User:Tpwissaa/sandbox
POLTICS OF TH SU
Tea Party Movement | |
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Ideology | Fiscal conservatism Economic liberalism Libertarianism Right-wing populism |
Political position | Right-wing |
National affiliation | Republican Party |
New Deal Coalition | |
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Prominent members | Dixiecrats |
Ideology | Early phase: Big tent Populism Social liberalism Later phase: Modern liberalism Anti-communism Pro-Civil rights |
Slogan | "Happy Days Are Here Again" (1932) |
New Deal Coalition | |
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Prominent members | Franklin D. Roosevelt Harry S. Truman John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson Adlai Stevenson II Henry A. Wallace Hugh S. Johnson |
Founded | 1932 |
Dissolved | 1960's |
Ideology | Modern liberalism Social liberalism Populism Progressivism |
Political position | Centre-left to Left wing |
Slogan | "Happy Days Are Here Again" |
Senate Seats (75th Congress) | 76 / 96 |
House Seats (75th Congress) | 333 / 435 |
The United States of America | |||||||
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1781–1789 | |||||||
Motto: E pluribus unum | |||||||
Anthem: None official | |||||||
Capital | Philadelphia (1781-1783) Princeton (1783) Annapolis (1783-1784) Trenton (1784) New York City (1784-1789) | ||||||
Government | Confederal republic | ||||||
President of the Congress | |||||||
• 1779-1781 | Samuel Huntington (first) | ||||||
• 1788 | Cyrus Griffin (last) | ||||||
Legislature | 1789 Constitution | 4 March 1789 | |||||
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United Colonies of New England | |||||||||||||||
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1643–1686 | |||||||||||||||
Flag | |||||||||||||||
Congregationalism | |||||||||||||||
Government | Directorial confederation | ||||||||||||||
Commissioners | |||||||||||||||
• 1643 | Thomas Dudley John Winthrop William Collier Edward Winslow Theophilus Eaton Thomas Gregson George Fenwick Edward Hopkins | ||||||||||||||
Legislature | None (deffered to individual colonial assemblies) | ||||||||||||||
Historical era | Great Migration, British colonization of the Americas, American Indian Wars, Anglo-Dutch Wars | ||||||||||||||
• Established | 19 May 1643 | ||||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1686 | ||||||||||||||
Currency | Pound sterling | ||||||||||||||
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Cold War | |
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Global Conflict | |
Result |
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- United States
- United Kingdom
- France
- Belgium
- Italy
- Netherlands
- Canada
- Denmark
- Luxembourg
- Portugal
- Iceland
- Norway
- Greece
- West Germany
- Turkey
- Spain
Other Anti-communist States:
- South Korea
- South Vietnam
- Thailand
- Australia
- New Zealand
- Soviet Union
- People's Repblic of China
- Poland
- Albania
- Bulgaria
- East Germany
- Yugoslavia
- North Vietnam
- Hungary
- Mongolia
- Romania
- Czechoslovakia
- Khmer Rouge
- North Korea
Second Thirty Years' War | ||||||||
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Left-right from top: Bolshevik leaders during the Russian Civil War, Spanish Republicans at Irún, German soldiers during the Battle of Stalingrad, Chinese soldiers at Change | ||||||||
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Belligerants | ||||||||
Entente Forces | Central Powers | |||||||
Allied Forces |
Revolutionary Forces
Other Bolshevik states:
Anti-Bolshevik Left :
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Also:
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Spanish Republican Side | Spanish Nationalist Side | |||||||
Allies |
Axis Powers |
Reformers | |
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Founded | 1620s |
Dissolved | 1790s |
Protestanism |
Conservatives | |
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Founded | 1690s |
Dissolved | 1790s |
Succeeded by | Puritanism |
Loyalists | |
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Succeeded by | Protestant |
Sons of Liberty | |
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Patriot revolutionaries | |
Colors | Red White |
Slogan | "No taxation without representation" |
Sons of Liberty | |
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Left wing | |
Colors | Red, White |
Sons of Liberty | |
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Patriot revolutionaries | |
Opponents | Great Britain Royal Colonial Governments Loyalists |
Great Seal of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts | |
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Versions | |
Armiger | Commonwealth of Massachusetts |
Adopted | December 13, 1780 |
Motto | Ense petit placidam sub libertate quietem |
The Great Seal of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts contains the coat of arms of
Coat of Arms
Commonwealth of Massachusetts | |||
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Coat of Arms | The simplified coat of arms used in the state flag and larger signage[3] | Historical coat of arms (1876), adopted 1775.
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Symbolism
History
Colony of New Plymouth
Plymouth Colony | |||
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Seal of the Plymouth Colony, (c. 1620–1629) |
Colony of Massachusetts Bay
Massachusetts Bay COlony | |||
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Seal of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, (1629–1686, 1689-1691) |
Dominion of New England
Dominion of New England | |||
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Seal used by the Colonial Administration | Coat of Arms of James II of England | Coat of Arms of Mary during their joint reign
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Province of Massachusetts Bay
Province of Massachusetts Bay | |||
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Coat of Arms of Mary
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Coat of Arms of Queen Anne from 1702-1707 | Coat of Arms of Queen Anne from 1702-1714 | Coat of Arms of George I. George II, and George III |
Massachusetts Provincial Congress
Massachusetts Bay Provincial Congress of Deputies | |||
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Seal used by the Provincial Congress |
Controversy over Minuteman's sword and Native American imagery
Civil advocates demanded that the imagery in the State Seal (and on the Flag of Massachusetts that displays it) had to change, due to the Colonial broadsword's placement directly above the Native American depiction's head as a "form of white supremacist imagery".[4][5]
On January 11, 2021, Governor Charlie Baker signed a bill establishing a commission to change the state flag and seal.[6]
Government Seals of Massachusetts
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Seal of the Governor of Massachusetts
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Seal of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
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Seal of the Massachusetts Senate
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Alternative seal of the Massachusetts Senate
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Seal of the Massachusetts State Police
See also
References
- ^ Garrett, E. H. (1901). "The Coat of Arms and Great Seal of Massachusetts". The New England Magazine. XXIII (6). Boston: Warren F. Kellogg: 623–635.
- ^ House of Representatives Proclamation
- ^ 950 CMR 34.00: Commonwealth of Massachusetts Flags, Arms, and Seal Specifications
- ^ Markos, Mary (July 16, 2020). "Renewed Calls to Change the Massachusetts State Flag". nbcboston.com. NBC Boston. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
Advocates claim that Massachusetts is "the last U.S. state whose flag includes representations of white supremacy" now that Mississippi has retired the confederate state flag.
