei vel Monasteriis is a report from 808 sent to Charlemagne tabulating all churches, monasteries and hospices in the Holy Land. Its purpose was to allow the emperor to expeditiously distribute alms. (Runc. Vol I, pp. 43n, 344)
  • Peregrinatio Frotmundi. Peregrinatio Frotmundi (De S. Fromundo seu Prodomundo Espisco) is the account of a Frankish nobleman named Fromond who traveled with his brothers to Jerusalem in the mid-9th century in order to expiate a crime. Fromond is the first known penitent to travel to the Holy Land for salvation. (Aa. Ss. 58, Runc. Vol I, pp. 45n, 346)
  • Bernard the Pilgrim. Bernard the Pilgrim (fl. 865) was a Frankish monk whose travels to the Holy Land are documented in the Itinerarium of Bernard the Wise. (PPTS III.4, Runc. Vol I, pp. 43, 345)
  • Ahmad ibn Rustah. Ahmad ibn Rustah (died after 903) was a Persian explorer and geographer who wrote a geographical compendium known as Kitāb al-A'lāq al-Nafīsa (Book of Precious Records), describing his travels to Europe, Russia and Arabia.[384]
  • Al-Maqdisi. Al-Maqdisi (c. 945 – 991) was an Arab geographer, also known as Mukaddasi, whose travels were documented in his Description of Syria (including Palestine) and Aḥsan al-taqāsīm fī maʿrifat al-aqālīm (The Best Divisions in the Knowledge of the Regions. (PPTS III.4, Runc. Vol I, pp. 36n, 349)
  • Fulk III of Anjou.
    Joseph Fr. Michaud
    .
  • Lietbertus. Lietbertus (1010–1076) was a bishop of Cambrai who attempted a pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 1054, only reaching as far as Cyprus. This is described in Raoul of Saint-Sépulcre's Vita Lietberti (cf. Luc d'Archery, Spicilegium, IX). According to Miracula Sancti Wolframni Senonensis, Lietbertus met pilgrims who had been turned away from Jerusalem. It is reported that the Muslims also ejected some 300 pilgrims from the city in 1056. (Aa. Sa. OSB, III.ii, Runc. Vol I, pp. 49n, 346)
  • Nasir Khusraw. Nasir Khusraw (1004–1088), also known as Nasir-i-Khusrau, was a Persian writer whose travels throughout the Islamic world are described in his Safarnāma (Book of Travels). (PPTS IV.1, Runc. Vol I, pp. 37n, 349)
  • Miscellaneous Pilgrimage Accounts. A number of modestly obscure accounts of travel to the Holy Land covering the 11th through 15th centuries have also been published. These include: Anonymous pilgrims, I-VIII (11th and 12th centuries); La Citez de Jherusalem (The City of Jerusalem) (1187) used as a source for the Rothelin Continuation; and Ernoul's account of Palestine (1231); The Guide Book to Palestine by Philipus Brusserius Savonenis (1350); and Description of the Holy Land by John Poloner (1421), which includes a discussion on Egypt. (PPTS VI.1–VI.4)

During the Crusader era.

After the Fall of Acre.

  • Riccoldo da Monte di Croce. Riccoldo da Monte di Croce (c. 1243 – 1320) was an Italian Dominican friar, travel writer, missionary, and Christian apologist. He is most famous for his polemical works on Medieval Islam and the account of his missionary travels to Baghdad. His Book of Travels written 1288–1291 was a guidebook for missionaries, and is a description of the Oriental countries he visited. His Letters on the Fall of Acre are five letters in the form of lamentations over the fall of Acre, written about 1292.[403][404]
  • Ibn Battūta. Ibn Battūta (1304–1369) was a Moroccan scholar who wrote of his adventures in his Voyages, visiting the Holy Land and Persia. His trip to Antioch verified that the city's fortifications had been destroyed in the siege of Antioch in 1268, but the city still had considerable population. Later, Burgundian pilgrim Bertrandon de la Broquière (1400–1459) described in his Voyage d'Outremer a visit to Antioch where the population ad been reduced to about 300. (Runc. Vol III, pp. 327n, 496, 498)[405]
  • Ludolf von Sudheim. Ludolf von Sudheim (fl. 1340), also known as Ludolf of Suchem, travelled to the Holy Land from 1336–1341, writing De Terra sancta et itinere Iherosolomitano et de statu eius et aliis mirabilibus, que in mari conspiciuntur, videlicet mediterraneo (Description of the Holy Land, and of the Way Thither) documenting the fall of the Crusader states. (PPTS XII.3, Runc. Vol III, pp. 485, 496)
  • Later Franciscan Pilgrims. Noted Franciscan pilgrims to the Holy Land in the 14th century include: Niccolò da Poggibonsi (1345–1350), who documented his travels in Libro d'oltramare (Book of Outremer); Francesco Suriano (1480–1481), who wrote Tratatello delle indulgentie de Terra Sancta; and Florentine goldsmith Marco di Bartolomeo Rustici (1441–1442) whose travels are documented as Dimostrazione dell'andata o viaggio al Santo Sepolcro e al Monte Sinai.
  • Felix Fabri. Felix Fabri (1441–1502) was a Swiss Dominican theologian who travelled to the Holy Land and recorded his experiences in Evagatorium in Terrae Sanctae, Arabiae et Egypti peregrinationem (Book of the Wanderings). (PPTS VII-X, Runc. Vol III, pp. 485, 495)[406]

Related works include the Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad's biography of Saladin (PPTS, Vol XIII), Historia Orientalis of Jacques de Vitry (PPTS, Vol XI.2), De Calamitatibus Cypri of Neophytos, Annales Altahenses, covering the German pilgrimage to Jerusalem, and Chronica Slavorum by Arnold of Lübeck. The sources of Historical Geography below are also relevant, as are the following. (Runc. Vol II, pp. 390n, 449n, 493)

Sources on relics

The study of the

Saint Helena. Additional information on the translation of relics of the saints can be found in Bibliotheca Hagiographica Latina. Islam also recognizes relics dating from the time Abraham through that of Muhammad, known as the Sacred Trust, some of which are also relevant to Christianity.[407][408]

  • True Cross. The
    Saint Helena from 326-328, as described in Socrates Scholasticus' Historia Ecclesiastica, and later in Egeria's Itinerarium Egeriae.  Held in Jerusalem, it was lost to the Sassanids in 614, and returned by Heraclius in 630. With the loss of Jerusalem to the Fatimids in 1109, the relic was hidden by local Christians.  The Cross' recovery by the Crusaders in 1099 is described in the works of Raymond of Aguilers, Fulcher of Chartres and William of Tyre.  It was again in 1187, this time to Saladin who also viewed it as important to Islam.  In 1219, it was offered to the Knights Templar in exchange for the lifting of the siege of Damietta, but never delivered.  Most relics known today came from Constantinople after 1204, including two large pieces purloined by Robert de Clari. (Runc. Vol I, pp. 294–295, Runc. Vol III, pp. 53, 59, 68, 169–170)[409]
  • Seamless Robe of Jesus. The seamless robe of Jesus was also alleged to have been claimed by Saint Helena. The biography of St. Agritius, bishop of Trier, written before 1072, describes the relic being sent by Helena to Trier.[410]
  • Search for relics in the 4th Century. Authorities such as poet Prudentius (348 – after 405), author of Liber Peristephanon (Crowns of Martyrdom) and Carmina, and Magnus Felix Ennodius, bishop of Pavia (473/474 – 521) author of Libellum pro Synodo, taught that they Christian saints and martyrs could perform miracles and encouraged the search for holy relics. This view was continued by Saint Ambrose (c. 340 – 397), archbishop of Milan, whose Epistolae (Letter XXII) was an inspiration to acquire relics from the Holy Land; by Saint Basil (330–378) in a letter to Saint Ambrose; and by Victricius, bishop of Rouen (c. 330 – c. 407), in his Liber de Laude Sanctorum (On the Praise of the Saints). (MPL 16, 20, MPG 32, CSCO LXI, CSEL 6, 16, 56, Runc. Vol I, pp. 40, 41n, 344-346)[411]
  • Holy Lance. The Holy Lance is a legendary relic with competing claims of legitimacy.  It was reported by Antoninus Martyr in his pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 570, as well as other sources.  Peter Bartholomew made claims to the discovery of the lance during the siege of Antioch in 1098, as reported in Gesta Francorum and by Raymond of Aguilers. Those claims were disputed by Adhemar of Le Puy. An account of the recovery of point of the Holy Lance by Byzantine emperor Heraclius is found in the Chronicon Paschale (7th century). (PPTS XI.1, Runc. Vol I, pp. 241–243)[412]
  • Holy Chalice. Relics associated with the Holy Chalice (Holy Grail) are first seen by Arculf in his Pilgrimage, mentioning a chalice used in the Last Supper in a chapel near Jerusalem. Two actual relics are known. Sacro Cationno is a hexagonal dish returned to Italy by Genoese Crusaders in 1101, as described by William of Tyre and in the 13th century work the Golden Legend. The Chalice of Valencia was first identified in 1134 and is of unknown origin, although a theory is that it accompanied Saint Peter in his journey to Rome. (Runc. Vol II, p. 74n)[413]
  • Documenta Lipsanographica. Documenta Lipsanographica ad I. bellum sacrum spectantia (Relics of the Holy Land) is a collection of eleven accounts of relics of the Holy Land written from 1098–1125. Included are discussions of the translation of relics of Christ and the Virgin Mary, John the Baptist, Saints George, Nicholas, Basil and Stephen, the patriarchs at Hebron, among others. (RHC Oc., Volume 5.VII)
  • Relics of John the Baptist. The relics of John the Baptist are discussed in Legenda translationis beatissimi Johannis Baptistæ Genuam (1098), edited by Jacobus de Voragine, and Nicolai de Porta, Historia translations reliquiarum beatissimi Johannes Baptistæ Genuam (compiled 1405).  (RHC Oc., Volume 5.VII.i, VII.ii)[414]
  • Relic of Saint George. Saint George (died 303) was the patron saint of the First Crusade, and his relic was given to Robert II of Flanders who returned to Europe in 1098. The account of the sacred relic of Saint George is provided in the anonymous Narratio quo modo relliquiæ martyris Georgii ad nos Aquicinenses pervenerunt (1100)  (RHC Oc., Volume 5.VII.iii)
  • Relics of Saint Sabbas. The relics of Saint Sabbas the Sanctified (439–532) were taken by Crusaders in the 13th century as a result of the War of Saint Sabas (1256–1270), and taken to the Church of Saint Anthony in Venice. His biography is provided in the Life of St. Saba by Cyril of Scythopolis (439–532). (PPTS XI.1)[415]
  • Translatio sancti Nicolai. Translatio Sancti Nicolai in Venetiam is an anonymous eyewitness 12th century account of Venetian contributions to the Crusades, including a description of the siege of Haifa of 1100. It was later rewritten to provide context to the translation of the relics of Saint Nicholas to Bari. It has been speculated that the author of Translatio was Gallus Anonymous. (RHC Oc. Volume 5.VII.iv, Runc. Vol I, pp. 313n, 346, Runc. Vol II, p. 18n)[416]
  • Relics of Watten Abbey. In 1097, Robert II of Flanders returned home with relics given to him by Roger Borsa. As recorded by a charter of his wife Clementia of Burgundy, these included the hair of the Virgin Mary and the bones of Saints Matthew and Saint Nicholas, and were taken to Watten Abbey. A full account is given in the anonymous Qualiter reliquiæ B. Nicolai, episcopi et confessoris, ad Lotharingiæ villam, quæ Portus nominatur, delatæ sunt (1101). (RHC Oc. Volume 5.VII.v, Runc. Vol I, pp. 168n, 344, DK, VII)
  • Relics of Saints Basil, Stephen and others. The translations of the relics of Saint Basil and Saint Stephen are described in Qualiter tabula s. Basilii Cluniacum delata fuitit (1112) and Tractus de Reliquiis s. Stephani, Cluniacum Delatis (1120).  The translation of the remains of Saints Nicodème, Gamaliel, Abibon to Pisa are described in Gesta Triumphalia Pisanorum in Captione Jerusalem. (RHC Oc., Volume 5.VII.vi, VII.ix, VIII.vii)
  • Shroud of Cadouin. The translation of the Holy Shroud of Cadouin (le Saint-Suaire de Cadouin) to Cadouin Abbey is described in Pancarta Caduniensis (Charter of Cadouin), Seu historia santa sudarii Jesu Christi habita ab Adhemaro episcopo, Antiochiæ, anno incarnationis Domini MIIC, in ecclesiale Caduniensem translati (1117). The shroud is believed to be the facecloth from the tomb of Christ.  The account claims the relic was linked to Adhemar of Le Puy, brought from Antioch by a priest of Périgord, but it is not documented at the abbey until 1215.  (RHC Oc., Volume 5.VII.vii)
  • Tractatus Inventione Sanctorum Patriarcharum. The work Tractatus Inventione Sanctorum Patriarcharum Abraham, Ysaac et Jacob (Canonici Hebronensis), by an anonymous author was dictated by two monks of Hebron c. 1119. It describes a sanctuary at Hebron existing on the site of the tombs of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob before the First Crusade, and the failed attempt of Theodosius II to return the bodies of the patriarchs to Constantinople. The sepulchral crypt was despoiled by Peter of Narbonne. (RHC Oc., Volume 5.VII.viii)[417]
  • Cerbano Cerbani. Cerbano Cerbani (fl. 1125) was an Italian scholar who wrote Translatio mirifici martyris Isidori a Chio insula in civitatem Venetam (1125), describing the translation of the body of the martyr Isidore of Chios to the Basilica of Saint Mark's in Venice.  The work is also a partial autobiography, providing the only information known about Cerbani.  (RHC Oc., Volume 5.VII.x)[418]
  • Reliquiis Sanctæ Crucis. A work by an anonymous monk from Schaffhausen called De Reliquiis Sanctæ Crucis et Dominici Sepulcri Scaphusam Allatis (1125) describes the translation of relics of three martyrs from the Holy Land.  (RHC Oc., Volume 5.VII.xi)
  • The Conquest of Constantinople. Robert de Clari's La Conquête de Constantinople provides an account of the relics of Constantinople and the looting of those treasures.  He was one of the last to see the Shroud of Turin prior to 1258 when Geoffroi de Charny and his wife reported ownership.  Robert reportedly donated a Byzantine crystal cross reliquary to Corbie Abbey. The plunder of Nivelon of Chéris, bishop of Soissons, apparently included the heads of seven saints and the crown of St. Mark's head. Conrad of Krosigk also returned with many relics, as reported in the Deeds of the Bishops of Halberstadt.[419]
  • Exuviae Sacrae Constantinoploitanae ( 1877–1888) is a collection of documents edited by Paul Riant relating to the status of relics at Constantinople before 1204 and their disposition after the Fourth Crusade. A further study La croix des premiers croisés; la sainte lance; la sainte couronne was published by Fernand de Mély in 1904. (Runc. Vol III, p. 494)
  • Crown of Thorns. In 1241, Baldwin II, the last Latin emperor ruling from Constantinople, sold the Crown of Thorns and assorted other relics associated with Christ's Passion to Louis IX of France, as recounted in Joinville's biography Life of Saint Louis.  Louis built the Sainte-Chapelle to house it. (Runc. Vol III, pp. 399, 496)

Historical geography

Historical cartography, geography and topography are important sources in the study of the history of the Crusades.[420] Some of the more important contemporaneous works are presented below. In addition, many of the accounts above, in particular those of Ahmad ibn Rustah, al-Balādhuri, ibn Jubayr, William of Rubrick, Abu'l-Fida and Rashid-al-Din Hamadani also provide geographical and architectural information.

