CD4
CD4, Cluster of differentiation 4, extracellular | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OPM superfamily | 193 | ||||||||
OPM protein | 2klu | ||||||||
CDD | cd07695 | ||||||||
Membranome | 27 | ||||||||
|
In
Structure
Like many cell surface receptors/markers, CD4 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily.
It has four immunoglobulin domains (D1 to D4) that are exposed on the extracellular surface of the cell:
- D1 and D3 resemble immunoglobulinvariable (IgV) domains.
- D2 and D4 resemble immunoglobulinconstant (IgC) domains.
The
CD4 interacts with the β2-domain of MHC class II molecules through its D1 domain. T cells displaying CD4 molecules (and not CD8) on their surface, therefore, are specific for antigens presented by MHC II and not by MHC class I (they are MHC class II-restricted). MHC class I contains Beta-2 microglobulin.
The short
Function
CD4 is a
CD4 is closely related to
Other interactions
CD4 has also been shown to
Disease
HIV infection
HIV pathology
HIV infection leads to a progressive reduction in the number of
Viral load testing provides more information about the efficacy for therapy than CD4 counts.[22] For the first 2 years of HIV therapy, CD4 counts may be done every 3–6 months.[22] If a patient's viral load becomes undetectable after 2 years then CD4 counts might not be needed if they are consistently above 500/mm3.[22] If the count remains at 300–500/mm3, then the tests can be done annually.[22] It is not necessary to schedule CD4 counts with viral load tests and the two should be done independently when each is indicated.[22]
Other diseases
CD4 continues to be expressed in most
T-cells play a large part in autoinflammatory diseases.[25] When testing a drug's efficacy or studying diseases, it is helpful to quantify the amount of T-cells on fresh-frozen tissue with CD4+, CD8+, and CD3+ T-cell markers (which stain different markers on a T-cell – giving different results).[26]
See also
References
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000010610 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000023274 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ISBN 0-387-12056-4.
Report on the first international references workshop sponsored by INSERM, WHO and IUIS
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- ^ PMID 38187381.
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- ^ "Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-1-Infected Adults and Adolescents" (PDF). AIDSinfo. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2013-02-13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
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- ^ ABIM Foundation, HIV Medicine Association, retrieved 9 May 2016
- ISBN 1-84110-100-1.
- S2CID 10427963.
- PMID 24164192.
- ^ "550280 – BD Biosciences". BD Biosciences. Becton Dickinson.
Further reading
- Miceli MC, Parnes JR (1993). "Role of CD4 and CD8 in T cell activation and differentiation". Advances in Immunology Volume 53. Vol. 53. pp. 59–122. PMID 8512039.
- Geyer M, Fackler OT, Peterlin BM (July 2001). "Structure--function relationships in HIV-1 Nef". EMBO Reports. 2 (7): 580–585. PMID 11463741.
- Greenway AL, Holloway G, McPhee DA, Ellis P, Cornall A, Lidman M (April 2003). "HIV-1 Nef control of cell signalling molecules: multiple strategies to promote virus replication". Journal of Biosciences. 28 (3): 323–335. S2CID 33749514.
- Bénichou S, Benmerah A (January 2003). "[The HIV nef and the Kaposi-sarcoma-associated virus K3/K5 proteins: "parasites"of the endocytosis pathway]". Médecine/Sciences. 19 (1): 100–106. PMID 12836198.
- Leavitt SA, SchOn A, Klein JC, Manjappara U, Chaiken IM, Freire E (February 2004). "Interactions of HIV-1 proteins gp120 and Nef with cellular partners define a novel allosteric paradigm". Current Protein & Peptide Science. 5 (1): 1–8. PMID 14965316.
- Tolstrup M, Ostergaard L, Laursen AL, Pedersen SF, Duch M (April 2004). "HIV/SIV escape from immune surveillance: focus on Nef". Current HIV Research. 2 (2): 141–151. PMID 15078178.
- Hout DR, Mulcahy ER, Pacyniak E, Gomez LM, Gomez ML, Stephens EB (July 2004). "Vpu: a multifunctional protein that enhances the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1". Current HIV Research. 2 (3): 255–270. PMID 15279589.
- Joseph AM, Kumar M, Mitra D (January 2005). "Nef: "necessary and enforcing factor" in HIV infection". Current HIV Research. 3 (1): 87–94. PMID 15638726.
- Anderson JL, Hope TJ (April 2004). "HIV accessory proteins and surviving the host cell". Current HIV/AIDS Reports. 1 (1): 47–53. S2CID 34731265.
- Li L, Li HS, Pauza CD, Bukrinsky M, Zhao RY (2006). "Roles of HIV-1 auxiliary proteins in viral pathogenesis and host-pathogen interactions". Cell Research. 15 (11–12): 923–934. PMID 16354571.
- Stove V, Verhasselt B (January 2006). "Modelling thymic HIV-1 Nef effects". Current HIV Research. 4 (1): 57–64. PMID 16454711.
External links
- CD1+Antigen at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- Mouse CD Antigen Chart
- Human CD Antigen Chart
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus Glycoprotein 120
- Human CD4 genome location and CD4 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.
- Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: P01730 (T-cell surface glycoprotein CD4) at the PDBe-KB.