- ^ https://www.wbur.org/news/2019/11/19/state-seal-flag-symbols-native-americans-massachusetts
- ^ https://changethemassflag.com/2021/01/12/governor-baker-signs-the-bill-establishing-a-special-commission-to-change-the-mass-flag-and-seal/
External links
- The History of the Arms and Great Seal of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts
- Arms of Massachusetts, American Heraldry Society
Massachusetts
Category:Symbols of Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Category:Political controversies in the United States
Category:Native American-related controversies
Category:Race-related controversies in the United States
United Colonies of New England | |
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1643–1686 | |
Puritanism | |
Demonym(s) | New Englander |
Government | Directional Confederation and Military Alliance |
Commissioner | |
Historical era | Great Migration, British colonization of the Americas, American Indian Wars, Anglo-Dutch Wars |
• Established | May 19 1643 |
• Disestablished | 1686 |
|
Hosts
Nicholas "Nick" Mullen (Born: December 13, 1988) is a standup comedian,
Stavros Halkias (
Adam Friedland (Born: April 10, 1987) is a
{{Culture of region
| name = Culture of New England
| region = New England
| image = File:Ensign of New England (pine only).svg|border
| imagesize = 150
| ethnooverride = Demographics of New England
| langtopics =
| tradtopics =
| cuistopics =
| festoverride = Holidays | festtopics =
- Patriot's Day
- Evacuation Day
- Bunker Hill Day
- Feast of the Blessed Sacrament
- National Acadian Day
- Bennington Battle Day
| littopics =
| sporttopics =
- [[Sports in New England
| symbtopics =
}}
This is the sandbox page for User:Tpwissaa (diff). |
Sons of Liberty | |
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Active regions | New England Colonies
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Patriot revolutionaries | |
Opponents | Kingdom of Great Britain Royal Colonial Governments Loyalists |
Sons of Liberty | |
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Patriot revolutionaries | |
Opponents | Great Britain Royal Colonial Governments Loyalists |
The Province of Massachusetts Bay was a British colony located on the east coast of America. The colony was founded as a merger of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and the Plymouth Colony through royal charter in 1691. The largest and most populous of the New England Colonies, the province included, along with its main constituent colonies of Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth, the lands of Acadia, Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, Nova Scotia, and the Province of Maine. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts is its direct successor, Maine has been a separate state since 1820, and Nova Scotia and New Brunswick are now Canadian provinces, having been part of the colony only until 1697.
Massachusetts Bay was one of the
The name Massachusetts comes from the Massachusett Indians, an Algonquian tribe. It has been translated as "at the great hill", "at the place of large hills", or "at the range of hills", with reference to the Blue Hills and to Great Blue Hill in particular.
Flags with modern usage
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New England red ensign (without St. George's Cross)
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Red Ensign with St. George's cross in the canton.
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Blue Ensign of New England, also known as the Bunker Hill flag
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Blue ensign, field defaced with six stars. Flag of the New England Governor's Conference
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New England Acadians
Historical flags
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Red Ensign of the Kingdom of England
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Red ensign with cross removed
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St George's cross with a pine tree in the canton.[1]
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Endecott Flag of early New England[2]
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Blue ensign variant with armillary sphere in canton instead of the Pine[3]
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New England variant of theUnion Flag[4]
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Revolutionary War variant flag of New England[5]
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Revolutionary War variant flag of New England[6]
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Dominion of New England banner, also known as the Andros Flag
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New England Green Ensign[7]
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New England green ensign after defacement[8]
Military
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Massachusetts Bay Navy[9]
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New EnglandBuff banner. Flown by Connecticut militia[10]
Territorial
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Haverhill, Massachusetts, green ensign defaced with town seal
Related Flags
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1901 Maine Flag
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Flag of Massachusetts reverse (1908-1971)
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Vermont Republic, also known as Green Mountain Boys flag
I have noticed some issues with dating in the infobox of the article. I wanted to start a discussion in talk page to clarify the problems. First the date given for the time-span of the colony is 1691-1776. While it is true that the United Colonies declared independence from Great Britain in 1776, the Province of Massachusetts Bay continued to exist as a political entity until the adoption of the Massachusetts Constitution in 1780. The government type section also seems incomplete. The dates, government type, officials are all correct however they do not give a complete account. After 1775 Thomas Gage no longer had effective control of the Province and the governing of Massachusetts Bay was under the control of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress until the 1780 adoption of the Massachusetts Constitution. Also the timeline of significant events As with other historical states that have remained the same entity but gone through significant changes in government structure, I believe the infobox should reflect these changes. As the amount of changes needed wouldn't be minor I wanted to address these problems here.Tpwissaa (talk) 19:07, 13 July 2020 (UTC)
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Archbishop of Salzburg (1112–1555)
Habsburg Monarchy (1555–1804)
Austrian Empire (1804–1809, 1814–1867)
Illyrian Provinces (1809–1814; capital)
Austria-Hungary (1867–1918)
State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (1918)
Kingdom of Yugoslavia[15] (1918–1941)
Kingdom of Italy (1941–1945; occupied)
Nazi Germany (1943–1945; de facto)
SFR Yugoslavia[16] (1945–1991)
Slovenia (1991–present)
Plymouth Colony | |||||||||
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1620–1686 1689-1691 | |||||||||
John Carver (first) | |||||||||
• 1689-1692 | Thomas Hinckley (last) | ||||||||
Legislature | Puritan migration to New England (1620-1640) | ||||||||
1620 | |||||||||
1621 | |||||||||
1636-1638 | |||||||||
• New England Confederation formed | 1643 | ||||||||
1675-1676 | |||||||||
• Disestablished, reorganized as the Province of Massachusetts Bay | 1686 1689-1691 | ||||||||
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Confrontation with England
Since the founding of Massachusetts Bay, England had difficulty enforcing its laws and regulations on the colony. Massachusetts Bay was a
When New Netherland was taken by the English in 1664 the Crown sent Royal Commissioners from the new Province of New York to New England to investigate the status of the government and legal system of the colonies. These Commissioners were tasked to bring the colonies into the fold and establish a more robust connection between England and the colonies, including allowing the Crown to nominate the Governor of the colony. This request was refused by the colonists who claimed the King had not right to "supervise [Massachusetts Bay's] laws and courts",[18] further saying that as long as the colonists remained within the legal rights and privileges of their charter that they ought to continue on as they were. When the Commissioners asked that the colony pay its obligated 20% of all gold and silver found in their claim in New England the colonists responded that they were "not obligated to the king but by civility".[19]
At the time in Massachusetts Bay there existed growing strife between the faction of more conservative Puritan political elite and the more moderate members of the colony. Massachusetts Bay extended the right to vote to only Puritan citizens leaving non-Puritans were excluded from civil society. With the population of the colony increasing and the non-Puritan population growing along with it there was tension and conflict as to the future direction of the colony. Many wealthy merchants and colonists wished to expand their economic base and commercial interests and saw the faction of conservative theocrats as thwarting that. Even among Puritan society the younger generation wished to liberalize society in a way which would help with commerce. Those who wanted Massachusetts Bay and New England to be a place for religious observance and theocracy were most hostile to any change in governance. When the Crown learned of these divisions they sought to have the enfranchisement of colonists expanded to include non-Puritans in hopes of a change in the managing of the colony.[20]