  • Tractatus de locis et statu sancte terre ierosolimitane. Tractatus de locis et statu sancte terre ierosolimitane is an anonymous work concerning the geography of the Kingdom of Jerusalem prior to the fall of the city in 1187. It also discusses the ethnography of the Christian groups living there as well as the feudal structure of the kingdom. The non-Christian groups such as Jews, Bedouins and Assassins are also discussed.[421]
  • Muhammad al-Idrisi. Muhammad al-Idrisi (1100–1165) was an Arab geographer who spent time at the court of Roger II of Sicily who commissioned the Tabula Rogeriana. The Tabula Rogeriana was the most advanced map of the world at the time it was published in 1158 and was still in use at the time of Christopher Columbus. He also wrote a universal geography Nuzhat al-Mushtaq, translated by Lebanese Maronite Gabriel Sionita (1577–1648). (Runc. Vol III, pp. 354n, 498)[422]
  • Yaqut al-Hamawi. Yaqut al-Hamawi (1179–1229) was an Arab scholar whose work Kitāb Mu'jam al-Buldān (Alphabetical Dictionary of Geography) is simultaneously a book of geography, history, biography and Islam. Much of his work was derived from travel through Egypt, Syria and Persia. (Runc. Vol III, pp. 358n, 499)[423][424]
  • Ibn Shaddad.
    Baibars. (Runc. Vol III, p. 498)[425]
  • Ibn Abd al-Zahir.
    al-Mansur Qalawun. (Runc. Vol III, pp. 327n, 485, 499)[426]
  • Taqwim al-Buldan. Taqwim al-Buldan (A Sketch of the Countries) is a text on geography by Abu'l-Fida (died 1331). It includes descriptions of the major cities of the world and contains the first known reference to the circumnavigator's paradox, in which travelers gain or lose a day circling the globe.[427]
  • Al-Dimashqi. Al-Dimashqi (1256–1327), the Damascene, was an Arab geographer whose work K. Nuk̲h̲bat al-Dahr fi ʿAd̲j̲āʾib al-Barr wal-Baḥr (Cosmographie de Ch. A. Abd. M. de-Dimichqi, or Geography) covered Greater Syria as well as Southeast Asia. (Runc. Vol III, pp. 358n, 498)[428]
  • Hamdallah Mustawfi. Hamdallah Mustawfi (1281-1349) was a Persian historian and geographer whose work on geography Nozhat al-qolub may be derived from a lost work of Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, the third part of his Jami' al-tawarikh.[328]
  • Marino Sanudo. Marino Sanudo (Sanuto) the Elder (1260–1338) was a Venetian statesman and geographer who wrote Chronique de Romanie, and Liber Secretorum Fidelium Crucis (Secrets of True Crusaders to help them to recover the Holy Land), a work written in 1321 on geography which was offered to the pope as a manual for the reconquest of the Holy Land. The earliest surviving edition of Liber Secretorum Fidelium Crucis is from Volume II of Gesta Dei per Francos. (PPTS XII.2, RISc 22, Ges. D., Runc. Vol III, p. 497)[429][430][431]
  • Bibliotheca geographica Palaestinae. Bibliotheca geographica Palaestinae provides the summaries of over 3500 books on the geography of the Holy Land issued between 355 and 1878, as compiled and edited by German historian of the Crusades Reinhold Röhricht in 1890. His Karten und Pläne zur Palästinakunde aus dem 7 bis 16 Jahrhundert is a catalog of the eight known Crusader maps of Jerusalem.

Related disciplines and documents

Crusader historians have made use of numerous religious, legal and personnel documents as well as scientific disciples such as archaeology in their attempt to accurately depict their chronicles. These include legal treatises of the Crusader States, Papal documents, and auxiliary sciences of history including genealogy, archaeological studies, numismatics and archeoseismology.

Organization and administration of the Kingdom

The organization and administration of the Kingdom of Jerusalem provides much information to the histories of the Crusades.[432][433] In particular, the legal documents concerning the Crusades and later governing of the Kingdom of Jerusalem are of significance to the study of the Crusades and form the first series of the RHC, entitled Assises de Jérusalem ou Recueil des ouvrages de jurisprudence composés pendant le XIIIe siècle dans les royaumes de Jérusalem et de Chypre, edited by Auguste-Arthur, Count of Beugnot. Relevant texts are listed below.[434]

The

Raoul of Saint Omer (died 1220). Regardless, the legend allowed the envisioning of a legal structure existing since the founding of the kingdom. (RHC Lois, Volumes 1, 2, MPL 155, Runc. Vol II, p. 479, Runc. Vol III, p. 484)[435][436][437]

Papal and other religious documents

Major papal and other religious documents relevant to Crusader history, some of which have been published in Patrologia Latina (MPL), include the following.

Papal letters are generally referred to in medieval times as Litterae apostolicae (Apostolic letters) and include the Papal bulls typically used to call for the early Crusades. Some of the more relevant ones are presented below. (Runc. Vol II, p. 479)[445]

Registres des Popes. Papal regesta (letters, documents) of 13th century popes from

Bibliothèque des Ecoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome (Library of the French schools of Greece and Rome). (Runc. Vol III
, p. 494)

Liber Pontificalis (The Book of Popes) is a collection of biographies of the popes from Saint Peter through Pius II (1458–1464). The work includes Vita Urbani II, the life of Urban II, and Annales Romani. (Runc. Vol III, pp. 495, 497)[446]

Annales Romani. Annales Romani is a history of the city of Rome from 1044 to 1187 (with gaps), reprinted in Liber Pontificalis. The Annales include an account of the death of Urban III and the letters of Clement III. (MGH Scriptores, V, Runc. Vol III, pp. 4n, 5n, 495)

Acta Sanctorum. Acta Sanctorum (Aa. Ss.) is an encyclopedic work in 68 volumes providing hagiographic accounts of the lives of Christian saints. The designator Bollandiana (for the Bollandist Society) is often used to distinguish it from the Acta Sanctorum Hiberniae. The Bollandists also publish the quarterly Analecta Bollandiana. (Runc. Vol I, pp. 342, 344-346, 348)

Acta Sanctorum Ordinis Sancti Benedict. Acta Sanctorum Ordinis Sancti Benedict (Aa. Ss. OSB) is a history in nine volumes of the Benedictine saints published between 1668 and 1701 by Jean Mabillon and Luc d'Achery. (Runc. Vol I, p. 342)[447]

Sacrorum Conciliorum. Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio (Sa. Co.), written by the Italian historian Giovanni Domenico Mansi (1692-1769), is a vast edition of Church councils from the First Council of Nicaea in 325 through the Council of Florence in 1438. (Runc. Vol I, p. 343)

The Papacy during the Crusades.

Earlier references.

  • De civitate Dei. With Saint Augustine's De civitate Dei, the concept of a Just War was introduced, becoming more pronounced with the advent of Islam in the 7th century. By the 9th century, popes including Leo IV, Nicholas I and John VIII promoted ideas that war against the enemies of Christianity might not only be permitted but desired. (Runc. Vol I, pp. 84, 344)[467]
  • Saint Basil. Saint Basil (330-379) was bishop of Caesarea Mazaca who wrote over 300 letters in addition to his theological work. His Opera includes letters to Saint Ambrose on the authenticity of relics and another on the Eastern concept of war. (MPG 29-32, Runc. Vol I, pp. 41n, 83n, 347)
  • Martin I. Pope Martin I (649-655) was accused by emperor Constans II of collaboration with Muslims, explaining in a letter to Theodore I Calliopas that he was simply sending alms to Jerusalem. Nevertheless, the emperor had Martin arrested by Theodore and he died in captivity. (Epistolæ in MPL 87, Runc. Vol I, pp. 42n, 346)
  • Leo IV. Pope Leo IV (847-855), promoting the concept of Holy War, wrote in his Epistolae that those dying in defense of the Church would receive a heavenly reward. The papacy's battle with Hincmar began during Leos tenure. (Sa. Co., XIV, Runc. Vol I, pp. 84n, 346)
  • Nicholas I. Pope Nicholas I (858-867) continued the promotion of a Holy War wrote in his Epistolae that men sanctioned by the Church for their sins should only bear arms to fight the infidels. The conflicts between Rome and Hincmar reached their peak under Nicholas' papacy. (MGH Epistolas, VI, Runc. Vol I, pp. 84n, 346)
  • John VIII. Pope John VIII (872-882) wrote in his Epistolæ et decreta that those who died in a Holy War would be designated as martyrs and their sins remitted, as long as they remained pure at heart. John and Charles the Bald joined in opposing Hincmar's attempts to promote the supremacy of the Church of Reims over all others. (MPL 126 (Hincmar), Sa. Co., XVII, Runc. Vol I, pp. 84n, 345)
  • Bruno of Cologne.
    Carthusian Order and mentor of Urban II. In his Libellus de Officio Missae, he discusses the alleged conflict (since disputed) between the patriarch Sergius II of Constantinople and the pope Sergius IV (1009-1012). (MPL 152, Runc. Vol I, pp. 95n, 344)[468]
  • Leo IX. In 1053, pope Leo IX (1049-1054) sent a letter to patriarch Michael I Cerularius asserting that the Donation of Constantine was real, asserting papal supremacy. The letter is in his Epistolae, and Leo was captured by the Normans shortly thereafter, dying in captivity. The pope's position was supported by a letter to Michael from Peter III, patriarch of Antioch. (MPL 143, Sa. Co., XIX, MPG 120, Runc. Vol I, pp. 58, 96-97, 346, 348)[469]
  • Victor II. In 1056, pope
    Theodora III Porphyrogenita requesting that she rescind her order levying a tax on pilgrims to the Holy Land, suggesting that customs officers in both Constantinople and Jerusalem were engaged in the practice. (MPL 149 [wrongly attributed to Victor III], Runc. Vol I
    , pp. 49n, 347)
  • Gregory VII. Prior to the First Crusade, pope Gregory VII (1073–1085) proposed to William I, Count of Burgundy in 1075 that he form a task force with Raymond of Saint-Gilles to support the Greeks against the Normans in southern Italy and then proceed to Constantinople. Chronicler Bernold of Constance, documenter of the reforms proposed by Gregory, is also the major source on the Council of Piacenza. These are collected in Monumenta Gregoriana by Philipp Jaffé. (MPL 148, MGH Epistolas, II, Runc. Vol I, pp. 99, 344)[470][471]
  • Bernold of Constance. Bernold of Constance (c. 1054-1100), also known as Bernold of Saint-Blaise, was a historian and defender of the church reforms of Gregory VII. His work Chronicon provides a history of events through the late 11th century, including an eyewitness account of the Council of Piacenza in 1095. (MGH Scriptores, V, Runc. Vol I, pp. 105n, 344)[472]


The Military Orders and the Holy Land after 1291

The military/hospitaller religious orders of the Holy Land include the Knights Templar, Knights Hospitaller and Teutonic Knights.[473] Other works relating to the orders and activities in the Holy land after the fall of Acre include Gestes des Chiprois and Thaddeus of Naples' Hystoria de desolacione civitatis Acconensis. Bibliographies of the Hospitallers and their founder Blessed Gerard have been published by Jonathan Riley-Smith[474] and Giuseppe Perta.[475]

