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In response to the chaos, Nicholas II established a parliamentary representative body, the State Duma. In spite of this move, the Tsar resisted attempts to make the transition from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy, dissolving the first three Duma sessions in 1906, 1907, and 1912.

World War I

The Russian Empire entered

In October 1916, 250,000 workers revolted in Petrograd. Although the weapons supply improved,[10] 2,000,000 soldiers surrendered, and 1,500,000 deserted due to the low morale.

The casualties sustained by the Russian Empire during their offense against the Germans was relatively high, between 1914 and 1917 Russia sustained the heaviest casualties of any side in the war with nearly 10 dead or wounded.^[11] For every 1000 men, the Russian Army lost 85, whereas the British Army lost 6 for every 1000 men.^[8]

February and October Revolutions

In early 1917, workers at

Lenin, after debating with leading Bolsheviks who favoured prolonging the war in hopes of precipitating class warfare in Germany, persuaded the All-Russian Central Executive Committee that peace must be made at any cost.^[16] On 3 March 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee capitulated to the Central Powers' terms and signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.^[17] Russia lost Poland, the Baltic lands, Finland, and Ukraine to German control and gave up a portion of the Caucasus region to Turkey.^[16] With the new border dangerously close to Petrograd, the government was soon transferred to Moscow.^[16]

Interwar years

In late 1917, Lenin established the Council of People's Commissars and the Cheka; the former was a governing body, and the latter was the state's security apparatus.^[18] With Leon Trotsky's assistance, Lenin also created the Red Army, which helped strengthen the recovering country.^[19] The next year, in January 1918, Lenin also decreed compulsory labour service, and created the infamous Gulag labour camps.^[20]

In the same year, the

In May 1922, Lenin had a stroke, leaving him unable to speak for weeks. In December 1922 and March 1923, he suffered two more strokes, and later died in January 1924. His body was embalmed and moved to

World War II

The third Five-Year Plan, ratified in March 1939, was meant to further development of the Soviet Union's economy and industry.

Cold War

The Soviet Union emerged from World War II as a world Superpower.

Khrushchev and Brezhnev eras

On 6 March, 1953, Stalin's death was announced, and a committee of top leaders governed in a

The Soviet Union, as a superpower, exercised global economic political and military influence. From 1946, a year after the found of the United Nations (UN), until 1991, it was one of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council; however, because the Ukrainian SSR and Belorussian SSR were admitted as full members into the UN, the country was represented by thee seats in the UN. The Soviet Union maintained diplomatic relationships with most of the countries in the world,^{[citation needed]} particularly those of the Eastern Bloc and other communist countries.

The Soviet Union's military was handled by the

Government and politics

Economy

The Soviet Union's economy was based on

References

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Thomas Skallerup. Soviet Union: A Country Study. Federal Research Division.

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Bibliography

• Documents and other forms of media from the Soviet Union: 1917–1991.
• A Country Study: Soviet Union (Former)
• Soviet Union Exhibit at Global Museum on Communism with essay by Richard Pipes
• The Soviet Union