The charges of insubordination against the colony included the denial of the ability of the Crown to legislate in New England, the fact that Massachusetts Bay was governing in the Province of New Hampshire and Maine, and the denial of freedom of conscience. However chief among the colonists transgressions was their violations of the Navigation Acts. The Navigation Acts were passed by Parliament to regulate trade within the English colonial empire. These regulations determined how and who the colonies could trade with. New England merchants were flaunting these laws by trading sometimes directly with European powers in Continental Europe. This infuriated many merchants, commercial societies, and Royal committees in London who petitioned the King for action claiming that the New England colonists were hurting their trade. The Lords of Trade's complaints were so serious that the King sent Edward Randolph to Boston in an attempt to rein in and regulate the colony. When he arrived in Boston he found a colonial government which refused to give into the Royal demands. Randolph reported to London that the General Court of Massachusetts Bay claimed the King had no right to interfere with the dealings of Massachusetts Bay. In response Randolph asked the Crown to halt and cut off all trade to and from the colony and further regulations be put in place. The Crown did not wish to enforce such a harsh measure and risk alienating the moderate members of New England society which supported England so they attempted to offer conciliatory measures if Massachusetts Bay followed the law. When these attempts at reconciliation were refused the Lords of Trade became wary of the colony's charter and further petitioned the Crown to either revoke or amend it. Edward Randolph was made head of Customs and Surveyor General of New England with his office in Boston. Despite this increased pressure, the General Court established laws which allowed merchants to circumvent Randolph's authority. Adding to Randolph's frustration was the fact that he relied on the Admiralty Court (which was controlled by the General Court} to rule on the laws he was attempting enforce. The moderate faction of the General Court was supportive of Randolph and the changes the Crown wished to make but the conservatives remained too powerful and blocked any attempt to side with England. However as the tensions mounted between the Crown and Massachusetts Bay and threats of legal action against the colony mounted, the General Court did pass laws which acknowledged certain English admiralty laws while still allowing for self-governance. This legislation was not seen as enough and Randolph's inability to exercise power meant that tension was still high.[21]
Revocation of the charter
Threatened with a quo warranto by the Crown, two delegates from Massachusetts Bay were sent to London to meet with the Lords of Trade. The Lords demanded a supplementary charter to alleviate problems. However the agents sent by the General Court were under orders that they could not negotiate any change with the Charter and this only further enraged the Lords. As a result the quo warranto was issued against the Colony at once. The King, fearing this would stir problems within the colony, attempted to reassure the colonists that their private interests would not be infringed upon. The declaration did create problems however and political confrontation between the moderates and conservatives began. The moderates controlled the office of Governor and the Council of Assistants, and the conservative faction controlled the Assembly of Deputies. This political turmoil ended in compromise with the Deputies voting to allow the delegates in London to be able to negotiate and defend the colonial charter. Political confrontation spilled over into civil strife as the Puritan elite in Boston wished to continue to defend their charter and status quo theocratic governance, and those disenfranchised non-Puritans wishing to change Massachusetts Bay into a Royal colony that would extend to them rights and privileges.[22]
When the warrant arrived in Boston the General Court voted on what course the colony should take. The two options they had were to immediately submit to royal authority and dismantle their government or to wait for further action and for the Crown to revoke their Charter and install a new governmental system. The General Court decided to wait out the Crown. Although they lacked a legal basis to continue their government it remained intact until its official revocation in 1686.[23]
Initially the General Court consisted of the Governor of the colony, the Council of Assistants (an
Who counted as a Freemen changed over the history of the Plymouth Colony. The original restrictions, limiting the freemen to those original Compact signatories was amended to include additional signatories. Some exclusions to this included groups as
Davis, William T. (1900). History of the Judiciary of Massachusetts, Including the Plymouth and Massachusetts Colonies, the Province of Massachusetts Bay, and the Commonwealth. The Boston Book Company.
History and predecessor bodies
Plymouth Colony
On December 17, 1623 the Plymouth Colony passed a resolution which declared that juries of 12 men would try "all criminal facts and all matters of trespass and debts". Before 1685 there existed four avenues for legal proceedings. The General Court (the colony's legislature), the Court of Assistants, the Admiralty Court, and Selectman's Court. The General Court, which functioned largely as the colony's legislature, consisted of the Governor, the
Massachusetts Bay Colony
The Massachusetts Bay Colony had a
Province of Massachusetts Bay
Constitutional Role
Providence is the capital and most populous city in
It was founded in 1636 by Roger Williams, a Reformed Baptist theologian and religious exile from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He named the area in honor of "God's merciful Providence" which he believed was responsible for revealing such a haven for him and his followers. The city is situated at the mouth of the Providence River at the head of Narragansett Bay. Providence was one of the first cities in the country to industrialize and became noted for its textile manufacturing and subsequent machine tool, jewelry, and silverware industries.[26][27] Today, the city of Providence is home to eight hospitals and seven institutions of higher learning which have shifted the city's economy into service industries, though it still retains some manufacturing activity.
The Articles of Confederation between the Plantations under the Government of the Massachusetts, the Plantations under the Government of New Plymouth, the Plantations under the Government of Connecticut, and the Government of New Haven with the Plantations in Combination therewith | |
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Type | Military Alliance |
Context | Great Migration, British colonization of the Americas, American Indian Wars, Anglo-Dutch Wars |
Drafted | May 19, 1643 |
Parties |
The United Colonies of New England, commonly known as the New England Confederation, was a short-lived military alliance of the
The confederation was weakened in 1654 after Massachusetts refused to join an expedition against New Netherland during the First Anglo-Dutch War, although it regained importance during King Philip's War in 1675. It was dissolved after numerous colonial charters were revoked in the early 1680s.
Treaty
With the expansion of the New England Colonies and their contact with the colonies of other European nations and Native tribes, New England colonial leaders sought an alliance and further integration. The treaty calls on the New England colonies as a nation, saying they share a way of life and
The treaty contains 11 articles:
- That the colonies should form into a league of friendship with mutual military assurance. This relationship would ensure the communal safety and welfare of the colonies and preserve their Puritan way of life.
- The New England colonies were to maintain and keep their current territory. Their jurisdictions would remain unfettered by the other members of the confederation and any changes made thereafter would after would have to be agreed to by the other members.
- In the event of war all members of the confederation were bound to each other. This meant that they had to contribute whatever they were capable, in terms of men and provisions, to the war effort. The colonies would also be obligated to provide a census of all their available men for militia. All men from ages 16-60 were to be considered eligible for service. Any gains from military conflict were to be divided in a just manner among the confederation.
- If any member state of the confederation comes under attack then the other members must come to their aid without delay. This assistance would take place proportionally. Massachusetts Bay would be required to send 100 armed and supplied men, the other colonies 45 armed and supplied men or less based on proportionality. If a greater number of men or supplies are needed then the Commissioners of the Confederation would need to approve of the measure. If any confederation members is at fault in terms of war then they shall make just any obligations to the assisting members.