  • Cartulaire général de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers. The Cartulaire général de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers (Cart.) (1100–1310), edited by Joseph Delaville Le Roulx, is a collection of original documents on the history of the Knights Hospitaller published in 1894 and 1906. The statutes are identified as Rule (Cart. 70), esgarts (judgements) and usances (Cart. 2213), and general decrees, issued from 1176-1306. (Runc. Vol II, p. 494, Runc. Vol III, p. 493)[476]
  • Miracula. Miracula et regula hospitalis sancti Johannis Jerosolimitani (Riwle) is an account of the founding of the Knights Hospitaller written in 1181/1185, tracing the beginnings to the days of the Maccabees, with Antiochus as the founder and Zacharias, father of John the Baptist, as the first master.  In this account, the order was destroyed by Titus when the Romans sacked Jerusalem in 70 AD. The Miracula's theory has been supplanted by that of William of Tyre (cf. Foundation and Early History). (Cart. 914, 2674, 3002)[477]
  • Vetus Chronicon Amalphitanum. Vetus Chronicon Amalphitanum is an anonymous work that describes the Amalfians who founded two hospitals in Jerusalem, one for men, one for women. The works of Amatus of Montecassino, Sicard of Cremona and William of Tyre support this narrative.[475]
  • Exordium Hospitalariorum. Exordium Hospitalariorum is collection of accounts of the Knights Hospitaller in six parts, including: (i) De prima institutione Hospitalariorum; (ii) Tractus de exordio sacrae domus Hospitalis Jerosolimitani; (iii) Comment le sainte maison de l'Hospital de S. Johan de Jerusalem commença by William of Santo Stefano; (iv) De Primordiis et Inventione Sacræ Religionis Jerosolymorum; and two works by William Caoursin (v.i) Primordium et origo sacri Xenodochii atque Ordinis militiae Sancti Joannis Baptistae Hospitalariorum Hierosolimitani, and (v.ii) Le fondement du S. Hospital de l'ordre de la chevalerie de S. Jehan Baptiste de Jerusalem. (RHC Oc., Volume 5.IX)
  • De prima institutione Hospitalariorum. De prima institutione Hospitalariorum is a short, anonymous account of the Knights Hospitaller. The work is derivative of William of Tyre's account, and discusses the conflicts between the order and the religious authorities. (RHC Oc., Volume 5.IX.i)
  • Tractus de exordio sacrae domus Hospitalis Jerosolimitani. Tractus de exordio sacrae domus Hospitalis Jerosolimitani is a history of the Knights Hospitaller written by an unknown author known only as Joseph the "Historiographer." The work is the second part of Exordium Hospitalariorum. (RHC Oc., Volume 5.IX.ii, Runc. Vol I, pp. 48, 345)
  • William of Santo Stafano. William of Santo Stefano (Guillaume de Saint-Estève) (fl. 1290–1302) was a scholar and a Knight Hospitaller who wrote Comment le sainte maison de l'Hospital de S. Johan de Jerusalem commença on the founding of the order.  The work disputed the account presented in the Miracula, legends which take the order's history back to before New Testament times and identity John the Baptist's parents as early custodians of the Hospital.  In the 1260s, the grand master believed he was descended from Saint Stephen protomartyr, and William's work proposed that the Order was founded by Blessed Gerard reflecting the view of William of Tyre. (RHC Oc., Volume 5.IX.iii)
  • De Primordiis et Inventione Sacræ Religionis Jerosolymorum. The anonymous De Primordiis et Inventione Sacræ Religionis Jerosolymorum (On the Origin and Discovery of Religion in Jerusalem) is a history of the Hospitallers from the time of Raymond du Puy until their establishment at Rhodes in 1310.  It continues the repudiation of the Miracula and appears to be closely related to the works of Caoursin. (RHC Oc., Volume 5.IX.iv)
  • Peter of Dusburg. Peter of Dusburg (died after 1326) was a German historian and chronicler of the Teutonic Knights through his work Chronicon terrae Prussiae (1326).[478]
  • William Caoursin. William Caoursin (1430–1501) was the historian of the Knights Hospitaller after 1460 and wrote a number of works on the order, including Rhodiorum historia, Primordium et origo sacri Xenodochii atque Ordinis militiae Sancti Joannis Baptistae Hospitalariorum Hierosolimitani, and Le fondement du S. Hospital de l'ordre de la chevalerie de S. Jehan Baptiste de Jerusalem. (RHC Oc., Volume 5.IX.v)[479][480]
  • Primordium et origo sacri Xenodochii. Primordium et origo sacri Xenodochii atque Ordinis militiae Sancti Joannis Baptistae Hospitalariorum Hierosolimitani (Foundation and management of the hospital of Saint John in Jerusalem) is a rewriting of the statutes of the order, written by William Caoursin in 1489.  Directed by grand master Pierre d'Aubusson, the work converted the statutes from a chronology to one organized by subject matter. Caoursin revived the legend of the Miracula that the order was founded by Judas Maccabeus and destroyed by the Romans during their sack of Jerusalem in 70 AD. (RHC Oc., Volume 5.IX.v(i))
  • Le fondement du S. Hospital de l'ordre. Le fondement du S. Hospital de l'ordre de la chevalerie de S. Jehan Baptiste de Jerusalem is an old French version of Primordium et origo sacri Xenodochii, originally written in Latin.  In 1493, it was translated into the various vulgar languages in use among the Christian peoples.  (RHC Oc., Volume 5.IX.v(ii))
  • Rhodiorum historia. Rhodiorum historia is a collection of histories of the Knights Hospitaller (1489) written by William Caoursin. He also wrote Stabilimenta Rhodiorum militum (1480), a compilation of the order's rules, Obsidionis Rhodiae urbis descripto, an account of the siege of Rhodes in 1480. The works are part of the collection at the National Library of Malta.
  • Cartulaire de l'église du Saint Sépulcre de Jérusalem. Cartulaire de l'église Du Saint Sépulcre de Jérusalem, Manuscrits du Vatican (Cartulary of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher of Jerusalem), edited by French historian M. Eugène de Rozière (1820–1886), provide the cartularies for the Canons Regular of the Holy Sepulchre.  The Canons Regular were formally recognized by Paschal II in 1113, but may date to the capture of Jerusalem in 1099.  (MPL 155 [Godefridum, Appendix II], Runc. Vol II, pp. 178n, 219n, 322n, 495)
  • Regum Jerusalem, Principum Prælatorum. Regum Jerusalem, Principum Prælatorum, Epistolæ Viginti Sex is a report provided to Louis VII of France in 1172 concerning the king, princes and prelates of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Included are Amalric of Jerusalem, Bohemond III of Antioch, Amalric of Nesle, Latin patriarch, Bertrand de Blanchefort, Grand Master of the Knights Templar, and Gilbert of Assailly, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller. (MPL 155 [Godefridum, Appendix II])
  • La Prise de Damiette en 1219. La Prise de Damiette en 1219 (Fragmentum Provinciale de Captione Damiate) is an anonymous account of the Siege of Damietta of 1218–1219 and the roles of the military orders, John of Brienne and Sauvary of Mauléan in the battle and its aftermath. (Runc. Vol III, pp. 161–163, 495)[481]
  • Iohannes de Tulbia. Iohannes de Tulbia (fl. 1217–1220), known as John of Tulbia (Tolve), was a priest in Potenza who wrote Gesta obsidionis Damiatæ De Domino (Deeds of the siege of Damietta) based on his own eyewitness account and Johanne Rege Jerusalem, a biography of John of Brienne. A related tale by an unknown author is Liber Duellii Christiani in Obsidione Domiate exacti has also been attributed to Tulbia. (MGH Scriptores XXXI, Runc. Vol III, pp. 133n, 496)[482][483]
  • De constructione castri Saphet. De constructione castri Saphet is an anonymous account of the rebuilding of the fortress of Safed by the Knights Templar between 1241-1244. The Templar had controlled the castle beginning in 1168, and it was under the control of Saladin from 1188. Al-Mu'azzam Isa, emir of Damascus, had the fortress destroyed in 1219 and it was recovered by the Templar in 1240.
  • Ricaut Bonome.
    Baibars. (Runc. Vol III
    , p. 495)
  • Pierre Dubois.
    Pierre Dubois (1255–1321) was a French propagandist who wrote De recuperatione Terre Sancte about recovery of the Holy Land using the wealth of the Knights Templar and Knights Hospitaller. (Runc. Vol III, p. 495)[484]
  • Bruno, Bishop of Olmütz. Bruno von Schauenburg (1205–1281), Bishop of Olmütz, was an advisor to Ottokar II of Bohemia and published his memoirs Bericht sometime after 1272. As described there, after the death of Richard of Cornwall in 1272, Bruno pressed pope Gregory X to appoint Ottokar II as king of Germany, citing the failure of the Teutonic Knights in their pursuing Lord Edward's Crusade. The position went instead to Rudolf I of Germany. (Runc. Vol III, pp. 339, 495)
  • Collectio de Scandalis Ecclesiae. Gilbert of Tournai (died 1284) was a Franciscan historian linked to Saint Bonaventure (1221–1274) whom he accompanied to the Second Council of Lyon of 1272. Gilbert wrote a Collectio de Scandalis Ecclesiae (Collection of Church scandals), addressed to pope Gregory X, taking an adversarial position to the Knights Templars and Knights Hospitallers, suggesting that they be united into a single institution. He also castigated the negligence of Christians towards the Holy Land, and called for a new Crusade. (Runc. Vol III, pp. 339, 495)[485]
  • Via ad Terram Sanctam. Via ad Terram Sanctam was an anonymous document on suggestions and plans for the retaking of the Holy Land written around 1289. It is also known as Memoria Terre Sancte. (Runc. Vol III, p. 497)
  • De Excidio Urbis Acconis. De Excidio Urbis Acconis (Destruction of the City of Acre) is an anonymous account of the siege of Acre of 1291, with earlier material based on William of Tyre's Historia. De Excidio presents a more popular view (as opposed to nobleman) of the history and of the Knights Hospitaller's last stand. The work takes a dim view of the Knights Templar and, in particular, Otto de Grandson, master of the English knights at Acre. For other works on the siege, see Gestes des Chiprois and Hystoria de desolacione civitatis Acconensis. (Runc. Vol III, pp. 419, 495)[165]
  • Galvano da Levanto. Galvano da Levanto, a physician in the papal court of Boniface VIII, was a propagandist who wrote Liber Sancti Passagii Christocolarum contra Saracenos pro recuperatione Terra Sanctae in 1295 dedicated to Philip IV of France called for a new Crusade. He was influenced by Thaddeus of Naples' account of the fall of Acre. (Runc. Vol III, pp. 431, 495)
  • Ramon Lull. Ramon Lull (1232/1236–1315), also known as Raymond Lully or Llull, was a Spanish missionary to the Arab world who in 1295 presented pope Boniface VIII with the document Liber de Fine proposing a new crusade and the combining the military orders into a single organization. Lull was stoned to death in Tunisia in 1315. (Runc. Vol III, pp. 431, 496)[486][487]
  • Peter of Dusburg. Peter of Dusburg (died after 1326) was a German chronicler of the Teutonic Knights though his history Chronicon terrae Prussiae that includes a discussion of the origin of the order in 1192 at Acre and its history in Outremer.[488]
  • Tabulae Ordinis Teutonici. Tabulae Ordinis Teutonici (1869) is a collection of original documents related to the Teutonic Knights. Edited by German archivist Ernst Strehlke (1834–1869), completed posthumously by Philipp Jaffé. (Runc. Vol III, pp. 266n, 494)
  • Jacques de Molay. In 1306, Jacques de Molay (c. 1240 – 1314), last Grand Master of the Knights Templar, provided a report to pope Clement V recommending against the merging of the Templars and Hospitallers. Reprinted in Étienne Baluze's, Vitae Paparum Avenionensium. (Runc. Vol III, pp. 434n, 496)[489]
  • Foulques de Villaret. Foulques de Villaret (died 1327) was Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller when he wrote Mémoire de Foulques de Villaret sur la croisade. At the time of the Council of Vienne in 1311-1312, Foulques wrote to Philip IV of France of the Hospitaller's preparation for any future crusade. (Runc. Vol III, pp. 434, 497)[490]
  • William Durand. William Durand (died 1328/1330) was bishop of Mende who wrote in 1311 a three-volume work De modo celebrandi concilii et corruptelis for pope Clement V, who later issued papal bull Vox in excelso. His work Informatio brevis de Passagio futuro, in Historie littéraire de la France, XXXV, a treatise published in 1312 on a possible Crusade to the Holy Land. (Runc. Vol III, pp. 433, 495)[491]
  • La Devise des Chemins de Babiloine. La Devise des Chemins de Babiloine is a document prepared for Foulques de Villaret (died 1327), Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller, providing an assessment of Mamluk forces, as research for a possible invasion. When the document was written in 1306–1307, al-Nasir Muhammad was sultan of Egypt and Syria.[492]
  • Jean de Langhe. Jean de Langhe (died 1383), abbot of St. Bertin's from 1365–1383, was also known as John of Ypres or Johannes Iperius, and is believed by some to be the same person as
    John Mandeville. Langhe entered St. Bertins in 1340 and wrote his history of the abbey Chronicon Sythiense Sancti Bertini covering the years 590–1294. Thomas of Saint-Bertin sold the castle of La Fauconnerie south of Acre to the Knights Templar in 1276. Material before the 11th century is based on Folcuin's Gesta abbatum Lobiensium. (Runc. Vol III, pp. 344, 496)[493]
  • Trials of the Knights Templar. The trials of the Knights Templar in Cyprus in 1311 are discussed in Gestes des Chiprois, the Chroniques d'Amadi et de Stromboldi and Historia overo commentarii de Cipro. (Runc. Vol III, pp. 495, 496, 501)

Correspondence, charters and privileges

Crusaders and other travelers to the Holy Land have documented their experiences through personal correspondence, and many of these have been recognized by historians, for example the letters of Stephen, Count of Blois and Anselm of Ribemont. In addition, charters and privileges have been documented. Some of the more important documents are listed below. Correspondence from before 1100 can be found in Heinrich Hagenmeyer's Die Kreuzzugsbriefe aus den Jahren, 1088-1100 (DK) and in Trans/Rep, Volume 1.2.IV.[494][495][147]

Genealogical studies

The genealogy of the ruling classes of Christians and Muslims in the Holy Land during the Crusades period is summarized below (refer to Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and Islamic Dynasties). Runciman's Volume II, Appendix III[511] and Volume III, Appendix III[512] provide the genealogical trees of the major families. Specific reference documents include the following.

  • Lineages of Outremer. Lignages d'Outremer is a genealogical study laying out the pedigrees of prominent Crusader families written in 1270. The Lignages traces fifteen noble families of Outremer and Cyprus that descended from Guy and Stephanie of Milly, parents of Philip of Milly. (RHC Lois, Volume 2, Appendix III, Runc. Vol II, p. 494)[513]
  • Les familles d'outremer is an unpublished work by French philologist and historian Charles du Fresne, sieur du Cange (1610–1688). A genealogy of the prominent families of the Kingdom of Jerusalem through 1244, including those of the Knights Templar, Knights Hospitaller and Teutonic Order. The publication and completion of Du Cange's unfinished work was entrusted to N. R. Taranne. After the latter's death it was continued by E. G. Rey (1869).[514][515]
  • Genealogy of Godfrey of Bouillon. The genealogy of Godfrey of Bouillon is provided by Genalogia Comitum Buloniensium and in three Beatæ Idæ Vita about Godfrey's mother Ida of Lorraine (Acta Santcorum, 13 April)  (MPL 155, Aa. Ss. 11, RHF 14)
  • The Mohammedan Dynasties. The Mohammedan Dynasties: Chronological and Genealogical Tables with Historical Introductions (1894) by British orientalist and archaeologist Stanley E. Lane-Poole (1854–1931). Includes the dynasties of Egypt, the Levant, Persia, Afghanistan and the Mongols.[516]
  • The New Islamic Dynasties. Clifford E. Bosworth's work The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Handbook provides complete lists of original sources for the dynasties relevant to the Crusades, including the Abbasid, Fatimid, Ayyubid, Mamluk and Seljuk caliphates, sultanates and khanates.[271]

Additional genealogical sources. Additional sources for historical materials include Historiens orientaux from RHC whose Introduction provides detailed genealogies for the caliphates and sultanates active during the Crusades. Additional material on the Artuqids is found in the works of ibn al-Azraq al-Fariqi[517] and the Seljuks from 1070 to 1154 in Taef Kamal El-Azhari's work The Seljuks of Syria during the Crusades.[518] The discussion in Documents arméniens of RHC also includes information on the genealogy of the Armenian leaders. Thiou of Morigny's Chronicon Mauriniacense includes the genealogy of the houses of Montlhéry and Le Puiset, families with strong ties to the Crusader armies and the kingdom.

Archaeological studies

Archaeological exploration has contributed to the understanding of the history of the Crusades by verifying or refuting accounts presented in original sources. Particular emphasis has been on Crusader castles, history of the art of the period, and document analysis techniques such as palaeography, diplomatics and epigraphy.[519] Some of the more important researchers and the work are

  • Emmanuel Guillaume-Rey. Emmanuel Guillaume-Rey (1837–1913) was a French archaeologist, topographer and orientalist who wrote seminal works on the archaeology of the Holy Land including Etudes sur les monuments de l'architecture militaire des croisés (1871), Étude historique et topographique de la tribu de Juda (1862) and Étude sur la topographie de la ville d'Acre au XIIIe siècle (1879). (Runc. Vol III, p. 502)[520]
  • Max van Berchem. Max van Berchem (1863–1921) was a Swiss epigraphist and historian whose work includes Matériaux pour un Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum (1894) and Epigraphie des Assassins de Syrie (1897). He was the pioneer in the use of Arabic inscriptions in historical analysis.[521]
  • Jean Mabillon. Jean Mabillon (1632–1707) was a Benedictine monk who wrote De re diplomatica, an analysis of medieval documents and manuscripts back to the early 7th century that formed the foundational work for the fields of palaeography and diplomatics. He also wrote Acta Ordinis Sancti Benedicti, a collection of the lives of the Benedictine saints. (Runc. Vol I, p. 343)[522]
  • Bernard de Montfaucon. Bernard de Montfaucon (1655–1741) was a Benedictine monk and scholar who is considered one of the founders of archaeology and palaeography. He wrote L'antiquité expliquée et représentée en figures (Antiquity Explained and Represented in Diagrams) and Bibliotheca Coisliniana, an examination of ancient and medieval Greek writings. (Runc. Vol I, p. 343)[523][524]
  • Al Baghdadi. Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (1162–1231) was an Arab physician, historian and traveler who wrote numerous works including Account of Egypt in two parts that is an early work on archaeology and Egyptology.  His work was discovered by English orientalist Edward Pococke.  Abd al-Latif's autobiography is found in Historiens orientaux. (RHC Or., Volume 3)[525]
  • Kathleen M. Kenyon. Dame Kathleen Mary Kenyon (1906–1978) was a British archaeologist of Neolithic culture in the Fertile Crescent, one of the most influential archeologists of the 20th century. Among her dozens of published works is Archaeology in the Holy Land (1960).[526]
  • Moshe Sharon. Moshe Sharon (b. 1937) is an Israeli historian whose Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, published beginning in 1997, provides the epigraphy of the Holy Land relating to construction, dedication, religious endowments, epitaphs, Quranic texts, prayers and invocations. His work has been instrumental in the continued analysis of original texts of the Crusades.
  • Sheila Blair. Sheila Blair (b. 1948) is an American scholar of Islamic art who wrote the article Arab Inscriptions in Persia, in Epigraphy (Encyclopædia Iranica, 1998)[527] and Būyid Art and Architecture (Encyclopedia of Islam, 3rd ed., 2009)[528]
  • Hugh Kennedy. Hugh Kennedy (b. 1947) is a British historian whose Crusader Castles (1994) is an account of the history and architecture of Crusader castles in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, County of Tripoli and Principality of Antioch between 1099 and 1291.[529]
  • David Nicolle. David Nicolle (b. 1944) is a British historian specializing in the military history of the Middle East. His Crusader Castles in the Holy Land, 1192–1302 (2005) examines the early fortifications erected by the Crusaders in Israel, the Palestinian territories, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and Turkey.[530]
  • Denys Pringle. Denys Pringle (b. 1951) is a British archaeologist and medievalist whose work Secular Buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: An Archaeological Gazeteer (1997) provides descriptive gazetteer of secular buildings (to include industrial sites) known to have existed within the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
  • Camile Enlart. Camille Enlart (1862–1927) was a French archaeologist and art historian who wrote a seminal work L'art gothique et la Renaissance en Chypre (1899) on Crusader-era art.[531]

Archaeological studies of the Middle East during the Crusader period include: Medieval Fortifications in Cilicia (2019) by Dweezil Vandekerckhove, covering Armenian structures from 1198–1375; Unknown Crusader Castles (2001) by Kristian Molin provides a military history of the Holy Land, Armenia, Cyprus and Greece from the First Crusade until 1380.[532]

Numismatics and sigillography

The disciples of numismatics, the study of coins and other money, and sigillography, the study of seals of Byzantium and the Latin East, play an important role in interpreting histories.[533][534] The coinage of Outremer that has been studied are the coins of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the Frankish Syria, and those of the Islamic world, including Frankish imitations.[535] Coins with Latin or Greek inscriptions and include the money the Crusaders took with them (Western European), money they encountered en route (primarily Byzantine) and coins minted in the kingdom.[536][537] In the Holy Land, the Crusaders encountered monetary systems different than that in Western Europe and Byzantium. The Muslims used gold, silver and copper coinage, and the European also adopted Arabic gold and silver issues.[538] Some researchers in this area include:

  • Louis F. de Saulcy. Louis Félicien de Saulcy (1807–1880) was a French historian, numismatist and archaeologist whose study Numismatique des croisades (1847) was a pioneering work on the coins of the Crusader era.[539]
  • Gustave Schlumberger. Gustave Schlumberger (1844–1929) was a French historian and numismatist of the Crusades and Byzantine empire. His classic study of coins Numismatique de l'Orient Latin (1878) is the standard reference. His Sigillographie de l'empire byzantin (1884) is a compendium of Byzantine seals. He also wrote Sigillographie de l'Orient latin (1877), with a continuation by Ferdinand Chalandon (1875–1921), on the seals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and Latin Empire of Constantinople.
  • George C. Miles (1904–1975) was an Islamic numismatist whose work Fatimid Coins in the Collection of the University Museum, Philadelphia, cataloged of one major collection with references to previous work in the area.
  • Paul Balog. Paul Balog (1900–1982) was an Italian Islamic numismatic and archaeologist. His works include The Coinage of the Ayyubids (1980) and The Coinage of the Mamluk Sultans of Egypt and Syria (1964), both regarded as classic studies in Islamic numismatics.[540][541] Monnaies à lé genres arabes de l'Orient latin (1958) by Paul Balog and Jacques Yvon (1923–1983) is the standard reference for the classifications of coins in Arabic from the Crusader era.[542]

Additional topics

Physical phenomena, such as earthquakes and comets, have relevance in the study of history because of their depiction in written sources and correlation with archaeological finds. In the Crusader period, both Western and Arabic sources have described the chronology and impact of these natural phenomena, and the comparative analyses done by modern historians and scientists have played a role in deciphering descriptions of events. In particular, the destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in 1009 was equated with many calamities including earthquakes (in 1015, 1016) and comets (in 1029).[543]

  • Scientific Disciplines. Archaeoseismology, the study of earthquakes' impact in archaeology, has a similar role in history in the correlation between scientific results as compared to historical documents. Numerous sources for the Crusades provide information on associated physical phenomena. Similarly, the observational history of comets and of solar eclipses can be useful in supporting or refuting suppositions in medieval texts.
  • Earthquakes. Examples of earthquakes that have been noted in Crusader historical sources including Latin historians Fulcher of Chartres, Walter the Chronicler and William of Tyre, Syriac sources Michael the Syrian and the 1224 Chronicle, and Arab historians including ibn Qalanisi, Abu Shama, ibn al-Athir (who identified 25 earthquakes in his works), and ibn al-Jawzi. Significant events include the 1114 Syrian earthquake, the 1138 Aleppo earthquake, the 1157 Hama earthquake, the 1170 Syrian earthquake, the 1202 Syrian earthquake, and the 1287 earthquake that damaged the walls of Lattakieh.[544]
  • Comets and Meteors. The observations of comets and meteors in medieval histories includes both the physical and temporal traits of the objects as well as their view as portents of good or bad luck. The most famous of these is Haley's Comet appearing in 1066 prior to the Battle of Hastings, recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicleamong other sources. Other known sightings of comets are in 1097, 1105-1106 and 1110, and meteor storms in 1063 and 1193, as recorded by ibn Qalanisi, ibn al-Athir and others. Speculation that a sighting of the 1222 apparition of Haley's Comet, recorded by ibn al-Athir, may have caused Genghis Khan's invasion of the west are unfounded. (Runc. Vol I, p. 190)
  • Solar and Lunar Eclipses. Solar eclipses and lunar eclipses were recorded in numerous historical texts including that of ibn al-Jawzi, ibn al-Athir and Michael the Syrian. Noted solar eclipses are those in 1061, 1176 and 1283, and lunar eclipses recorded in 1117 and 1226. (Runc. Vol II, pp. 105, 463)
  • Nicholas Ambraseys. Nicholas Ambraseys (1929–2012) was a Greek seismologist who was a pioneer in the study of medieval earthquakes in the Middle East. His 2004 study The 12th century seismic paroxysm in the Middle East: a historical perspective is most relevant to Crusader studies. He also wrote A history of Persian earthquakes (1982) and Seismicity of Egypt, Arabia and the Red Sea (1994).[545]
  • Al-Trabulsy. Hussain al-Trabulsy is a Saudi physicist and astronomer whose work Investigation of some astronomical phenomena in medieval Arabic chronicles is a study of Islamic observations and calculation of comets, meteors and meteor showers, and solar and lunar eclipses in the Middle Ages.[546]
  • Johannes de Sacrobosco. Johannes de Sacrobosco (c. 1195 – c. 1256) was a medieval scholar and astronomer who wrote his De sphaera mundi (The Sphere of the Cosmos or Tractatus de sphaera) around 1230. He is still called by the name John of Holywood, a name which was constructed by post-hoc reverse translation of the Latin sacro bosco,[547][548][549]
  • Al-Wabkanawi. Shams al-Munajjim Muhammad ibn Ali al-Wabkanawi was a 14th century Persian astronomer whose work al‐Zīj al‐muḥaqqaq is an astronomical handbook based on observations made at the Maragheh observatory established in 1259 by Persian polymath Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-1274). Among his accomplishments was the calculation of the solar eclipse of 30 January 1283.[550]