- Two Commissioners shall be chosen from each province (2 from Massachusetts Bay, 2 from Plymouth, 2 from Saybrook, and 2 from New Haven). These Commissioners were to be tasked with administration of martial affairs. Any agreement not reached by all members not unanimously can be settled by a majority vote of six. The Commissioners were to meet once a year unless there was an extraordinary situation which prompted the need of a meeting. The meetings were to take place the first Thursday of in September. The locations of these meetings are to be in a specific order, first New Haven, and fourth at Plymouth, with the cycle then repeating. If any meeting place was found to be unfit then another may be decided.
- The Commissioners would select a President from among themselves with a minimum 6 votes. This President would not have any extra powers and would serve a purely administrative function.
- Commissioners would have power to draft law and codes that would benefit the general welfare of the Confederation. These laws would be to
See also
- Dominion of New England, an entirely different entity, 1686–1689
- History of New England
- New England Colonies
References
- ^ Historical Flags of Our Ancestors. "Flags of the Early North American Colonies and Explorers". Loeser.is. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
- ^ Crouthers 1962, p.24.
- ^ Crouthers 1962, p.26.
- ^ Lossing, Chapter 23, endnote 19
- ^ "New England flags (U.S.)". Fotw.info. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
- ^ Hulme 1896, fig. 14.
- ^ Martucci 2006, p.12
- ^ Martucci 2006, p.14
- ^ Hulme 1896, fig. 14.
- ^ Martucci 2006, p.33.
- ^ Martucci 2006, p.24.
- ^ Martucci 2006, p.23.
- ^ Martucci 2006, p.23.
- ^ Martucci 2006, p.23.
- ^ Known as: Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1929)
- ^ Known as: Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1963); Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1963–1992)
- ^ (Barnes 1923, p.6)
- ^ (Barnes 1923, p.7)
- ^ (Barnes 1923, p.7)
- ^ (Barnes 1923, p.8-10)
- ^ (Barnes 1923, p.10-18)
- ^ (Barnes 1923, p.18-23)
- ^ (Barnes 1923, p.23)
- ^ {Davis 1900, p.7-8)
- ^ (Davis 1900, p.8-9
- ^ "Providence Architecture". brown.edu. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ISBN 0-521-35205-3.
- ^ William Henry Carpenter, Timothy Shay Arthur. The history of Connecticut: from its earliest settlement to the present time (1872) ch 5
- ^ John Andrew Doyle. English Colonies in America: The Puritan colonies (1889) ch 8
External links
- The Articles of Confederation of the United Colonies of New England Settlements
- New England Confederation
42°02′31″N 72°07′19″W / 42.042°N 72.122°W
Category:1684 disestablishments in the Thirteen Colonies Category:States and territories established in 1643 Category:History of New England Category:Former confederations Category:1643 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
Company type | Joint-stock company, Land grant, Colonial Company |
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Predecessor | Council for New England |
Founded | 1629 |
Defunct | 1692 |
Fate | Charter revoked in 1684 |
Successor | Incorporated into the Province of Massachusetts Bay |
Headquarters | |
Key people | Matthew Cradock. John Endecott, John Winthrop |
A
Province of Massachusetts Bay | |||||||||||||||||
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1691–1779 | |||||||||||||||||
George III | |||||||||||||||||
Royal Governor | |||||||||||||||||
• 1692–1694 | Sir William Phips | ||||||||||||||||
• 1694–1774 | full list | ||||||||||||||||
• 1774–1775 | Thomas Gage | ||||||||||||||||
Legislature | Great and General Court | ||||||||||||||||
Historical era | Massachusetts Constitution adopted | October 1 1779 | |||||||||||||||
Currency | Massachusetts pound, Spanish dollar | ||||||||||||||||
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Today part of | Canada, United States |
Boston City Charter | ||
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Executive Mayor of Boston | |
The Boston City Charter is a series of State statutes which codifies a system of rules for the government of the
History
Before 1822, when Boston was incorporated as a city, it shared a similar manner of government to other
First City Charter
When Boston voted to become a city in 1822, the position of Intendant was replaced with Mayor, the Board of Assistants was renamed the Common Council, and the Selectmen were renamed Aldermen. With the population growing, the citizens of Boston wanted change in the system of government. Many felt a town meeting form of government was insufficient and impracticable with Boston's increasing population. Logistically speaking a town meeting was near impossible due to the fact there was no hall large enough to fit all eligible voters. The changes brought forward in 1822 for the reorganization of local government were passed with 2797 votes for and 1881 against. Some citizens, including John Quincy Adams, were worried the new manner of government would be susceptible to corruption and that the "pure democracy of a town meeting [was] more suited to the character of the people of New England."
This new government was to have a Mayor as chief executive officer who was elected to a 1 year term, 8 Aldermen, as well as 1 member of each ward being elected to a School Committee. The School Committee, along with the Aldermen and Mayor, would be in charge of education in the City. The Mayor was not an independent actor and instead would operate alongside the Alderman. The Mayor would be presiding officer of this executive board but would not have veto power. The Mayor did however have the sole power to nominate candidates for city office.
The Mayor and Aldermen would serve as the upper part of the City Council, with the lower part being made up of 4 members from each of Boston's 12 wards. These two branches of the Council would have negative power over each other. The upper part taking the role of Selectmen from the old system and the lower part taking the role of the open town meeting. The two parts were to have similar executive power in order to quell concerns from some citizens as to what they saw as a deterioration of the traditional form of New England democracy.
Revised Charter of 1854
Following the incorporation of Boston as a city in 1822 and formation of a city government, the next time large changes were made to local government came in 1854. Boston's population was exploding, from 43298 in 1820 to 138788 people in 1850, and with the increase in population many felt the need to once again reform the government. The main changes made were the expansion of the Board of Aldermen from 8 members to 12, the enlargement of the School Committee to 6 members from each ward, and the removal of the Mayor's right to vote at executive board meetings.
Acts of 1909
The modern government of Boston can be traced to a 1909 [act] of the Massachusetts General Court. In this act the General Court abolished the offices of Aldermen, Street Commissioner, Clerk of the Common Council, Clerk of Committees, and all the subordinate offices of these officials. The act replaced and centralized these positions into the Office of Mayor and City Council. The Council, with approval from the Mayor, was given the power to create offices it saw fit and appoint and remove the holders of these offices. The Council was also given power of approving the budget, as presented by the Mayor. The City Council was also to be given power of land use (with exception of School land), and the purchase and sale of that property.
The Council was to have 9 members. The three candidates with the highest number of votes would serve a term of three years, the three next highest a term of two years, next largest a term of 1 year. The members of the City Council would vote among themselves as to the President of the Council for the municipal year. The Mayor would be elected to office for a 4 yer term and was subjected to the possibility of recall after 2 years.
Modern Institutions
Boston's current charter states there is to be a Mayor, elected to a 4 year term, who is the city's chief executive. The Mayor in capacity as chief executive is to approve any ordinance, order, or resolution from the City Council they see fit. The City Council is to maintain legislative functions, control of the City budget, create agencies, making land use decisions, and serve as check to the Mayor's executive. The City Councilors are to receive a salary that is 50% of the Mayor's.