See also

References

  1. ^ Barker, Ernest (1911). "Crusades" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 524–552.
  2. ^ Alexander P. Kazhdan (2005). Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press.
  3. ^ Dictionary of National Biography.
  4. ^ Neue Deutsche Biographie.
  5. ^ Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie.
  6. ^ F. L. Cross  and E. A. Livingstone (2009). Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press.
  7. ^ Crusades. The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (2010). R. Bjork, ed.
  8. ^ Bréhier, Louis (1908). "Crusades (Sources and Bibliography)". In Catholic Encyclopedia. 4. New York.
  9. ^ C. Maier (2003), "Crusades" (PDF), The New Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 4 (2nd ed.), Gale, pp. 405–415.
  10. ^ a b Edgington, Susan B. (2016). "Crusading Chronicles". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  11. ^ Jackson, Peter. "Crusades". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. VI, Fasc 4. pp. 433–434.
  12. ^ "Crusades". Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill. October 2014. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  13. ^ a b "Select Bibliography of the Crusades" (PDF). A History of the Crusades. Vol. VI: The Impact of the Crusades on Europe. 1989. pp. 511–664.
  14. ^ Fordham University, Internet Medieval Sourcebook. "Selected Sources—The Crusades". Internet Medieval Sourcebook. Fordham University. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  15. ^ Murray, Alan V. (2006), The Crusades - An Encyclopedia, Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO
  16. ^ Edgington, Susan, and Murray, Alan V. "Western Sources". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 1269-1276. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  17. ^ Minervini, Laura. "Literature of Outremer and Cyprus". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 732.
  18. ^ a b Rubenstein, Jay (2005). "What is the Gesta Francorum, and who was Peter Tudebode?". Revue Mabillon. 16: 179–204.
  19. ^ Lapina, Elizabeth (2015). Warfare and the Miraculous in the Chronicles of the First Crusade. Penn State University Press.
  20. ^ France, John. "Gesta Francorum". In Murray, Alan V (ed.). The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 529–530.
  21. ^ Edgington, Susan B. "Peter Tudebode". In Murray, Alan V (ed.). The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 948.
  22. ^ a b Briquet, Apolin (1858). "Jean Besly". In Nouvelle Biographie Générale, 5. pp. 794-796.
  23. ^ Murray, Alan V. "Historia Belli Sacri". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 581.
  24. ^ Edgington, Susan B. "Raymond of Aguilers". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 1009.
  25. ^ Edgington, Susan B. "Fulcher of Chartres (died 1127)". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 489–490.
  26. ^ Edgington, Susan B. "Albert of Aachen". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 25–26.
  27. ^ Mulinder, Alec. "Ekkehard of Aura". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 392.
  28. ^ "Ekkehard of Aura: Hierosolymita and World Chronicle". Internet Medieval Sourcebook. Fordham University.
  29. ^ Orth, Peter. "Robert of Rheims". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 1042–1043.
  30. ^ Keats-Rohan, K. S. B. "Baldric of Dol (1046–1130)". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 130.
  31. ^ Orth, Peter. "Radulph of Caen (died after 1130)". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 1101.
  32. ^ Michael, McCormick. "Radulf of Caen". Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. p. 1772.
  33. ^ Keats-Rohan, K. S. B. "Guibert of Nogent (1055 – c. 1125)". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 548.
  34. ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Jacques Bongars. Encyclopædia Britannica. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 204.
  35. ^ Kümper, Hiram (2016). "Bartolf of Nangis". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  36. ^ Thompson, Rodney M. "William of Malmesbury (died c. 1143)". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 1279–1280.
  37. ^ Norgate, Kate (1900). "William of Malmesbury". In Dictionary of National Biography. 61. pp. 351-354.
  38. ^ Hartmann, Florian (2016). "Sicard of Cremona". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  39. ^ Rech, Régis (2016). "Hugh of Fleury". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  40. ^ Mershman, Francis (1910). "Hugh of Fleury". In Catholic Encyclopedia. 7. New York.
  41. ^ Keats-Rohan, K. S. B. "Henry of Huntingdon (c. 1088–1156/1160)". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 573.
  42. ^ Luard, Henry (1891). "Henry of Huntingdon". In Dictionary of National Biography. 26. p. 118.
  43. ^ Favreau-Lilie, Marie-Luise. "Caffaro (1080/1081–1166)". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 199.
  44. ^ Edgington, Susan B. "Walter the Chancellor". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 1239.
  45. ^ Orth, Peter. "Gilo of Paris (died after 1139)". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 533.
  46. ^ Löffler, Klemens (1912). "Sigebert of Gembloux" . In Catholic Encyclopedia. 13. New York.
  47. ^ Kostick, Conor, A further discussion on the authorship of the Gesta Francorum, academia.edu.  Retrieved 22 August 2020.
  48. ^ Rech, Régis (2016). "Geoffrey of Vigeois". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle
  49. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Accolti, Benedetto". Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 121.
  50. ^ a b Schauerte, Thomas (2016). "Annales Palidenses". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  51. ^ Gerish, Deborah. "Historia Nicaena vei Antichena". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 582.
  52. ^ Tyerman, Christopher (2006). "The Summons to Jerusalem". God's War: A New History of the Crusades.
  53. ^ a b c d e Riley-Smith, Jonathan, The First Crusaders, 1095-1131, Cambridge University Press, London, 1997
  54. ^ Röhricht, Reinhold (1903). "Quinti belli sacri Scriptores minores". Collections Numériques de la Sorbonne. 3 (1): 52–53.
  55. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "William, Archbishop of Tyre". Encyclopædia Britannica. 28. (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 677.
  56. ^ Murray, Alan V. "William of Tyre (died 1186)". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 1281–1282.
  57. ^ Nicholson, Helen. "Ernoul". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 407–408.
  58. ^ Claassens, Geert H. M. "Crusade Cycle". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 302–304.
  59. ^ Paterson, Linda M. "Occitan Literature". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 895–897.
  60. ^ Flori, Joan. "Chivalry". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 244–249.
  61. ^ Edgington, Susan B. "Chanson d'Antioch". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 235–236.
  62. ^ Claasens, Geert H. M. "Chanson de Jérusalem". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 236.
  63. ^ Sweetenham, Carol (2016). "Canso d'Antioch". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  64. ^ Les Archives de littérature du Moyen Âge (ARLIMA). "Le Voyage de Charlemagne à Jerusalem et à Constantinople".
  65. ^ Krüger, A. G. "Les manuscrits de la Chanson du chevalier au cygne et de Godefroi de Bouillon ".
  66. ^ Rider, Jeff. "Chrétien de Troyes". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 249–250.
  67. ^ Jubb, Margaret A. (2016). "Ordene de Chevalerie and the Old French Translation of William of Tyr". Carte Romanze. 4 (2): 9–36.
  68. ^ Jubb, Margaret (2016). "Estoire d'Outremer". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  69. ^ Claassens, Geert H. M. "Saladin in Literature". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 1063.
  70. ^ Irvin, Robert (1997). Saladin and the Third Crusade: A Case Study in Historiography and the Historical Novel, pp. 130-142, in Bentley, M., Companion to Historiography.
  71. ^ Clemmensen, Steen (2007). "Le Tournenoi de Chauvency" (PDF).
  72. ISBN 978-0-19-866262-4. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help
    )
  73. ^ Paviot, Jacques. "Geoffroy de Charny (died 1356)". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 508.
  74. ^ Rech, Régis (2016). "Annales Bertiniani". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  75. ^ MacErlean, Andrew (1909). "Raoul Glaber" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  76. ^ Chevalier, Ulysse. "Cartulaire de l'abbaye de Saint-Chaffre-du-Monastier".
  77. ^ Aimoin; et al. (1858). Miracles de Saint-Benoît.
  78. ^ a b Les Archives de littérature du Moyen Âge (ARLIMA). "Jean de Marmoutier".
  79. ^ Rech, Régis (2016). "John of Marmoutier". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  80. ^ Internet Medieval Sourcebook, Fordham University. "Chronicle of the Counts of Anjou".
  81. ^ Rech, Régis, "Chronicon S. Petri Vivi". In Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  82. ^ Rech, Régis (2016). "William of Brittany". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  83. ^ Rech, Régis (2016). "Alberich of Troisfontaines". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicles.
  84. ^ Bate, Keith, "Chronicon S. Martialis Lemovicensis", in: Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle, Edited by: Graeme Dunphy, Cristian Bratu.
  85. ^ O'Sullivan, Daniel E. (2016). "Grandes Chroniques de France". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  86. ^ Abulafia, Anna Sapir. "Hebrew Sources". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 561–563.
  87. ^ Abulafia, Anna Sapi. "Solomon bar Simson". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 1118.
  88. ^ Abulafia, Anna Sapir. "Mainz Anonymous". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 778.
  89. ^ Livermore, Harold, "The Conquest of Lisbon and Its Author," Portuguese Studies 6 (1990): 1–16
  90. ^ Wolfsgrüber, Cölestin (1912). "Archdiocese of Salzburg" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  91. ^ Bagge, Sverre (2016). "Ágrip af Noregs Konunga Sogum". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  92. ^ Mundal, Else (2016). "Knýtlinga Saga". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  93. ^ Molinier, Auguste, Persée, Parcourir les Collections. "Époque féodale, les Capétiens jusqu'en 1180, #2143".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  94. ^ Lowe, John Francis, "Baldwin I of Jerusalem: Defender of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem" (2013). Portland State University.
  95. ^ Keats-Rohan, K. S. B. "Odo of Deuil (died 1162)". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 897–898.
  96. ^ Loud, G. A. "Otto of Freising (died 1158)". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 901–902.
  97. ^ Weber, Miriam (2016). "Annales Herbipolenses". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  98. ^ Annales Herbipolenses s.a. 1147. "A Hostile View of the Crusades". Internet Medieval Sourcebook. Fordham University.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  99. ^ Schuster, Beate (2016). "Suger of St. Denis". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  100. ^ Murray, Alan V. "Libellus de expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum expeditione". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 725.
  101. ^ Michael, McCormick. "Tageno". Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. p. 2006.
  102. ^ Kössinger, Norbert (2016). "Magnus of Reichersberg". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  103. ^ Murray, Alan V. "Historia de expeditione Friderici imperatoris". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 581.
  104. ^ Chroust, Anton (1928). "Quellen zur Geschichte des Kreuzzuges Kaiser Friedrich I". MGH Scriptores rerum Germanicarum 5.
  105. ^ Chroust, Anton (1928). "Quellen zur Geschichte des Kreuzzuges Kaiser Friedrich I". MGH Scriptores rerum Germanicarum 5. Archived from the original on 2020-07-16. Retrieved 2020-07-16.
  106. ^ Werthschulte, Leila (2016). "Arnold of Lübeck". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  107. ^
    S2CID 162336544
    .
  108. ^ Tebruck, Stefan. "Kreuzfahrt". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 711–712.
  109. ^ Nicholson, Helen (2016). "Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regia Ricardi". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  110. ^ Ailes, Marianne (2016). "Ambroise of Normandy". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  111. ^ Davis, H. W. C. (1911). "Ambrose (Poet)" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 798
  112. ^ Nicholson, Helen. "Richard of Devizes". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 1035.
  113. ^ Hunt, William (1896). "Richard of Devizes". In Dictionary of National Biography. 48. pp. 197-198.
  114. ^ Whalen, Brett Edward. "Roger of Howden". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 1002.
  115. ^ Carr, William (1891). "Roger of Hoveden" . In Dictionary of National Biography. 27. pp. 428-429.
  116. ^ The Saladin Tithe. Institute for Medieval Studies (IMS). University of Leeds.
  117. ^ Nicholson, Helen. "Ralph de Diceto (died 1999/1200)". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 1002–1003.
  118. ^ Lane-Poole, Reginald (1888). "Ralph de Diceto". In Dictionary of National Biography. 15. pp. 12-14.
  119. ^ Bréhier, Louis (1911). "Peter de Blois". In Catholic Encyclopedia. 11. New York.
  120. ^ Charles Lethbridge Kingsford (1896). "Peter of Blois". In Dictionary of National Biography. 45. London. pp. 46-–52.
  121. ^ Murray, Alan V. "Peter of Blois (died 1211)". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 943–944.
  122. ^ Henriques, António Castro (2016). "Narratio Itineris Navalis ad Terram Sanctam". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  123. ^ Nicholson, Helen. "Rigord". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 1038–1039.
  124. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Rigord. Encyclopædia Britannica. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 343.
  125. ISBN 978-0-19-866262-4
    .
  126. ^ Various authors (1848). Chronicles of the crusades. London: H. G. Bohn.
  127. ^ Ruch, Lisa M. (2016). "William of Newburgh". In Dunphy, Graeme; Bratu, Cristian (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  128. ^ Keats-Rohan, K. S. B. "Orderic Vitalis (1075 – c. 1141)". In Murray, Alan V (ed.). The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 899–900.
  129. ^ Kingsford, Charles L. (1900). "Ordericus Vitalis". In Dictionary of National Biography. 42. pp. 241-242.
  130. ^ Guimon, Timofei Valentinovich (2016). "Novgorodian First Chronicle". In Dunphy, Graeme; Bratu, Cristian (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  131. ^ Hunt, Lucy-Anne. "Melisende Psalter". In Murray, Alan V (ed.). The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 816–817.
  132. ^ Minervini, Laura. "Gestes des Chiprois". In Murray, Alan V (ed.). The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 530.
  133. doi:10.3917/rma.102.0315
    .
  134. ^ Icolaou-Konnari, Angel. "Chronique de Terre Sainte". In Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  135. ^ Minervini, Laura. "Philip of Novara". In Murray, Alan V (ed.). The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 955.
  136. ^ Templar of Tyre. "Chronique du Templier de Tir, 237–701". Internet Medieval Sourcebook. Fordham University.
  137. ^ "Gestes des Chiprois". Publications dela Société de l'Orient Latin. 1887.
  138. ^ Noble, Peter S. "Geoffrey of Villehardouin (the Marshall)". In Murray, Alan V (ed.). The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 507–508.
  139. ^ Noble, Peter S. "Robert of Clari (died after 1216)". In Murray, Alan V (ed.). The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 1040–1041.
  140. ^ Andrea, Alfred J. "Devastatio Constantinoopolitana". In Murray, Alan V (ed.). The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 355–356.
  141. ^ Andrea, Alfred J. "Martin of Pairis". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 804.
  142. ^ Andrea, Alfred J. "Gunther of Pairis". In Murray, Alan V (ed.). The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 549.