Sources
- Olin, William, ed. (1909). Acts and Resolves passed by the General Court of Massachusetts in the year 1909. Boston: Secretary of the Commonwealth, Wright and Potter Printing Co.
- Bugbee, James, ed. (1887). The City Government of Boston. Baltimore: John Hopkins University.
- Walton Advertising and Print co., ed. (1922). Boston, one hundred years a city : a collection of views made from rare prints and old photographs showing the changes which have occurred in Boston during the one hundred years of its existence as a city, 1822-1922. State Street Trust Company.
- https://www.cityofboston.gov/images_documents/2007%20the%20charter%20draft20%20%28final%20draft1%20with%20jumps%29_tcm3-16428.pdf
Boston City Charter | ||
---|---|---|
Executive Mayor of Boston | |
The Boston City Charter is a series of State statutes which codifies a system of rules for the government of the
History
Before 1822, when Boston was incorporated as a city, it shared a similar manner of government to other
First City Charter
When Boston voted to become a city in 1822, the position of Intendant was replaced with Mayor, the Board of Assistants was renamed the Common Council, and the Selectmen were renamed Aldermen. With the population growing, the citizens of Boston wanted change in the system of government. Many felt a town meeting form of government was insufficient and impracticable with Boston's increasing population. Logistically speaking a town meeting was near impossible due to the fact there was no hall large enough to fit all eligible voters. The changes brought forward in 1822 for the reorganization of local government were passed with 2797 for and 1881 against. Some citizens, including John Quincy Adams, were worried the new manner of government would be susceptible to corruption and that the "pure democracy of a town meeting [was] more suited to the character of the people of New England."
This new government was to have a Mayor as chief executive officer who was elected to a 1 year term, 8 Aldermen, as well as 1 member of each ward being elected to a School Committee. The School Committee, along with the Aldermen and Mayor, would be in charge of education in the City. The Mayor was not an independent actor and instead would operate alongside the Alderman. The Mayor would be presiding officer of this executive board but would not have veto power. The Mayor did however have the sole power to nominate candidates for city office.
The Mayor and Aldermen would serve as the upper part of the City Council, with the lower part being made up of 4 members from each of Boston's 12 wards. These two branches of the Council would have negative power over each other. The upper part taking the role of Selectmen from the old system and the lower part taking the role of the open town meeting. The two parts were to have similar executive power in order to quell concerns from some citizens as to what they saw as a deterioration of the traditional form of New England democracy.
Revised Charter of 1854
Following the incorporation of Boston as a city in 1822 and formation of a city government, the next time large changes were made to local government came in 1854. Boston's population was exploding, from 43298 in 1820 to 138788 people in 1850, and with the increase in population many felt the need to once again reform the government. The main changes made were th expansion of the Board of Aldermen from 8 members to 12, the enlargement of the School Committee to 6 members from each ward, and the removal of the Mayor's right to vote at board meetings.
Acts of 1909
The modern government of Boston can be traced to a 1909 [act] of the Massachusetts General Court. In this act the General Court abolished the offices of Aldermen, Street Commissioner, Clerk of the Common Council, Clerk of Committees, and all the subordinate offices of these officials. The act replaced and centralized these positions into the Office of Mayor and City Council. The Council, with approval from the Mayor, was given the power to create offices it saw fit and appoint and remove the holders of these offices. The Council was also given power of approving the budget, as presented by the Mayor. The city Council was also to be given power of land use (with exception of School land), and the purchase and sale of that property.
The Council was to have 9 members. The three candidates with the highest number of votes would serve a term of three years, the three next highest a term of two years, next largest a term of 1 year. The members of the City Council would vote among themselves as to the President of the Council for the municipal year. The Mayor would be elected to office for a 4 yer term and was subjected to the possibility of recall after 2 years.
Modern Institutions
Sources
- Olin, William, ed. (1909). Acts and Resolves passed by the General Court of Massachusetts in the year 1909. Boston: Secretary of the Commonwealth, Wright and Potter Printing Co.
- Bugbee, James, ed. (1887). The City Government of Boston. Baltimore: John Hopkins University.
- Walton Advertising and Print co., ed. (1922). Boston, one hundred years a city : a collection of views made from rare prints and old photographs showing the changes which have occurred in Boston during the one hundred years of its existence as a city, 1822-1922. State Street Trust Company.
- https://www.cityofboston.gov/images_documents/2007%20the%20charter%20draft20%20%28final%20draft1%20with%20jumps%29_tcm3-16428.pdf
Boston City Charter | ||
---|---|---|
Executive Mayor of Boston | |
The Boston City Charter is a series of State statutes which codifies a system of rules for the government of the
History
Before 1822, when Boston was incorporated as a city, it shared a similar manner of government to other
First City Charter
When Boston voted to become a city in 1822, the position of Intendant was replaced with Mayor, the Board of Assistants was renamed the Common Council, and the Selectmen were renamed Aldermen. With the population growing, the citizens of Boston wanted change in the system of government. Many felt a town meeting form of government was insufficient and impracticable with Boston's increasing population. Logistically speaking a town meeting was near impossible due to the fact there was no hall large enough to fit all eligible voters. The changes brought forward in 1822 for the reorganization of local government were passed with 2797 for and 1881 against. Some citizens, including John Quincy Adams, were worried the new manner of government would be susceptible to corruption and that the "pure democracy of a town meeting [was] more suited to the character of the people of New England."
This new government was to have a Mayor as chief executive officer who was elected to a 1 year term, 8 Aldermen, as well as 1 member of each ward being elected to a School Committee. The School Committee, along with the Aldermen and Mayor, would be in charge of education in the City. The Mayor was not an independent actor and instead would operate alongside the Alderman. The Mayor would be presiding officer of this executive board but would not have veto power. The Mayor did however have the sole power to nominate candidates for city office.
The Mayor and Aldermen would serve as the upper part of the City Council, with the lower part being made up of 4 members from each of Boston's 12 wards. These two branches of the Council would have negative power over each other. The upper part taking the role of Selectmen from the old system and the lower part taking the role of the open town meeting. The two parts were to have similar executive power in order to quell concerns from some citizens as to what they saw as a deterioration of the traditional form of New England democracy.
Revised Charter of 1854
Following the incorporation of Boston as a city in 1822 and formation of a city government, the next time large changes were made to local government came in 1854. Boston's population was exploding, from 43298 in 1820 to 138788 people in 1850, and with the increase in population many felt the need to once again reform the government.
Acts of 1909
The modern government of Boston can be traced to a 1909 [act] of the Massachusetts General Court. In this act the General Court abolished the offices of Aldermen, Street Commissioner, Clerk of the Common Council, Clerk of Committees, and all the subordinate offices of these officials. The act replaced and centralized these positions into the Office of Mayor and City Council. The Council, with approval from the Mayor, was given the power to create offices it saw fit and appoint and remove the holders of these offices. The Council was also given power of approving the budget, as presented by the Mayor. The city Council was also to be given power of land use (with exception of School land), and the purchase and sale of that property.