  143. ^ Wolf, Jürgen (2016). "Chronica regia Coloniensis". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  144. ^ Israel, Uwe (2016). "Chronica S. Pantaleonis". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  145. ^ Whalen, Brett Edward. "Ralph of Coggeshall". In Murray, Alan V (ed.). The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 1002.
  146. ^ Hunt, William (1887). "Ralph of Coggeshall". In Dictionary of National Biography. 11. p. 223.
  147. ^ a b c d Translations and reprints from the original sources of European history. Dept. of History, University of Pennsylvania.
  148. ^ Bird, Jessalynn. "James of Vitry (died 1240)". In Murray, Alan V (ed.). The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 653–654.
  149. ^ Bird, Jessalynn. "Oliver of Paderborn (died 1227)". In Murray, Alan V (ed.). The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 898–899.
  150. ^ Ruch, Lisa M. (2016). "Roger of Wendover". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  151. ^ Gesta crucigerorum Rhenanorum. Geschichtsquellen des Deutschen Mittelalters. (2022).
  152. ^ Villegas-Aristizabal, Lucas (10 June 2021). "A Frisian Perspective on Crusading in Iberia as part of the Sea Journey to the Holy Land 1217-1218". Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History. Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History, 3rd Series, Vol. 15 (2018). pp. 67–149.
  153. ^ Barber, Malcolm (2016). "Petrus Vallium Sarnaii". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  154. ^ Ashcroft, Jeffrey. "Freidank (died 1233)". In Murray, Alan V (ed.). The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 478.
  155. ^ Les Archives de littérature du Moyen Âge (ARLIMA). "Philippe Mouskés".
  156. ^ Rech, Régis (2016). "Vincent of Beauvais". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  157. ^ Burgtorf, Jochen. "Joinville, John of (1224/1225–1317)". In Murray, Alan V (ed.). The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 695.
  158. ^ Menache, Sophia. "Matthew Paris". In Murray, Alan V (ed.). The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 807–808.
  159. ^ Hunt, William (1895). "Matthew Paris". In Dictionary of National Biography. 43. pp. 207-–213.
  160. ^ Brun, Laurent, "Primat". In Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  161. doi:10.1484/J.HAM.5.107377
    .
  162. ^ Paviot, Jacques, “Fidentius of Padua”, in: Christian-Muslim Relations 600 - 1500, General Editor David Thomas.
  163. ^ Schwertner, Thomas (1907). "Bartholomew of Lucca" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  164. ^ Edgington, Susan B. "Thaddeus of Naples". In Murray, Alan V (ed.). The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 1169.
  165. ^ a b Edgington, Susan B. "Excidium Acconis". In Murray, Alan V (ed.). The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 418.
  166. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Robert Guiscard" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 400–401.
  167. ^ Loud, Graham A., (2016). "Amatus of Montecassino". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  168. ^ Kümper, Hiram (2016). "Annales Barenses". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  169. ^ Fulvio, Delle Donne (2016). "Lupus Apulus Protospatharius". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  170. ^ Kujawinski, Jakub (2016). "Anonymi Barensis Chronicon". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  171. ^ Kujawinski, Jakub (2016). "Annales Beneventani". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  172. ^ Morreale, Laura (2016). "Marago, Bernardus i". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  173. ^ Schlager, Patricius (1911). "Ostiensis". In Catholic Encyclopedia. 11. New York.
  174. ^ Morreale, Laura (2016). "Cronichetta Lucchese". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  175. ^ Bellomo, Elena (2016). "Annales ianuenses". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  176. ^ Delle Donne, Fulvio (2016). "Peter of Eboli". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  177. ^ "Richard of San Germano" (PDF). Institute for Medieval Studies (IMS). University of Leeds.
  178. ^ Schlager, Patricius (1912). "Salimbene degli Adami" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  179. ^ Tomei, Angela (2016). "Bartholomaeus of Neocastro". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  180. ^ Dunphy, Graeme (2016). "Annales Altahenses". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  181. ^ Wolverton, Lisa (2016). "Cosmas of Prague". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  182. ^ Werthschulte, Leila (2016). "Helmold of Bosau". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  183. ^ Schlager, Patricius (1911). "Otto of St. Blasien" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  184. ^ Ashcroft, Jeffrey. "Friedrich von Hausen (died 1190)". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 486–487.
  185. ^ Ashcroft, Jeffrey. "Wolfram von Eschenbach". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 1284–1285.
  186. ^ Murray, Alan V. "Metellus of Tegernsee". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 823.
  187. ^ Ashcroft, Jeffrey. "Albrecht von Johansdorf". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 35.
  188. ^ Ott, Michael (1908). "Caesarius of Heisterbach" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  189. ^ Niederkorn, Meta (2016). "Annales Mellicenses". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  190. ^ Murdoch, Brian; Pfeiffer, Kerstin (2016). "Annales Admontenses". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  191. ^ Wolf, Jürgen (2016). "Chronica regis Coloniensis". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  192. ^ "The Children's Crusade, 1212". Internet Medieval Sourcebook. Fordham University.
  193. ^ "The Marbach Annals" (PDF). Institute for Medieval Studies (IMS). University of Leeds.
  194. ISBN 978-0-19-866262-4
    .
  195. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Robert of Torigni" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 401.
  196. ^ Embree, Dan (2016). "Robert of Torigni". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  197. ^ Bateson, Mary (1896). "Robert de Monte". In Dictionary of National Biography. 48. pp. 369-370.
  198. ^ Smith, William (2016). "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  199. ^ William Hunt (1885). "Baldwin (d. 1190)". In Dictionary of National Biography. 3. London. pp. 32–34.
  200. ^ Kingsford, Charles L. (1892). "Joseph of Exeter". In Dictionary of National Biography. 30. pp. 205-206.
  201. ^ Lane-Poole, Reginald (1892). "John of Salisbury". In Dictionary of National Biography. 29. pp. 439–446.
  202. ^ Bowman, Gaynor and Westgard; Joshua, A. (2016). "Annales de Dunstaplia". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2020-07-24. Retrieved 2020-07-12.
  203. ^ Broun, Dauvit (2016). "Chronicle of Melrose Abbey". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  204. ^ Ruddick, Andrea, "Annales Cestrienses". In Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  205. ^ Goetz, Sharon (2016). "Cotton, Bartholomew". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  206. ^ Kennedy, Edward Donald (2016). "Norwich Chronicle". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  207. ^ Bradley, Henry (1887). "Bartholomew de Cotton". In Dictionary of National Biography. 12. p. 298.
  208. ^ Ruch, Lisa M. (2016). "St. Albans Chronicle". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  209. ^ Thurston, Herbert (1912). "Matthew of Westminster" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  210. ^ Edward Maunde Thompson (1887). "Capgrave, John". In Dictionary of National Biography. 9. London. pp. 20-22.
  211. ^ Peverley, Sarah L., "Capgrave, John". In Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  212. ^ Robert Adamson (1911). "Bacon, Roger". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 3. (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press. pp. 153–156.
  213. ^ Adamson, Robert (1885). "Roger Bacon". In Dictionary of National Biography. 2. pp. 374—378.
  214. ^ Lee, Sydney (1890). "Guy of Warwick" . In Dictionary of National Biography. 23. pp. 386-388.
  215. ^ Harris, Jonathan. "Greek Sources". In Murray, Alan V (ed.). The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 539–543.
  216. ^ Dawes, Elizabeth, translator (1928). The Alexiad of Anna Comnene. Medieval Sourcebook, Fordham University.
  217. ^ Morris, Rosemary. "Anna Komnene (1083–1153/1154)". In Murray, Alan V (ed.). The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 63.
  218. ^ Baldwin, Barry. "Chronicon Paschale". Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. p. 447.
  219. ^ Kazhdan, Alexander. "Antiochus Strategos". Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. pp. 119-120.
  220. ^ Analecta bollandiana, 23-24, Bruxelles: Société des Bollandistes (1882). Delehaye, H. (ed.). Passio Sanctorum Sexaginta Martyrum. Société des Bollandistes.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  221. doi:10.2143/ARAM.15.0.504530.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link
    )
  222. ^ Codoñer, Juan Signes. The Emperor Theophilos and the East, 829–842: Court and Frontier in Byzantium during the Last Phase of Iconoclasm. Routledge, Abington, UK, 2014
  223. ^ Kirsch, Johann Peter (1911). "St. Nicephorus". In Catholic Encyclopedia. 11. New York.
  224. ^ Kazhdan, Alexander. "Theophanes Continuatus, Theophanes the Confessor". Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. pp. 2061-2061, 2063.
  225. ^ Kazhdan, Alexander, and Cutler, Anthony. "Constantine VII Porphyrogennetus". Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. pp. 502-503.
  226. ^ McCormick, Michael. "Liutprand of Cremona". Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. pp. 1241–1242.
  227. ^ Kazhdan, Alexander. "Attaleiates, Michael". Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. p. 229.
  228. ^ Kazhdan, Alexander. "Kedrenos, George". Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. p. 1118.
  229. ^ Kazhdan, Alexander. "Bryannios, Nikephoros the Younger". Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. p. 331.
  230. ^ Kazhdan, Alexander. "Skoutariotes, Theodore". Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. pp. 1912-1913.
  231. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Theophylact". Encyclopædia Britannica. 26. (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 787.
  232. ^ Murray, Alan V., ed. (2015). Crusades to the Holy Land: The Essential Guide. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 114.
  233. ^ Kazhdan, Alexander. "Zonaras, Johannes". Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. p. 2229.
  234. ^ Leib, Bernard. "Deux inédits byzantins sur les azymes au début du XIIe siècle" Revue des études byzantines 139 (1925)
  235. ^ Gautier, Paul. "Diatribes de Jean l'Oxite contre Alexis Ier Comnène" Revue des études byzantines 28 (1970)
  236. ^ Kazhdan, Alexander. "Prodromos, Theodore". Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. pp. 1726-1727.
  237. ^ Kazhdan, Alexander. "Glykas, Michael". Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. pp. 855-856.
  238. ^ Morris, Rosemary. "Kinnamos, John". In Murray, Alan V (ed.). The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 709.
  239. ^ Savvides, Alexios G. C. "Choniates, Niketas (d. c. 1217)". In Murray, Alan V (ed.). The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 248–249.
  240. ^ Kazhdan, Alexander. "Mesarites, Nicholas". Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. p. 1346.
  241. ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Acropolita, George". Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 156.
  242. ^ Veszprémy, László (2016). "Thomas of Split". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  243. ^ Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften (1964). "Germanus II., Constantinopolitanus". In Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). 6. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin.
  244. ^ Talbot, Alice-Mary. "Pachymeres, George". Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. p. 1550.
  245. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Pachymeres, Georgius. Encyclopædia Britannica. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 433.
  246. ^ Lock, Peter. "Chronicle of the Morea". In Murray, Alan V (ed.). The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 252–253.
  247. ^ Noble, Peter S. "Henry of Valenciennes". In Murray, Alan V (ed.). The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 577.
  248. ^ Talbot, Alice-Mary. "Zaccaria". Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. pp. 2217-2218.
  249. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). John VI or V. Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 438–439.
  250. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Gregoras, Nicephorus. Encyclopædia Britannica. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 562.
  251. ^ Talbot, Alice-Mary. "Chalkokondyles, Laonikos". Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. p. 407.
  252. ^ Talbot, Alice-Mary. "Doukas". Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. pp. 656–657.
  253. ^ Doukas (1975). Decline and fall of Byzantium to the Ottoman Turks. Wayne State University Press.
  254. ^ Kazhdan, Alexander. "Neophytos, Enkleistos". Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. pp. 454–1455.
  255. ^ Crawford, Paul. "Guillaume de Machaut (died 1377)". In Murray, Alan V (ed.). The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 546–547.
  256. ^ Nicolaou-Konnari, Angel (2016). "Machairas, Leontios". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  257. ^ Nicolaou-Konnari, Angel (2016). "Chronicle of Amadi". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  258. ^ Nicolaou-Konnari, Angel (2016). "Bustron, Florio". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  259. ^ Nicolaou-Konnari, Angel (2016). "Boustronios, Georgios". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle
  260. ^ Christie, Niall. "Arabic Sources". In Murray, Alan V (ed.). The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 81–84.
  261. ^ Aziz Suryal Atiya, The Crusade Historiography and Bibliography (1962)
  262. ^ a b Hillenbrand, Carole, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives, Edinburgh University Press (1999)
  263. ^ Gabrieli, Francesco, Arab Historians of the Crusades: Selected and Translated from the Arabic Sources, The Islamic World, translated by E. J. Costello, Routledge, London, 1969
  264. ^ Bosworth, Clifford E., The Later Ghaznavids: Splendor and Decay, Columbia University Press, New York, 1977
  265. ^ a b c Christie, Niall, Muslims and Crusaders: Christianity's Wars in the Middle East, 1095-1382, from the Islamic Sources, Routledge, New York, 2014
  266. ^ Daftary, Farhad. "Encyclopaedia Iranica".
  267. ^ Krauss-Sánchez, Heidi R. and López Pita, Paulina (2016). "Islamic historiography". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  268. ^ Gibb, H. A. R., Editor, The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades. Extracted and translated from the Chronicle of ibn al-Qalānisi, Luzac & Company, London, 1932
  269. ^ Christie, Niall. "Ibn al-Qalānisi (died 1160)". In Murray, Alan V (ed.). The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 626.
  270. ^ Kennedy, Hugh. "Ibn al-Athir (1160–1233)". In Murray, Alan V (ed.). The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 625.
  271. ^ a b Bosworth, Clifford E. (1996). The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Columbia University Press.
  272. ^ Kennedy, Hugh (2004). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates. London: Pearson Longman. pp. 346–384.
  273. ^ Griffith, Sidney H. (2012), "Eutychius of Alexandria", Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. IX, Fasc. 1, pp. 77–78
  274. ^ Fortescue, Adrian (1909). "Eutychius, Melchite Patriarch of Alexandria". In Catholic Encyclopedia. 5. New York.
  275. ^ Lawrence I. Conrad. "Yahyā of Antioch." Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. p. 2213.
  276. ^ Waines, David and Krauss-Sánchez, Heidi R. (2016). "al-Mas'ūdi". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  277. ^ Osti, Letizia (July 2017). "Hilāl al-Ṣābiʾ". Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.).
  278. ^ Yūsofī, Ḡ.-Ḥ. "Bayhaqi, Abu'l-Fazi". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. III, Fasc 8 (online ed.). pp. 889–894.
  279. ^ Bosworth, Clifford E. "Ghaznavids". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. X, Fasc 6 (online ed.). pp. 578–583.
  280. ^ El-Azhari, Taef (May 2020). "al-'Azimi". Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.).
  281. ^ Irvin, Robert. "Usāma ibn Munqidh (1095–1188)". In Murray, Alan V (ed.). The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 1218–1219.
  282. doi:10.1097/00010694-195803000-00011
    .
  283. ^ Mourad, Suleiman A. (May 2017). "Ibn; Asākir family". Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.).
  284. ^ Christie, Niall. "Al-Isfahāni (1126–1201)". In Murray, Alan V (ed.). The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 644–645.
  285. ^ Mallett, Alexin (2010). "Ibn al-Jawzi". Christian-Muslim Relations. Brill.
  286. ^ Talmon-Heller, Daniella. "Diyā al-Din al-Maqdisi (1173–1245)". In Murray, Alan V (ed.). The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 360.
  287. ^ Pellat, Ch.; et al. (24 April 2012). "ibn al-Djawzi". Encyclopaedia of Islam (1st ed.). Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  288. ^ Christie, Niall. "Sibt ibn al_jazwi (1185/1186–1256)". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 1103–1104.
  289. ^ Christie, Niall. "Kamal al-Din (1192–1262)". In Murray, Alan V (ed.). The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 703.
  290. ^ Christie, Niall. "Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad". In Murray, Alan V (ed.). The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 627.
  291. ^ Cahen, M. Claude (1937). Une Chronique Syrienne du VI/XII Siècle : Le "Bustān al-Jāmi'". Bulletin D'études Orientales, 7/8, pp. 113-158.
  292. ^ Christie, Niall. "Ibn Wasil (1208–1298)". In Murray, Alan V (ed.). The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 627.
  293. ^ Rosenthal, F. "Ibn Abi'l-Dam". Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.).
  294. ^ Hirschler, Konrad (2006). Medieval Arabic Historiography: Authors as Actors, Routledge. PDF
  295. ^ Eddé, Anne-Marie (July 2017). "Ibn Abi Tayyi". Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.).
  296. ^ Amtrium, Zayde (June 2009). "Abū Shāma Shihāb al-Dīn al-Maqdisī". Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.).
  297. ISBN 978-0-19-866262-4. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help
    )
  298. ^ Fück, J.W. "Ibn Khallikān". Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.).
  299. ^ Ben Cheneb, Moh. "Ibn Taimiya". Encyclopaedia of Islam (1st ed.).
  300. ^ Kreckel, Manuel (2016). "Abū al-Fidā". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  301. ^ Fozia, Bora (September 2017). "Ibn Muyassar". Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.).
  302. ^ Zetterstéen, K. V., Baktāsh, B. al-Dīn. (1919). Beiträge zur Geschichte der Mamlūkensultane in den Jahren 690-741 der Hiǵra, nach arabischen Handschriften. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
  303. ^ Rosenthal, F. "ibn al-Tiktakā". Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.).
  304. ^ Cheddadi, Abdesselam "ibn Khaldun, 'Abd al-Rahman". Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.).
  305. ^ Marmon, Shaun E. (September 2014). "al-'Ayni, Badr al-Din". Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.).
  306. ^ Brockelmann, Carl (24 April 2012). "Abu'l-Mahāsin". Encyclopaedia of Islam (1st ed.).
  307. ^ Brockelmann, Carl (24 April 2012). "al-Makrizi". Encyclopaedia of Islam (1st ed.).
  308. ^ Jaritz, Gerhard (June 2019). "al-Jazari, Badi al-Zamān". Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.).
  309. ^ Yarbrough, Luke (2016). "History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  310. ^ Cahen, Cl; Coquin, R.G. (24 April 2012). "al-Makin b. al-'Amid". Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.).
  311. ^ Cahen, Claude. "la « Chronique Des Ayyoubides » D'al-makīn B. Al-'amīd." Bulletin D'études Orientales, Vol. 15, Institut Francais Du Proche-orient (1955). pp. 109–184.
  312. ^ Anne-Marie Eddé and Françoise Micheau (tr.). Al-Makīn Ibn al-ՙAmīd, Chronique des Ayyoubides. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 59(1) (1996). pp. 144–145.
  313. ^ Yarbrough, Luke (2016). "Ibn al-Rāhib". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  314. ^ Daniel, Elton L. (2012). "Historiography iii: Early Islamic Period". Encyclopædia Iranica (online ed.). Vol. XII, Fasc. 3, pp. 330–336 and Vol. XII, Fasc. 4, pp. 337–349.
  315. ^ Daftary, Farhad (2012). "Isma'ili Historiography". Encyclopædia Iranica (online ed.). Vol. XIV, Fasc. 2, pp. 176–178.
  316. ^ Wood, Philip (2016). "Chronicle of Se'ert". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  317. ^ Wolfgang, Felix. "Elija bar Sinajai". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol VIII, Fasc 4. pp. 363-364.
  318. ^ Bosworth, C. Edmund (2017). "Meskawayh, Abu 'Ali Ahmad". Encyclopædia Iranica (online ed.)
  319. ^ Hodgson, M. G. S. (24 April 2012). "Hasan-i Sabbāh". Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.).
  320. ^ Yavari, Neguin (15 September 2015). "Nezām-al-Molk". Encyclopædia Iranica (online ed.).
  321. ^ Lory, P. (24 April 2012). "al-Shahrazūri". Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.).
  322. ^ Lane, George (2012). "Jovayni, 'Alā-al-Din". Encyclopædia Iranica (online ed.). Vol. XV, Fasc. 1, pp. 63–68.
  323. ^ Guyard, Stanislas (1877) "Un grand maître des Assassins au temps de Saladin" Journal Asiatique 7 série, 9, pp. 387-489.
  324. ^ Daftary, Farhad (26 November 2014). "Rāsed-al-Din Senān". Encyclopædia Iranica (online ed.).
  325. ^ Yazici, Tahsin (2011). "Ibn Bibi, Naser-al-Din Hosayn". Encyclopædia Iranica (online ed.). Vol. VIII, Fasc. 1, pp. 8–9.
  326. ^ Berthels, E. (24 April 2012). "Rashid al-Din Tabib". Encyclopaedia of Islam (1st ed.).
  327. ^ Melville, Charles (2012). "Jāme' al-Tawārik". Encyclopædia Iranica (online ed.). Vol. XIV, Fasc. 5, pp. 462–468.
  328. ^ a b Melville, Charles (2012). "Hamd Allāh Mostawfi". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. XI, Fasc. 6, pp. 631–634.
  329. ^ a b Richard, J. (2011). "Adam, Guillaume". Encyclopædia Iranica (online ed.). Vol. I, Fasc. 4, pp. 447–448.
  330. ^ Multiple authors (8 August 2017). "Khayyam, Omar". Encyclopædia Iranica (online ed.).
  331. ^ Murray, Alan V; Christie, Niall. "Al-Sulami (1039–1106)". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 1124.
  332. ^ Van Renterghem, Vanessa. "Ibn al-Qaysarāni, Abū l'Fad l". Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.).
  333. ^ van Gelder, Geert Jan. "al-Abiwardi". Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.).
  334. ^ Guo, Li. "Ibn al-Dawādāri". Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.).
  335. ^ Cahen, Ch. (24 April 2012). "Ibn al-Furāt". Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.).
  336. ^ Rosenthal, F. (24 April 2012). "al-Makrizi". Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.).
  337. ^ Christie, Niall, Muslims and Crusaders.
  338. ^ Deutsch  Biographie (1969). "Erich Haenisch". In Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). 8. Berlin.
  339. ^ Deutsch  Biographie (2001). "Paul Pelliot". In Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). 20. Berlin.
  340. ^ The Cambridge Medieval History (1966). Volume IV.I. Byzantium and its Neighbors. Cambridge University Press. pp. 983–1009.
  341. ^ Stewart, Angus. "Matthew of Edessa". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 806–807.
  342. ^ Stewart, Angus. "Armenian Sources". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 90–92.
  343. ^ Beech, George T. "Gregory the Priest". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 547–548.
  344. ^ Vaschalde, Arthur Adolphe (1911). "Nerses I-IV" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  345. ^ Vaschalde, Arthur Adolphe (1911). "Nerses of Lambron" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  346. ^ Kurkjian, Vahan M.A., A History of Armenia. "Nerses Lambronatsi".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  347. ^ Boyadjian, Tamar (2016). "Samuel Anec'i". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  348. ^ Hussey, J. M., ed. (1966). The Cambridge Medieval History. IV.I. Byzantium and its Neighbors. London: Cambridge at the University Press. p. 986.
  349. ^ Jackson, Peter (13 July 2011) [15 December 1982] "Abaqa" Encyclopædia Iranica (online ed.) Vol. I, Fasc. 1, pp. 61–63.
  350. ^ Boyadjian, Tamar (2016). "Vardan Areweic'i". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  351. ^ University of California Libraries (1831). "Vahram's Chronicle of the Armenian Kingdom".
  352. ^ Angus, Stewart. "Smpad the Constable (1208–1276)". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 1116.
  353. ^ Andrews, Tara L (2016). "Smbat Sparapet". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  354. ^ a b The Cambridge Medieval History (1966). p. 988.
  355. ^ The Cambridge Medieval History (1966). p. 987.
  356. ^ Bueno, Irene (2016). "Hayton of Korykos". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  357. ^ Jackson, Peter (2016). "Hayton". Encyclopædia Iranica (online ed.).
  358. ^ Vandekerckhove, Dweezil (2019). Medieval Fortifications in Cilicia: The Armenian Contribution to Military Architecture in the Middle Ages. Brill. p. 253.
  359. ^ Golubovich, Girolamo (1908). "Jean Dardel" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  360. ^ Weltecke, Dorothea. "Syriac Sources". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 1136–1137.
  361. ^ Brock, Sebastian, in Journal of the Iraqi Academy (Syriac Corporation), 1979-1980, 5: 296–326. "Syriac Historical Writing: A Survey of the Main Sources".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  362. ^ Witakowski, Witold. "Syrian Historiographical Sources".
  363. ^ Weltecke, Dorothea. "Michael the Great (1126–1199)". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 824.
  364. ^ "Michael the Great — ܡܝܟܐܝܠ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܪܒܐ" in The Syriac Biographical Dictionary.
  365. ^ Weltecke, Dorothea. "Anonymous Syria Chronicle". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 64.
  366. ^ Weltecke, Dorothea (2016). "Chronicle of 1234". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  367. ^ Weltecke, Dorothea. "Bar Ebroyo (1226–1286)". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 152–153.
  368. ^ Mikaberidze, Alexander. "Georgia". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 511–513.
  369. ^ Rapp Jr., Stephen H. "Georgia until 1300". Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.).
  370. ^ The Cambridge Medieval History (1966). p. 994.
  371. ^ Mikaberidze, Alexander. "David IV of Georgia (1073–1126)". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 347–348.
  372. ^ Mikaberidze, Alexander. "Tamar (died 1213)". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 1143.
  373. ^ Schein, Sylvia. The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 957-963.
  374. ^ Jarrett, Bede (1911). "Pilgrimages". In Catholic Encyclopedia. 12. New York.
  375. ^ a b Bechtel, Florentine Stanislaus (1910). "Itineraria". In Catholic Encyclopedia. 8. New York.
  376. ^ Les Archives de littérature du Moyen Âge (ARLIMA). "Récits de voyage et traités géographie".
  377. ^ Bacchus, Francis Joseph (1909). "Eusebius of Caesarea" . In Catholic Encyclopedia. 5. New York.
  378. ^ Vikan, Gary. "Egeria". Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. p. 679.
  379. ^ Saltet, Louis (1910). "St. Jerome" . In Catholic Encyclopedia. 8. New York.
  380. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Eudocia Augusta" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 881.
  381. ^ Omont, Henri, Persée, Parcourir les Collections. "Catalogue de la bibliothèque de l'abbé Adson de Montier-en-Der (992)".
  382. ^ Grey, Francis (1907). "Adso" . In Catholic Encyclopedia 1. New York.
  383. ^ Mershman, Francis (1912). "Sts. Willibald and Winnebald". In Catholic Encyclopedia. 15. New York.
  384. ^ Bosworth, C. Edmund. "Abū 'Ali Ahmad ebn Rosta". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. VIII, Fasc. 1, pp. 49–50.
  385. ^ Murray, Alan V. "John of Würzburg". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 695.
  386. ^ Kazhdan, Alexander. "Phokas, John". Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. p. 1667.
  387. ISBN 978-0-19-866262-4. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help
    )
  388. ^ Talmon-Heller, Daniella. "Ibn Jubayr (1145–1217)". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 625–626.
  389. ^ Pellat, Ch. (24 April 2012). "Ibn Djubayr". Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.).
  390. ^ Jensen, Janus Møller. "Hakon Palsson (died c. 1123)". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 555.
  391. ^ Weber, Nicholas (1911). "Petrus Diaconus" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  392. ^ Jensen, Janus Møller. "Nikulas of Munkethverâ (died 1159)". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 889.
  393. ^ Loud, G.A. "Pilgrimage of Henry the Lion (1172)". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 963–964.
  394. ^ Mme. B. de Khitrowo, Traduits pour la Société de l'Orient latin, Hathi Trust. "Itinéraires Russes en Orient".
  395. ^ Witkowski, Rafal. "John of Piano Carpini (died 1252)". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 694–695.
  396. ^ Plassmann, Thomas (1911). "Giovanni da Pianô Carpine" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  397. ^ Schlager, Patricius (1912). "William Rubruck" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  398. ^ Rech, Régis (2016). "William of Rubruck". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  399. ^ Bréhier, Louis (1911). "Marco Polo" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  400. ^ Komroff, Manuel (2011). The Travels of Marco Polo. p. 53.
  401. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Rabban Bar Sauma" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 767.
  402. ^ Grabois, Aryeh. "Burchard of Mount Zion". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 184.
  403. ^ John Ambrose McHugh (1912). "Ricoldo da Monte di Croce". In Catholic Encyclopedia. 13. New York.
  404. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Ricold of Monte Croce. Encyclopædia Britannica. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 316.
  405. ^ Brockelmann, Carl (24 April 2012). "Ibn Battūta". Encyclopaedia of Islam (1st ed.).
  406. ^ Israel, Uwe (2016). "Fabri, Felix". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  407. ^ Whalen, Brett Edward. The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 1024–1026.
  408. ^ Andrea, Alfred J. The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 1023–1024.
  409. ^ Jaspert, Nikolas. The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 1204.
  410. ^ Lauchert, Friedrich (1910). "Holy Coat". In Catholic Encyclopedia. 7. New York.
  411. ^ Thurston, Herbert (1911). "Relics". In Catholic Encyclopedia. 12. New York.
  412. ^ Whalen, Brett Edward. The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 588–589.
  413. ^ Thurston, Herbert (1908). "Chalice". In Catholic Encyclopedia. 3. New York.
  414. ^ Ott, Michael (1910). "Bl. Jacopo de Voragine". In Catholic Encyclopedia. 8. New York.
  415. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Sabas, St. Encyclopædia Britannica. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 958.
  416. S2CID 161055008
    .
  417. ^ Salaville, Sévérien (1910). "Hebron: Christian Epoch". In Catholic Encyclopedia. 7. New York.
  418. ^ Cerbani, Cerbano, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 23 (1979)
  419. ^ Andrea, Alfred J. The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 888.
  420. ^ Hoogvliet, Margriet (2016). "Cartography and geographical excursus". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  421. ^ Kedar, Benjamin. "Tractatus de locis et statu sancte terre Ierosolimitane". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 1187–1188.
  422. ^ Ducène, Jean-Charles (March 2018). "al-Idrisi, Abū 'Abdallāh". Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.).