The Council was to have 9 members. The three candidates with the highest number of votes would serve a term of three years, the three next highest a term of two years, next largest a term of 1 year. The members of the City Council would vote among themselves as to the President of the Council for the municipal year. The Mayor would be elected to office for a 4 yer term and was subjected to the possibility of recall after 2 years.
Mayor
Boston City Council
Boston City Charter | ||
---|---|---|
Executive Mayor of Boston | |
The Boston City Charter is a series of State statutes which codifies a system of rules for the government of the
History
Before 1822 when Boston was incorporated as a city, it shared a similar manner of government to other
First City Charter
When Boston voted to become a city in 1822, the position of Intendant was replaced with Mayor, the Board of Assistants was renamed the Common Council, and the Selectmen were renamed Aldermen. With the population growing, the citizens of Boston wanted change in the system of government. Many felt a town meeting form of government was insufficient and impracticable with Boston's increasing population. Logistically speaking a town meeting was near impossible due to the fact there was no hall large enough to fit all eligible voters. The changes brought forward in 1822 for the reorganization of local government were passed with 2797 for and 1881 against. Some citizens, including John Quincy Adams, were worried the new manner of government would be susceptible to corruption and that the "pure democracy of a town meeting [was] more suited to the character of the people of New England."
This new government was to have a Mayor as chief executive officer who was elected to a 1 year term, 8 Aldermen, as well as 1 member of each ward being elected to a School Committee. The School Committee, along with the Aldermen and Mayor, would be in charge of education in the City. The Mayor was not an independent actor and instead would operate alongside the Alderman. The Mayor would be presiding officer of this executive board but would not have veto power. The Mayor did however have the sole power to nominate candidates for city office.
The Mayor and Aldermen would serve as the upper part of the City Council, with the lower part being made up of 4 members from each of Boston's 12 wards. These two branches of the Council would have negative power over each other. The upper part taking the role of Selectmen from the old system and the lower part taking the role of the open town meeting. The two parts were to have similar executive power in order to quell concerns from some citizens as to what they saw as a deterioration of the traditional form of New England democracy.
Acts of 1909
The modern government of Boston can be traced to a 1909 [act] of the Massachusetts General Court. In this act the General Court abolished the offices of Aldermen, Street Commissioner, Clerk of the Common Council, Clerk of Committees, and all the subordinate offices of these officials. The act replaced and centralized these positions into the Office of Mayor and City Council. The Council, with approval from the Mayor, was given the power to create offices it saw fit and appoint and remove the holders of these offices. The Council was also given power of approving the budget, as presented by the Mayor. The city Council was also to be given power of land use (with exception of School land), and the purchase and sale of that property.
The Council was to have 9 members. The three candidates with the highest number of votes would serve a term of three years, the three next highest a term of two years, next largest a term of 1 year. The members of the City Council would vote among themselves as to the President of the Council for the municipal year. The Mayor would be elected to office for a 4 yer term and was subjected to the possibility of recall after 2 years.
Mayor
Boston City Council
1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019
====Puritanism==== https://books.google.com/books?id=gfOFDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=new+england+puritans&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjn6Y_5h8LnAhWkzVkKHam4Av04ChDoATAEegQIBhAC#v=onepage&q=new%20england%20puritans&f=false{Main%7CPuritanism%7CPuritan migration to New England (1620–1640)|Congregationalism in the United States}}
The settlers of the Plymouth Colony and the Massachusetts Bay Colony made 17th century New England the center for Puritan migration in the New World. These Puritan settlers shaped their settlements around their theological beliefs with the Massachusetts Bay Colony serving as a theocratic state following the
The Puritan movement in New England survives today through the United Church of Christ, and in its architectural legacy with many town centers having a Congregational Church as a focal point.
Universalism
Judaism
Catholicism
Suffolk County
Boston Thomas Cushing, Samuel Adams, John Hancock, Joseph Warren, Benjamin Church, Nathaniel Appleton
Roxbury William Heath, Aaron Davis
Dorchester Lemuel Robinson
Milton
Braintree Ebenezer Thayer, Joseph Palmer, John Adams
Weymouth
Hingham Benjamin Lincoln
Cohasset Isaac Lincoln
Dedham Samuel Dexter, Abner Ellis
Medfield Moses Bullen, Seth Clark
Wrenthem Jabez Fisher, Lemuel Kollock
Brookline Benjamin White, William Thompson, John Goddard
Stoughton Thomas Crane, John Withington, Job Swift
Walpole Enoch Ellis
Medway Johnathan Adams
Needham Eleazer Kingsbury
Bellingham Luke Holbrook
Chelsea Samuel Watts
Essex County
Salem John Pickering, Jonathan Ropes
Danvers Samuel Holten
Ipswich Michael Farley, Daniel Noyes
Newbury Joseph Gerrish
Newburyport Jonathan Greenleaf
Marblehead Jeremiah Lee, Azor Orne, Elbridge Gerry
Lynn Ebenezer Burrill, John Mansfield
Andover Moody Bridges
Beverly Josiah Batchelder
Salisbury Samuel Smith
Haverhill Samuel White, Joseph Haynes
Gloucester Peter Coffin
Topsfield Samuel Smith
Borford Daniel Thurston
Wrenthem Benjamin Fairfield
Manchester Andrew Woodbury
Methuen James Ingles
Middleton Archelaus Fuller
Middlesex County
Cambridge John Winthrop, Thomas Gardner, Abraham Watson, Francis Dana
Charlestown Nathaniel Gorham, Richard Devens, Isaac Foster, David Cheever
Watertown Jonathan Brown, John Remington, Samuel Fisk
Woburn Samuel Wyman
Concord James Barrett, Samuel Whitney, Ephraim Wood Jr
Newton Abraham Fuller, John Pigeon, Edward Durant
Reading John Temple, Benjamin Brown
Marlborough Peter Bent, Edward Barnes, George Brigham
Billerica William Stickney, Ebenezer Bridge
Framingham Joseph Haven, William Brown, Josiah Stone
Lexington Jonas Stone
Chelmsford Simeon Spalding, Jonathan Williams Austin, Samuel Perham
Sherborne Samuel Bullard, Jonathan Leland
Sudbury Thomas Plimpton, Richard Heard, James Mosman
Malden Ebenezer Harnden, John Dexter
Medford Benjamin Hall
Weston Samuel P. Savage, Braddyl Smith, Josiah Smith
Hopkinton Thomas Mellon, Roger Dench, James Mellen
Waltham Jacob Bigelow
Groton James Prescott
Shirley Francis Harris
Pepperell William Prescott
Stow Henry Gardner
Townsend Jonathan Stow, Daniel Taylor
Ashby Jonathan Locke, Samuel Stone
Stoneham Samuel Sprague
Wilmington Timothy Walker
Natick Hezekiah Broad
Dracut William Hildreth
Bedford Joseph Ballard, John Reed
Holliston Abner Perry
Tewsbury Jonathan Brown
Acton Josiah Hayward, Francis Faulkner, Ephriam Hapgood
Westford Joseph Reed, Zaccheus Wright
Littleton Abel Jewett, Robert Harris
Dunstable John Tyng, James Tyng
Lincoln Eleazer Brooks, Samuel Farrar, Abijah Pierce
Hampshire County
Springfield Charles Pynchon, George Pynchon, Jonathan Hale
Wilbrham John Bliss
Ludlow Joseph Miller
West Springfield Benjamin Ely, Chauncy Brewer