  423. ^ al-Naboodah, Hasan (2016). "Yāqūt". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  424. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Yāqūt" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 904.
  425. ^ Sourdel, D. "Ibn Shaddād". Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.).
  426. ^ Pedersen, J. (24 April 2012). "Ibn 'Abd al-Zāhir". Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.).
  427. ^ Reza, Enayatollah; Negahban, Farzin (2008). "Abū al-Fidā'". Encyclopaedia Islamica.
  428. ^ Brockelmann, Carl (24 April 2012). "al-Dimashki". Encyclopaedia of Islam (1st ed.).
  429. ^ Tyermann, Christopher. "Sanudo, Marino (died 1343)". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 1073–1074.
  430. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Sanuto, Marino, the elder" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 196.
  431. ^ Les Archives de littérature du Moyen Âge (ARLIMA). "Marino Sanudo Torsello".
  432. ^ Murray, Alan V.and Nicholson, Helen. "Jerusalem: Government and Institutions". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 671–672.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  433. ^ Barker, Ernest (1911). "Organization of the Kingdom" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Crusades . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 532–535.
  434. ^ Dunphy, Graeme (2016). "Cartulary chronicles and legal texts". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  435. ^ Nielen, Marie-Adelaide. "Assizes of Jerusalem". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 115.
  436. ^ Moeller, Charle (1907). "Assizes of Jerusalem" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  437. ^ Edbury, Peter W. "Letres dou Sepulcre". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 725.
  438. ^ Edbury, Peter W. "John of Jaffa (1215–1266)". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 692.
  439. ^ Minevini, Laura. "Philip of Novara". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 955.
  440. ^ Brand, Charles M. "Jerusalem, Assizes of". Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. p. 1036.
  441. ^ Röhricht, R. (1893). Regesta regni Hierosolymitani (MXCVII-MCCXCI). Oeniponti: Libraria Academica Wageriana.
  442. ^ Asbridge, Thomas (2000). The Creation of the Principality of Antioch, 1098–1130. pp. 181–194
  443. ^ Lock, Peter. "Assizes of Romania". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 115–116.
  444. ^ Brand, Charles M. "Partitio Romaniae". Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. pp. 1591–1592.
  445. ^ Maier, ChristophT. "Papal letters". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 931–932.
  446. ^ Deliyannis, Deborah (2016). "Liber pontificalis". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  447. ^ Acta Sanctorum Ordinis Sancti Benedict. Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2009).
  448. ^ "Speech of Urban II". Internet Medieval Sourcebook. Fordham University.
  449. ^ Keats-Rohan, K. S. B. "Arnulf of Chocques (died 1118)". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 97.
  450. ^ "Eugene III's Summons to a Crusade". Internet Medieval Sourcebook. Fordham University.
  451. ^ Kirsch, Johann Peter (1910). "Liber Pontificalis" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  452. ^ Brundage, James (tr.). "St. Bernard: Apologia for the Second Crusade". Internet Medieval Sourcebook. Fordham University.
  453. ^ Gildas, Marie (1907). "St. Bernard of Clairvaux" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  454. ^ Henderson, Ernest F.( tr.). "Summons to a Crusade, 1215". Internet Medieval Sourcebook. Fordham University. pp. 337–344.
  455. ^ "Reprimand of Papal Legate". Internet Medieval Sourcebook. Fordham University.
  456. JSTOR j.ctt284xfp
    .
  457. ^ Phillips, Jonathan (2004). "Origins and Preaching of the Fourth Crusade". {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  458. ^ Van Hove, Alphonse (1908). "Papal Decretals" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  459. ^ Bird, Jessalynn. "Hostiensis (died 1271)". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 606–607.
  460. ^ Bird, Jessalynn. "Humbert of Romans (died 1277)". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 612–613.
  461. ^ Ott, Michael (1910). "Humbert of Romans" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  462. ^ Goyau, Georges (1910). "Second Council of Lyons (1274)" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  463. ^ Siberry, Elizabeth. "Criticism of Crusading". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia.
  464. ^ Schein, Sylvia. "Recovery of the Holy Land". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 1019–1021.
  465. ^ Brincken, Anna-Dorothee von den (2016). "Martin of Opava". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  466. ^ Moll, Richard (2016). "Martin of Opava, English". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  467. ^ France, John. The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 699-701. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  468. ^ Mougel, Ambrose (1908). "St. Bruno" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  469. ^ Fortescue, Adrian (1911). "Michael Cærularius" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  470. ^ "The Councils of Piacenza and Clermont". History of the Crusades. p. 223. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  471. ^ Jaffé, Philipp, Bibliotheca Rerum Germanicarum (1865). "Monumenta Gregoriana". Apud Weidmannos.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  472. ^ Schwertner, Thomas (1907). Bernold of Constance. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  473. ^ Moeller, Charles (1911). "Military Orders" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  474. ^ Riley-Smith, Jonathan, The Knights of St John in Jerusalem and Cyprus, c. 1050–1310 (London, Macmillan, 1967, reprinted 2002).  Conclusions and Bibliography.
  475. ^ a b Perta, Giuseppe, A Crusader without a Sword: Sources of Blessed Gerard, Life and Religion in the Middle Ages, ed. F. Sabaté, 2015, pp. 125-139
  476. ^ Delaville Le Roulx, Josephin, Persée, Parcourir les Collections (1894). "Cartulaire général de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem (1100–1310)". Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes. 55 (1): 669–674. Retrieved 19 July 2020.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  477. doi:10.1484/J.RM.2.303533
    .
  478. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Peter of Duisburg". Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 294.
  479. ^ Vann, Therese M. "Caoursin, Guillaume (1430–1501)". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 201.
  480. ^ Kümper, Hiram (2016). "Guillemus Caoursin". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  481. hdl:2027/wu.89104533799.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  482. ^ Damian-Grint, Peter (2016). "Iohannes de Tublia". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  483. ^ Deutsche Biographie (2016). "Iohannes de Tulbia". In Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). 26. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin.
  484. ^ Paviot, Jacques. "Dubois, Pierre (died after 1321)". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 336–337.
  485. ^ Gilbert of Tournai (2010). The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Robert E. Bjork, ed.
  486. ^ Turner, William (1911). "Raymond Lully" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  487. ^ Murray, Alan V. The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 734. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
  488. ^ Fisher, Mary. "Peter von Dusburg (died c. 1330)". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 945–946.
  489. ^ Goyau, Georges (1911). "Jacques de Molai" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  490. ^ Petit, Joseph (1899). "Mémoire de Foulques de Villaret sur la croisade".Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes (1899) 60. pp. 602–610.
  491. ^ Fortescue, Adrian (1909). "William Durandus, the Younger" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  492. ^ Irwin, Robert. "La Devise des Chemins de Babiloine". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. p. 355.
  493. ^ Vanderputten, Steven (2016). "Jean de Langhe". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
  494. ^ Historians of the Crusades, University of London. "Heinrich Hagenmeyer (1834-1915)".
  495. ^ Hagenmeyer, H. (1901). Epistvlæ et chartæ ad historiam primi belli sacri spectantes qvæ svpersvnt ævo æqvales ac genvinæ: Die kreuzzugsbriefe aus den jahren 1088-1100. Innsbruck.
  496. ^ "The Councils of Piacenza and Clermont". A History of the Crusades. I, p. 228. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
  497. ^ Barber, Malcolm, and Bate, Keith, Letters from the East: Crusaders, Pilgrims and Settlers in the 12th–13th Centuries, Routledge, NY, 2016
  498. ^ "Letter of the Patriarch of Jerusalem to the Church in the West". Internet Medieval Sourcebook. Fordham University. Retrieved 5 August 2020
  499. ^ The People of Lucca on Crusade: To all Faithful Christians. Institute for Medieval Studies (IMS). University of Leeds. Retrieved 31 July 2020
  500. ^ Matzke, Michael. "Diabert of Pisa (died 1105)". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 339–340.
  501. ^ "Letters to the Abbot of Corvey on the Germans' Crusade.". Internet Medieval Sourcebook. Fordham University. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  502. ^ "Ansbert: Letter from the East". Internet Medieval Sourcebook. Fordham University. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  503. ^ "The Crusade of Frederick Barbarasso". Internet Medieval Sourcebook. Fordham University. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  504. ^ Letter to Henry VI, p. 152 of Böhmer, J. F., Acta imperii selecta, Innsbruck, 1870 (cf. A History of the Crusades, pp. 94-97)
  505. ^ "Letters, 1229". Internet Medieval Sourcebook. Fordham University. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  506. ^ "Guy, a Knight: Letter from 1249". Internet Medieval Sourcebook. Fordham University. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  507. ^ Bibliothèque nationale de France {BnF Data}. "Jean Sarrasin (12..-1275)".
  508. ^ Sarrasin, J. P. (Jean Pierre)., Foulet, A. (1924). Lettres françaises du XIIIe siècle. Paris: H. Champion.
  509. ^ Delaborde, Henri-François (ed.). "Lettre des Chrétiens de Terre Sainte à Charles d'Anjou". Persée, Parcourir les Collections. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  510. ^ Burgtorf, Jochen. "Acre, Siege of (1291)". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 13–14.
  511. ^ Runciman, Steven (1952). "Principal Sources for the History of the Latin East, 1110–1187". A History of the Crusades. Vol. 2: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–1187. London: Cambridge University Press. pp. 475–485.
  512. ^ Runciman, Steven (1951). "Principal Sources for the History of the Later Crusades". A History of the Crusades. Vol. 3: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades. London: Cambridge University Press. pp. 481–488.
  513. ^ Nielen, Marie-Adélaide. "Lignages d'Outremer". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 726–727.
  514. ^ Lejay, Paul (1909). Charles Dufresne Du Cange. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  515. ^ Du Cange, C. Du Fresne., Rey, E. G. (Emmanuel Guillaume)., Taranne, N. R. (Nicolas Rodolphe). (1971). Les familles d'outre-mer. New York: B. Franklin.
  516. ^ Lane-Poole, S. (1894). The Mohammedan dynasties: chronological and genealogical tables with historical introductions. Westminster: A. Constable and company.
  517. ^ Hillenbrand, Carole (1979). History of the Jazira, 1100–1150: The Contribution of ibn al-Azraq al-Fariq (PhD thesis). University of Edinburgh.
  518. ^ El-Azhari, Taef Kamal (1997). "Genealogical Table of the House of Ṭoghtekin in Damascus". The Seljuks of Syria during the Crusades, 436–459 A.H. (1070–1154 A.D). Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag. p. 379. — Foreword by C.E. Bosworth
  519. ^ Mango, Cyril. "Epigraphy". Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. pp. 711–713.
  520. ^ "Military Architecture in the Crusader States in Palestine and Syria". A History of the Crusades. Vol. IV. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  521. ^ Deutsch Biographie (1955). "Max von Berchem". In Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). 2. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin.
  522. ^ Toke, Leslie (1910). "Jean Mabillon". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  523. ^ Bréhier, Louis René (1911). "Bernard de Montfaucon" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  524. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bernard de Montfaucon" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 780.
  525. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Abdallatif". Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 30-31.
  526. ^ Kenyon, K. Mary. (1960). Archaeology in the Holy Land. London: E. Benn.
  527. ^ Blair, Sheila S. (15 December 2011) [15 December 1998]. "Epigraphy iii. Arabic Inscriptions in Persia". Encyclopædia Iranica (online ed.). Retrieved 19 July 2020. "This article is available in print. Vol. VIII, Fasc. 5, pp. 490-498".
  528. ^ Blair, Sheila, "Būyid art and architecture". Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  529. ^ Kennedy, Hugh. "Castles: Outremer". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 223–229.
  530. ISBN 978-1-84176-827-4
  531. ISBN 978-1-57607-862-4
    .
  532. ^ "Plans of Castles in Frankish Greece and Cyprus". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia, Appendix A.
  533. ^ Grierson, Philip. "Numismatics". Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. p. 1503.
  534. ^ Nesbitt, John W. "Sigillography". Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. pp. 1894–1895.
  535. ^ Phillips, Marcus. "Outremer: Coinage". The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 913–917.
  536. ^ "Crusader Coinage with Greek or Latin Inscriptions" (PDF). A History of the Crusades. Vol. VI. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  537. ^ Loehr, August (1911). "Numismatics" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  538. ^ "Crusader Coinage with Arabic Inscriptions" (PDF). A History of the Crusades. Vol. VI. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  539. ^ F. de Saulcy, in Persée. "Numismatique des croisades". Parcourir les Collections. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  540. JSTOR 42667460
    .
  541. ^ Balog, Paul. "The Coinage of the Mamluk Sultans of Egypt and Syria". American Numismatics Society (ANS) Digital Library. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  542. doi:10.3406/numi.1958.897
    . Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  543. Michaud, J. Fr. (Joseph Fr.). (1841). Histoire des croisades
    . 6. éd. Paris: Furne et cie [etc.]., Volume 1, pp. 33-34.
  544. ^ M. Sbeinati, et al. (2005). "The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D." Annals of Geophysics, Vol. 48, p. 374
  545. ^ Ambraseys, Nicholas (2004), "The 12th century seismic paroxysm in the Middle East: a historical perspective", Annals of Geophysics, Istituto Nazionale Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Vol. 47, N. 2/3, pp. 733-758 (PDF)
  546. ^ Al-Trabulsy, Hussain Ali M. (1993) Investigation of some astronomical phenomena in medieval Arabic chronicles, Durham theses, Durham University.
  547. ^ Müller, Adolf (1910). "Joannes de Sacrobosco". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  548. ^ Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge (1891). "Holywood, John". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. 27. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 217.
  549. ^ Van Cleve, T. Curtis. (1921). A study of the sources of the De Sphaera Mundi of Joannes de Sacrobosco or John Holywood.
  550. ^ Mozaffari, S. Mohammad (2013), "Wābkanawīʼs prediction and calculations of the annular solar eclipse of 30 January 1283." Historia Mathematica, Volume 40, Issue 3, pp. 235-261
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_sources_for_the_Crusades&oldid=1219246407"