Northampton Seth Pomeroy, Joseph Hawley
Southampton Elias Lyman
Hadley Josiah Pierce
South Hadlye Noah Goodman
Amherst Nathaniel Dickerson Jr
Granby Phineas SMith
Hatfield John Dickerson
Whateley Oliver Graves
Deerfield Samuel Barnard Jr
Greenfield Daniel Nash
Shelburne John Taylor
Conway Thomas French
Westfield and Southwick John Mosely, Elisha Parks
Sunderland Israel Hubbard
Montague Moses Gunn
Brimfield TImothy Danielson
South Brimfield Daniel Winchester
Monson Abel Goodale
Northfield Phineas Wright
Granville TImothy Robinson
New Salem William Page
Colrain THomas McGee
Belchertown Samuel How
Ware Joseph Foster
Warwick Samuel Williams
Charlemont Hugh Maxwell
Worthington Nahum Eager
Greenwich John Rea
Norwich Ebenezer Meacham
Plymouth County
Plymouth James Warren, Isaac Lothrop
Scituate Nathaniel Cushing, Gideon Vinal, Barnabas Little
Marshfield Nehemiah Thomas
Middleborough
Conférence des gouverneurs de la nouvelle angleterre et des premiers ministres de l'est du canada | |
Nickname | NEG/ECP |
---|---|
Predecessor | New England Governor's Conference |
Formation | 1973 |
Type | Washington D.C. |
Region | New England The Maritimes Eastern Canada |
Secretary | Jay Lucey |
Executive Assistant | Tom Critzer |
Regional Program Coordinator | Lana Bluege |
Accountant | Elaine Murchinson |
Parent organization | Coalition of Northeastern Governors |
Website | https://www.coneg.org/neg-ecp/ |
Native name | Massachusetts Bay Company |
---|---|
Company type | Joint-stock company, Land grant, Colonial Company |
Predecessor | Council for New England |
Founded | 1629 |
Defunct | 1692 |
Fate | Charter revoked in 1684 |
Successor | Incorporated into the Province of Massachusetts Bay |
Headquarters | |
Key people | Matthew Cradock. John Endecott, John Winthrop |
Convention of Towns and growing crisis
Following the passage of the Townshend Acts the General Court authorized a circular letter denouncing the acts as unconstitutional. The Royal Governor Francis Bernard demanded that the General Court rescind the letter and when the General Court refused he dissolved the assembly. This led to widespread violence and rioting throughout Boston. Royal officers fled to Castle William and the Crown authorized more troops to be sent to the province. The Sons of Liberty stated that they desired armed resistance to the Royal Authorities while other more conservative elements of society desired a peaceful political approach.
With the General Court dissolved it was resolved at a Boston town meeting to have the towns of the Province assemble in convention. Delegates met at Faneuil Hall for six days in September, with Thomas Cushing serving as chairman. Despite the insistence from more radical Patriot for armed resistance the more moderate factions of the convention won out and militant action was voted down.[1]
In 1773 in defiance of the
The Intolerable Acts only increased the crisis in the Province. With the dissolution of the General Court and the blockade of the Port of Boston colonists insisted that their constitutional rights were being destroyed. The colonists of Massachusetts Bay, going back to the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and the Plymouth Colony had quasi-democratic control of their government. The General Court, while lacking executive authority and authority over the militia, had significant power. The colonists were permitted to have control over the the treasury and spending and could pass and formulate laws. Anything passed by the assembly was subject to veto by the Royal Governor, however with the General Court having control over spending they could withhold the pay of the Royal officials as leverage. This resulted in the Royal Governor being sidelined at times to little more than a figurehead.[4]
With mounting political turmoil the more radical factions of colonial society began to ready themselves for armed confrontation. This crisis culminated in the Battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775.
Provincial Congress
With the passage of the Massachusetts Government Act, which resulted in the dissolution of the General Court, the colonists of Massachusetts Bay held conventions throughout the Province. These conventions were organized by county and had delegates from each town. Each convention drafted resolutions which were to be sent to the Royal Governor in Boston. These resolutions differed from county to county however they had man similar themes and sentiments. The delegates reiterated their desire for the continuation of their constitutional government which had been existence since the Mayflower Compact, the Charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company, and the Massachusetts Charter. The colonists declared their allegiance to the King, George III. They said that they wished to return to their previous arrangement of self-governance and for the removal of the recent acts of Parliament. The colonists said that unless their constitutional rights and privileges were restored they were absolved of their allegiance to the Crown. They declared that their rights would be respected, and if not, they would resist with force. This included the total boycott of British goods, the disruption of local courts, and the kidnapping of royal officials.[5][6]
The most important resolves passed at the conventions was the desire to form a Provincial Congress in place of the dissolved assembly of the General Court. With the Battles of Lexington and Concord there was no doubt that these issues were irreconcilable outside of either a greater military confrontation or a full return of what the colonists saw as their constitutional rights.[7]
In October of 1774 in Salem delegates from across the province met to reform their dissolved assembly. This new congress was to be the continuation of their constitutional government and a rival government to the Royal one in Boston. The congress selected John Hancock as its first president (then called chairman) and Benjamin Lincoln as Clerk. Setting up an alternative legal structure, the congress installed judges, tax collectors, constables, and other officials. The new congress also assumed control of the militia. It instructed all town in the province to train troops and elect new officers to commission. An executive standing committee and a Committee of Safety were also instituted to govern the province when Congress was not in session. Styled the "Massachusetts Bay Provincial Congress of Deputies", the congress was the new executive and legislative governance in Patriot controlled territory.[8]
The Provincial Congress went through different formations in its six years of existence, with shifting structures of authority and type of governance. The executive standing committee was replaced in the Second Congress with a renewed Committee of Safety which acted as the de facto governmental authority, in charge of the militia and governance in between sessions. The third Congress saw a return to legislative supremacy and a decrease in power of the executive. Joseph Warren was elected as the congress' second President and James Warren as its third. The government organized the defense of the province and engaged with the royal government in military conflict along with the other New England colonies, such as in the Battle of Bunker Hill where its Second President, Joseph Warren, was killed in action. Its army, the Massachusetts Militia was the largest armed Patriot fighting force in New England and made up the core of what was then referred to as the Army of New England.[9] With the expulsion of British forces following the Siege of Boston the Provincial Congress remained the only governmental force in control in the Province.
Forming the Commonwealth
Calls for a constitutional convention began when the Provincial Congress was declared in 1774. With the pressures of the war and political uncertainty these efforts were postponed. Berkshire County in the far western part of Massachusetts Bay was exceptionally vocal in its desire to form a new constitution. In a dispatch to the Provincial Congress the delegates of Pittsfield rejected not only the royal colonial authorities but also the legitimacy of the previous charters with which the Provincial Congress claimed its legitimacy. The letter stated that the only political legitimacy a state or constitution could find would be with the people of a province. With Massachusetts Bay declaring independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain in May of 1776 the push for a newly codified constitution increased.[10][11]
In September of 1776 the General Court petitioned the towns of Massachusetts Bay to put forth a vote on whether or not a convention should be called. In 1777 it was agreed that a convention would be formed to draft a new constitution. The General Court, which consisted of the Governor's Council and House of Representatives, decided to form a committee which would be tasked to write a constitution. In the winter of 1778 the General Court decided that the draft formulated from the constitutional committee would be put before the electorate of Massachusetts Bay and it would need to be accepted by 2/3rds of voters.[12][13]
The first draft of the convention was rejected. In this first draft the state would consist of a legislature called the General Court which had two houses, a House of Representatives and an indirectly elected senate that would also serve as a governor's council. The Governor would not have the power of veto and would need to have any action confirmed by the Senate. There were some progressive elements of the constitution however, the Senate would be apportioned based on population and the House would no longer have a property requirement. Also a point of contention was the fact that there was no Bill of Rights. When the vote was put before the populace it was rejected by an 83% to 17% margin.[14]
In 1779 another question was put to the electorate. This time the people were asked if they favored another convention, apportioned by population, to meet and formulate a new draft of the constitution. The question passed by a 72% to 28% margin. This next convention met from September 1, 1779 to June 16, 1780. At the time the war was not going well for the Patriot forces. The Penobscot Expedition had ended in failure, and the Kingdom of France had yet to send its larger contingent of military support. Even amidst the political uncertainty the convention was assembled with 312 members.[15][16][17][18]
- Morison, Samuel (1917). A History of the Constitution of Massachusetts. Wright & Potter Printing Co.
- {{cite book
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Sports
New England has a strong heritage of athletics with many now internationally popular sports having been invented and codified in the region. Sports originating in New England include
Football is the most popular sport in the region and was originally developed by
Professional and semi-professional sports teams
The major professional sports teams in New England are based in Massachusetts: the
There are also minor league baseball and hockey teams based in larger cities, such as the
The
Thanksgiving Day high school football rivalries date back to the 19th century, and the Harvard-Yale rivalry ("
---
Sports
New England has a strong heritage of athletics with many now internationally popular sports having been invented and codified in the region. Sports developed in New England include
Football is the most popular sport in the region and was developed by
The
Museums, historical societies, and libraries
There are many museums located throughout New England, especially in the Greater Boston area. These museums include privately held collections as well as public institutions. Most notable of these museums are the Museum of Fine Arts, Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, and the Peabody Essex Museum.
The Boston Public Library is the largest public library in the region with over 8 million materials in its collection. The largest academic research library in the world is the Harvard Library in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The W. E. B. Du Bois Library of the University of Massachusetts Amherst is the tallest academic library in the world.[32]
There are also many
Transport
Each of the New England states has its own Department of Transportation which plans and develops systems for transport. Due to the relative small size of New England States and the overlap of metropolitan areas in the region, often these Transportation Authorities operate across state and municipal lines. The
Amtrak provides interstate rail service throughout New England. Boston is the northern terminus of the Northeast Corridor. The Vermonter connects Vermont to Massachusetts and Connecticut, while the Downeaster links Maine to Boston. The long-distance Lake Shore Limited train has two eastern termini after splitting in Albany, one of which is Boston. This provides rail service on the former Boston and Albany Railroad, which runs between its namesake cities. The rest of the Lake Shore Limited continues to New York City.
South Station in Boston is the regions busiest public transportation center after Logan International Airport. The station is a major center for bus, rail, and light rail lines.
Literature
New Englanders have made significant contributions to
19th Century New England was a center for progressive ideals and many
Boston was the center of the American publishing industry for some years, largely on the strength of its local writers and before it was overtaken by New York in the middle of the nineteenth century. Boston remains the home of publishers
Many New Englander poets ave also been preeminent in
Fine Arts
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_School_(painting) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cos_Cob_art_colony https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Art_Society https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Mountain_art https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Expressionism
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha>
tags or {{efn}}
templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
template or {{notelist}}
template (see the help page).
- ^ * Adams, Samuel (1904) [1768]. "The Convention of Massachusetts Towns to Dennys De Berdt". The Writings of Samuel Adams. G.P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 241–247.
- ^ Wood, p. 38
- ISBN 9781595587343.
- ^ Ammerman 1974, p.170.
- ^ Lincoln 1838, p.601.
- ^ Lincoln 1838, p. 624.
- ^ Lincoln 1838, p. 601-624.
- ^ Lincoln 1838, p. 601-624.
- ^ Lincoln 1838, p. 601-635.
- ^ Morison 1917, p.14.
- ^ Morison 1917, p.15.
- ^ Morison 1917, p.15.
- ^ Morison 1917, p.16.
- ^ Morison 1917, p.16.
- ^ Morison 1917, p.17.
- ^ Morison 1917, p.18.
- ^ Morison 1917, p.19.
- ^ Morison 1917, p.20.
- ^ Morison 1917, p.20.
- ^ Morison 1917, p.21.
- ^ "In marathoning, it has a foothold – History means Boston can give any race in the world a run for its money" by John Powers, The Boston Globe, April 10, 2005
- ^ https://needhamhistory.org/features/articles/needham-wellesley/
- ^ https://usatodayhss.com/2017/wellesley-mass-wins-latest-edition-of-nations-oldest-thanksgiving-football-rivalry
- ^ https://athlonsports.com/college-football/ranking-top-25-rivalries-college-football-history-2015
- ^ https://www.webcitation.org/5qRx5vacY?url=http://www.profootballresearchers.org/Articles/Camp_And_Followers.pdf
- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20071210151127/http://www.fenwayparkwriters.org/fenway_park_writer_quotes.asp
- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20110520211831/http://www.thesportsdish.com/?p=615
- ^ https://archive.org/details/reversingcursein00shau
- ^ "In marathoning, it has a foothold – History means Boston can give any race in the world a run for its money" by John Powers, The Boston Globe, April 10, 2005
- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20140811182423/http://216.235.243.43/races/boston-marathon/boston-marathon-history/boston-marathon-facts.aspx
- ^ https://www.nes.com/
- ^ https://www.scribd.com/doc/32939387/Library-World-Records
- ^ http://www.masshist.org/about
- ^ Gates, David (June 29, 2006). "Destination: New England". Salon. Retrieved April 4, 2016.